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Stress and Illness What is stress? • Things going on around you • How you respond to those things going on around you • How do you know when you are stressed? The Effect of Stress on the Cardiovascular System Short-term stress Nervous system Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Afferent nerves Afferent nerves Efferent nerves Efferent nerves Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system • Sympathetic nervous system • Adrenal gland • Release of hormones Sapolsky (2004) Autonomic nervous system’s response Sympathetic nervous system Rapid heart rate Blood to muscles Breathe faster SNS also releases norepinephrine Releases epinephrine What is happening to the cardiovascular system? • Blood pressure increases – Blood vessels become stiff and narrow Sapolsky (2004) What is happening to the cardiovascular system? • Blood enters heart – What is the impact of increased blood pressure? • Blood enters heart with greater force • Heart expands greater than normal, then snaps back with great force Sapolsky (2004) Long-term stress What is happening to the cardiovascular system? • Long-term impact on blood pressure and blood vessels – Chronic blood pressure – Blood vessels respond to increased work by becoming even stiffer and more narrow • Long-term impact on heart – Muscle on one side of heart becomes bigger Sapolsky (2004) What is happening to the cardiovascular system? • Damage to blood vessels, blockage of blood flow – Build up of cholesterol, platelets, and immune cells • Health consequences: thrombus, heart attack, stroke Sapolsky (2004) The Effect of Stress on the Immune System The Effect of Stress on the Immune System • Hypothalamus • Pituitary gland • Adrenal gland Sapolsky (2004) Hormonal response Hypothalamus Releases hormone (CRH) Pituitary gland Releases hormone (ACTH) Short term: Enhances immune system Long term: Impairs Immune system Releases stress hormone glucocorticoids Adrenal gland Short-term stress What is happening to the immune system? • With the help of glucocorticoids – More white blood cells are now circulating through the body – Immune cells are better at responding to signals from messenger cells Sapolsky (2004) What is happening to the immune system? • With the help of glucocorticoids – More antibodies are produced • Antibodies are like guards that hold germs under arrest to await execution by other members of the immune system Sapolsky (2004) Long-term stress What is happening to the immune system? • Fewer new white blood cells are forming • Fewer white blood cells are released into circulation • Existing white blood cells don’t stay in circulation as long as usual Sapolsky (2004) What is happening to the immune system? • White blood cells die a premature death • Fewer antibodies are being made Sapolsky (2004) Short and long-term impact • In the short run, this simply returns the immune system to normal functioning • In the long run, this suppresses the immune system below normal functioning Sapolsky (2004) What is happening to the immune system? • Autoimmune diseases can develop/get worse Sapolsky (2004) A few final comments… • IMPORTANT: Stress does not cause disease • Stress can increase risk for disease, along with genetics, germs, lifestyle, psychological factors, etc. Sapolsky (2004) Psychological Factors in the Stress Response • Interpersonal relationships • Personality • Coping Figure 12.17 The cognitive appraisal process Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers Stress Management Stress Inoculation Training • Phase 1: Education Stress Inoculation Training • Phase 2: Rehearsal Stress Inoculation Training • Phase 3: Application Traumatic Stress and Health What doesn’t kill you actually makes you weaker (physically) Hysteria The Wandering Womb Normal Response to Danger/Threat Arousal adrenalin rush Attention and Perception heightened awareness Emotions fear and anger Action fight or flight Herman, 1992 Traumatic Experience Arousal adrenalin rush Attention and Perception heightened awareness Emotions fear and anger Action fight or flight Herman, 1992 Combat-related PTSD Traumatic Experience Arousal adrenalin rush Attention and Perception heightened awareness Emotions fear and anger Action fight or flight Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Intrusive re-experiencing Intrusive images/thoughts Avoidance Hyperarousal Effortful avoidance Sleep problems Recurrent nightmares Amnesia Concentration difficulties Interest Hypervigilence Flashbacks Range of emotions Easily startled Video PTSD military Research Strategy History of trauma + lifetime PTSD History of trauma + current PTSD compared with History of trauma, never developed PTSD No history of trauma Research Strategy Activity At rest Data Baseline Kaloupek & Bremner (1996) Research Strategy Activity Stressful stimulus Data Reactivity Kaloupek & Bremner (1996) Reactivity Phase: Stressful Stimulus Presented to participant Auditory Example: sounds of combat Visual Example: photos of combat scenes Research Strategy Activity At rest Data Recovery Kaloupek & Bremner (1996) Research Strategy Activity At rest Activity Stressful stimulus Activity At rest Data Baseline Data Reactivity Data Recovery Kaloupek & Bremner (1996) Reactivity Phase II Combat Veterans Activity Stressful stimulus Robust finding – Greater arousal: Heart rate Blood pressure Data Reactivity Present sound/pictures related to the war This reminds veteran of experiences during the war Activates emotions linked with those experiences Physical changes in the body (heart rate, blood pressure) Recovery? Activity At rest Data Recovery Kaloupek & Bremner (1996)