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Baylor School
Hedges Library
Jefferson and Hamilton
“The conflict that took shape in the 1790s between the
Federalists and the Antifederalists exercised a profound impact
on American history. The Federalists, led by Alexander
Hamilton, who had married into the wealthy Schuyler family,
represented the urban mercantile interests of the seaports; the
Antifederalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, spoke for the rural
and southern interests. The debate between the two concerned the power of the central government versus
that of the states, with the Federalists favoring the former and the Antifederalists advocating states' rights.”
United States History - Hamilton vs. Jefferson. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2012. <http://countrystudies.us/united-states/history-41.htm>.
Reference Collection
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Ethics in US Government: an encyclopedia of investigations, scandals, reforms, and
legislation
Encyclopedia of American political history: studies of the principal movements and ideas
The encyclopedia of American political history
Encyclopedia of U.S. political history.
The encyclopedia of democracy
The Oxford encyclopedia of economic history
Encyclopedia of American economic history: studies of the principal movements & ideas
Gale encyclopedia of U.S. economic history
American environmental leaders: from colonial times to the present
Great events from history -- Cumulative index
American national biography
Dictionary of American biography
Dictionary of world biography
Presidential scandals
American eras
Dictionary of American history
Thomas Jefferson: a reference biography
Select Databases
American History ABC-CLIO
Encyclopedia
Americana
Encyclopædia
Britannica Online
School Edition
Issues and
Controversies
Issues and
Controversies in
American History
Points of View
Reference Center
From the explorers of the Americas to the issues of today’s headlines, American History investigates the
people, events, and stories of our nation’s evolution.
A standard in school, academic, and public libraries, the Encyclopedia Americana is easy to search online. This
database helps middle- to upper-grade students find a wealth of information to assist with homework and
research projects.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition provides access to three databases: -- Encyclopædia
Britannica for high school students and up, -- Comptons by Britannica for middle school students and up and -Britannica Elementary for elementary students & up.
Issues and Controversies helps researchers understand today’s crucial issues by exploring hot topics in
politics, government, business, education, and popular culture.
With Issues and Controversies in American History, history comes to life, not as a mere recitation of names and
dates, but as a series of turning points where the future hung in the balance and opinions raged on all sides.
Each in-depth exploration delivers dynamic, concise, and balanced coverage that provides the background,
outcomes, and contemporary points of view for the major topics in every American history curriculum.
Points of View Reference Center™ is a full-text database designed to provide students with a series of essays
that present multiple sides of a current issue. The database provides 200 topics, each with an overview
(objective background/description), point (argument) and counterpoint (opposing argument). Points of View
Reference Center contains a balance of materials from all viewpoints, including 800 main essays, leading
political magazines from both sides of the aisle, newspapers, radio & TV news transcripts, primary source
documents and reference books.
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ProQuest Direct
ProQuest History
Study Center
Salem Press
History Databases
World Book Web
World History: The
Modern Era - ABCCLIO
ProQuest Direct includes both the Platinum collection which provides uncompromising coverage from more
than 2,000 newspapers, magazines, journals, and reference works and the ProQuest Professional Education
which provides access to a comprehensive reference collection for K-12 professional development and
continuing education of more than 500 titles. Many titles are updated daily and contain full-text articles from
1986 forward including the New York Times full-text from 1995 to the present.
History Study Center provides current and backfile journal articles, rare books, newspaper articles, video clips,
parliamentary papers, criminal trial records, radio and television news, maps, images, student guides and a
bookshelf of respected reference titles. In addition, the history Web Gateway provides links to thousands of
reliable and informative Web sites.
Salem Press History Databases at present include:
Great Events from History: The Sixties in America, The Ancient World, The Middle Ages, The Renaissance & Early
Modern Era, The 17th Century, The 18th Century, The 19th Century, The 20th Century 1901-1940, The 20th
Century 1941-1970, The 20th Century 1971-2000, Modern Scandals.
World Book Web online is an expanded version of World Book’s print encyclopedias. Without the space
constraints of the printed page, World Book has added more pictures, sound clips and more up-to-date
information online.
World History: The Modern Era (covering history from the Renaissance to today) is the latest update of the
reference standard of electronic history reference materials for high school and high-level middle school
coursework.
Vetted Websites
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program
URL: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2973
By the end of the Revolutionary War, the federal government had a huge debt. Paper money was worthless and foreign
credit could not be acquired. Discover how Alexander Hamilton solved this problem and laid the foundation for the United
States being a financial giant. An influential attorney, he proposed Revolutionary War bonds to pay the debt and provide a
way for investors to make great profits. Although his plan was bitterly debated in Congress, it eventually passed and
brought in foreign investors. Learn how Hamilton helped emerging American industries with high tariffs designed to break
Britain's hold on industry.
American History Series: Two-Party System Takes Hold in U.S.
URL: http://www1.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/a-23-2008-04-23-voa1-83135727.html
After George Washington was elected as the first president of the United States, many changes happened with politics in
America. This feature explains that while there were no established political parties when George Washington was elected,
the first parties began taking shape while he was in office. Learn about two different political parties called the Federalists
and the Republicans and find out about the leaders of each one. See what ideas and beliefs each political party supported
and how the leaders of each party voiced their opposing opinions.
Shaping the National Government and the Emergence of Political Parties (1791-1815)
URL: http://www.theomahaproject.org/module_display.php?mod_id=160&review=yes
The United States wasn't suddenly united under the first president with a federal government that everyone agreed upon.
The Federalists had their own agenda, and Alexander Hamilton tried to start a National Bank. Thomas Jefferson and the
Republicans opposed this idea, believing it gave the federal government too much power. To them, it seemed like
something a monarchy would do. Even in foreign policy, the two parties had quite different views. The Federalists wanted
commerce and harmony with Britain, while the Republicans were more interested in trade with France. Washington
warned against political divisions when he refused a third term.
What Do Parties Stand For?
URL: http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4706
If political parties puzzle you, you are not alone. Political parties started in America when Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton disagreed about how much power to give the states and how much to give the federal government.
Each party tries to control the government. Each party has values and ideals. Can you name the two major political
parties today? The Democratic Party includes many supporters who are immigrants or minorities. They believe there
should be government programs to help people. Republicans believe that the government should stay out of business and
not charge so much in taxes.
The United States of America Political Parties
URL: http://www.solcomhouse.com/usapolitical.htm
From 1793 to 1816, the Federalist Party was a major political party in the United States. Formed by Alexander Hamilton,
the elitist Federalists retained control of the government until 1801. Investigate who this party appealed to and what they
believed regarding fiscal policy and states' rights. Discover who formed the opposition to this party in the form of the
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Democratic-Republican Party. Compare the first two-party system of the Federalists and the Republicans. Take a look at
America's second two-party system of the Democrats and the Whigs. Explore the emergence of the Democratic and
Republican Parties.
America's Founding Fathers, Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: The Founding Fathers, Virginia
URL: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_virginia.html
Based on the National Archives and Records Administration exhibition, The Charters of Freedom, the biography series
America's Founding Fathers describes the contributions made by delegates to the Federal Convention of 1787. This page
section features biographies of Convention delegates John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, James McClurg,
Edmund Randolph, George Washington, and George Wythe. The biographical essays contain basic information such as
dates of birth and death, childhood, family, education, social and professional life, and significant accomplishments.
America's Founding Fathers, Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: The Founding Fathers, New York
URL: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_new_york.html
Based on the National Archives and Records Administration exhibition, The Charters of Freedom, the biography series
America's Founding Fathers describes the political contributions made by delegates to the Federal Convention of 1787.
Featured here are biographies of the Convention delegates from New York: Alexander Hamilton, John Lansing, Jr., and
Robert Yates. Each profile is illustrated with a small portrait, and contains background information that includes dates of
birth and death, childhood, family, education, social and professional life, and significant accomplishments. Brief notes on
their contributions to the federal proceedings are included.
U.S. History: Adams Avoids War With France, Signs Alien and Sedition Acts
URL: http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/a-23-2008-05-14-voa1-83140302/129382.html
Caught in the middle as two political parties struggled for power, John Adams had the presidency but not control of the
Federalist Party. Discover how issues of foreign policy and the rights of American citizens undermined Adams' presidency
and the Federalist Party. Analyze why the Federalists opposed revolution in France while the Republicans supported it.
Learn why America and France almost went to war. Explore how the Federalists used the Alien and Sedition Acts to try to
weaken the Republican Party. Study the provisions of each of these laws.
Political Parties
URL: http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3747996
Understanding political parties is easier with help from Scholastic. Find out what a political party is in the United States
and see how voters choose candidates that reflect their own views and ideas. Look at the history of political parties since
they first began in the late 1600s in England. You can read about early English political parties and see how they began in
the United States. The two main U.S. parties are described and third parties are discussed.
The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives
URL: http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2001/02/The-Use-and-Abuse-of-Executive-Orders-and-Other-Presidential-Directives
Did you know that the president has the legal right to go around the senate and the house by the use of executive power?
That presidential right allows the leader of our country to act alone in making key decisions concerning our country. On
this site read about how this power can and was taken advantage of by our last president Bill Clinton, and how lawmakers
were thinking of taking this fundamental right off of the books.
Articles of Confederation
URL: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3225
As the first constitution, the Articles of Confederation was a victory for those who supported states' rights. Every power not
specifically delegated to the federal government remained in the hands of the states. Only the states held the power to
collect taxes although Congress could ask the states for money or sell western lands. The Articles of Confederation had
no provision for courts or a president. Delegates to Congress could only serve three out of every six years. Analyze
problems with the assumption that the states would contribute to the federal government and support decisions made by
Congress.
Articles of Confederation
URL: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/artconf.asp
View the Articles of the Confederation on this web site in its entirety. Many other official articles and papers are also
included for viewing along with supporting documents for each. Links are also provided for viewing the Constitution and
other 18th century related drafts.
National versus State Government
URL: http://www.usconsulate.org.hk/pas/kids/national_govt.htm
When America first gained its independence from England the colonists were faced with the task of creating a government
system. Initially the thirteen American colonies gave most of the power to the individual colonies themselves, becoming
more of a state-run system. However this left the new country with a weak national government and soon problems arose.
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Now you can learn about the differences between these two types of government systems and how the power is
distributed giving you a look at how the American government changed to better suit its citizens' needs.
George Washington: Proclamation of Neutrality: April 22, 1793
URL: http://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/proclamation-of-neutrality-by-george-washington-april-22-1793.html
Discover what was going on in the world in the early 1790s that led George Washington to design the Proclamation of
Neutrality in 1793. This resource clearly explains George Washington's many reasons for wanting to keep America out of
any further wars. This information will be helpful when you are reading a transcript of the document that is found at the
bottom of the page. Links to additional information on George Washington, facts about the Revolutionary War, and
historical documents are available.
The Proclamation of Neutrality
URL: http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/procneutral/
The circumstances surrounding the Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 are completely explained in this helpful resource. It
tells you what was going on in the world that led President George Washington to issue the proclamation, what it meant to
the citizens of the United States, and what the members of his cabinet thought of this policy. This explanation includes an
interesting fact about the omission of the word neutrality. A link to the original Proclamation of Neutrality is accompanied
by a link to the text version.
The Proclamation of Neutrality 1793
URL: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/neutra93.asp
The Proclamation of Neutrality was presented by George Washington in 1793 in response to the wars that were taking
place between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, the United Netherlands, and France. All of the provisions that
George Washington included can be found in this transcript of the proclamation that he signed on April 22 of that year.
Other documents from this time period and others can also be found by searching this web site's chronological collections.
Remote Access to Hedges Library Online Databases
URL: http://mail.baylorschool.org/~cowens/gateway/gateway.htm
If you have access to the Internet either at Baylor or from home or dorm, you may
access not only all the Library databases but also a variety of other Library
information/services and school information.
You may also access the Gateway page from the Baylor School homepage:
(http://www.baylorschool.org/)
Libr
ary
Click on Library link and once there, select “Hedges Library
Information Gateway” from the menu on the left.
From the center column of the “Gateway Page,” click on:
“Click here for remote access.”
You will be prompted for your current First Class account.
Giving credit where credit to due: If you don’t give credit
when you use other’s thoughts and information that is
plagiarism. At Baylor: Plagiarism > Violation of Honor Code > Honor Council > If
found guilty > Final Warning and penalties > Guilty of 2nd offense > Possible
dismissal from Baylor > Not good 
Hedges Library MLA Citation Generator
You may use the generator as a tool to create citations according to the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers. There are specific requirements and/or recommendations for the format of a
research paper. If there are questions check with your teacher since they
represent the ultimate authority for your assignment, otherwise the
following MLA recommendations are the most common for printing or
typing, margins, spacing, etc.
Allows citations to copied and pasted using most browsers (Internet Explorer,
Opera, Safari) -- exception being Netscape.
WARNING: When copying and pasting in Apple Pages, italic formatting is lost.
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