Download Top Science 6PRIMARY

Top Science 6 PRIMARY
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CONTENTS
UNIT
1
Nutrition I
2
Nutrition II
3
Sensitivity
4
Reproduction
5
Health
TOPICS
Nutrition and health
The digestive process
Respiration and excretion
The circulatory system
Blood circulation
Sensitivity and the locomotor
system
The nervous system and movement
Internal co-ordination
Sexual characteristics
Sex cells and fertilisation
Pregnancy and birth
Health and illness
Health risks
Infectious disease
Treatment of illness
and disease
Electricity
Magnets and magnetism
Electrical circuits
The properties of energy
Heat and temperature
Producing electricity
Energy in our society
Machines
Inside a machine
Operating parts and
mechanisms
Technical advances and society
The Earth and maps
Relief map of the world
Political map of the world
European plains, mountains
and coasts
European climates and vegetation
European rivers and lakes
The population of Europe
The European economy
The European Union today
The institutions of the European
Union
The achievements of
the European Union
Prehistory
The Age of Antiquity
The Middle Ages on
the Iberian Peninsula
The discovery of America
The Spanish Empire
The fragmentation of
the Spanish Empire
Society and culture
The 19th century
Life in the 19th century
From Primo de Rivera
to Franco
Transition and democracy
6
16
28
40
52
TERM REVISION
6
Electricity and
magnetism
7
Energy
8
Machines
9
Representations
of the Earth
10
European landscapes
68
80
94
108
120
TERM REVISION
11
The population and
economy of Europe
12
The European Union
13
From Prehistory to
the Middle Ages
14
The Modern Age
in Spain
15
The Contemporary
Age in Spain
TERM REVISION
2
134
144
156
168
182
TIMELINE OF SPANISH HISTORY
GLOSSARY
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Hands on!
Recording data in a table
I can
Our world
Interpret nutritional information
No child should go hungry
17
Interpreting and making a graph
Help in case of an emergency
or accident
A world without cigarettes
29
29
Interpreting a graph
with multiple data sets
Recognise the importance of
maintaining a safe distance
Stop spinal cord injuries!
Interpreting and creating a line graph
Understand a scientific text
The value of the elderly
Taking vital signs
Perform first aid
Learning how to say “No!”
Reading a diagram and building
an electrical circuit
Respect safety rules
Recycling used batteries
Testing hypotheses with an experiment
Debate the use of energy sources
Energy and sustainable development
Making a gearbox
Choose the invention that has changed
the world the most
Don’t become addicted!
Finding points on a map
Identify the elements of a map
A united world
Interpreting a topographic cross-section
Study a European country: Italy
Protecting nature
Interpreting a migration map
Compare data from two countries
Responsible consumerism
Writing an Internet-based report
Travel through the European Union
Citizens’ rights
Differentiating between change
and continuity
Create a data sheet about a historical
source
In favour of peace
Analysing a historical painting
Recognise the legacy of conquest
Against slavery
Analysing a historical text
Identify anachronisms in history
Compulsory education
ty
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1
Nutrition I
Food in ancient Egypt
Food is a necessity. In every place
and in every time, food is different.
Many things change: the kinds of
food available, the ways to prepare
them and customs.
In ancient Egypt, more than
4,000 years ago, food was
generally quite abundant.
Ancient records show many types
of food including beer, bread and pastries.
Egyptians really liked garlic and onions. The poorest people ate
bread, vegetables and fish, and they drank beer. Rich people
drank wine and ate goose, beef, pomegranates, figs,
and sometimes ostrich eggs.
6
THINK ABOUT
Find the foods in the
text. Which come from
animals? Which come
from plants?
Do you think ancient
Egyptian food was
healthy? Explain your
answer.
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WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?
The digestive system
Food choice and health
The main part of the digestive system is
a long tube that starts in the mouth and
ends in the anus. We can distinguish
parts of this tube, such as the stomach
or the intestine.
Eating the right food is essential to grow
strong and healthy. The food wheel helps
you to make the right choices.
1.Look at the diagram. Name the parts of
the digestive system 1 to 4.
q
w
1.1
e
r
4.Look at the food wheel.
Some food groups occupy smaller
spaces than other groups in the
wheel. Why?
Some foods are smaller than other
foods in the same group. Why?
Food and nutrients
Our bodies need nutrients. We get the
nutrients that we need from food. The main
nutrients are fats, carbohydrates, proteins,
water, vitamins and minerals.
2.Look at the food in the photograph
below. Which contains the most
protein?
In this unit, you will…
Discover the function of nutrition,
what processes nutrition includes,
and where it takes place.
Learn what nutrients different food contains.
Understand how to have a healthy diet.
Learn about the digestive system and the
digestive organs.
Discover what the digestive system does
and how it does it.
3.Write the names of two foods that are
high in carbohydrates.
Find out how to collect and record data
in a table.
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Nutrition and health
1 What is nutrition?
2 Nutritional systems and processes
Our bodies never stop working. Even when we
are sleeping, we breathe, our heart beats, and
our brain is still active. For all this activity to
continue, we need energy. We need even more
energy when we walk, run or study.
During childhood and adolescence we need
building materials to make us grow. Even though
adults no longer grow, they need to constantly
repair damage that occurs in the body. For
example, skin cells never stop being made
to replace those that are damaged or lost.
The function of nutrition is to supply the building
materials and energy we need to live.
Nutrition is a long process. The first step is
eating food. Food contains nutrients. Nutrients
are the substances our bodies use for energy
and building materials. To release the energy
in nutrients, the cells of our body carry out
chemical reactions. These reactions require
oxygen. This is why we consume oxygen.
The oxygen and nutrients are transported to the
parts of the body where they are used.
The process of nutrition continually produces
waste. To keep the body functioning correctly,
it is necessary to eliminate waste products.
There are four processes involved in nutrition.
Each one occurs in a different organ system of
the body:
Digestion. This is the process of obtaining
nutrients from food for our bodies to use.
This occurs in the digestive system.
Respiration. This is the process of acquiring
the oxygen we need to live. It occurs in the
respiratory system.
Excretion. Helping to eliminate waste products
produced in our body is carried out by the
excretory system.
Circulation. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and
waste products around the body, occurs in the
circulatory system.
1.2
3 Nutrients
Food is all of the things that we eat. Food can
be from animal or vegetable sources. Every food
contains certain nutrients. Food also contains
other substances that the body cannot use.
We can classify nutrients into specific groups:
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins and
minerals.
4
For nutrition to occur, all of these systems must
function correctly. What process occurs in each of
these systems?
Digestive system
8
Respiratory system
Excretory system
Circulatory system
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Carbohydrates supply energy. Carbohydrates
are found in foods containing simple sugars
as well as complex sugars or starches. Foods
high in carbohydrates include potatoes, and
cereals or foods made from grains like pasta.
Fats or lipids are also high in energy. The body
also uses them for insulation. Some fats like
butter come from animals. Others like olive oil
are made from plants. Meat also contains fat.
Red meats are higher in fats than chicken or
fish. Dairy products are also a source of fat.
Proteins are necessary to grow and repair
our bodies. Meat, fish, eggs, legumes (peas,
lentils, beans), seeds and nuts are all high
in proteins.
Water is the most abundant nutrient in our
bodies. Water transports nutrients and waste
around the body.
Vitamins and minerals are necessary for a
healthy body. Fruit and vegetables are good
sources of many vitamins and minerals. Other
vitamins and minerals are found in meat and
fish.
Fibre is a complex carbohydrate but does not
supply energy or building material for the body.
Although fibre is indigestible to humans, it
is necessary to maintain a healthy digestive
system. Fibre is found in fruit, vegetables,
whole grains and cereals.
Vegetables
– Fibre
– Vitamins and minerals
Fruit
– Carbohydrates
– Fibre
– Vitamins and minerals
Potatoes
– Carbohydrates
– Fibre
– Vitamins and minerals
Pasta, bread and cereals
– Carbohydrates
– Fibre (in whole grain
foods)
Dairy
– Proteins
– Fats
– Carbohydrates
– Vitamins and minerals
Meat, fish and eggs
– Proteins
– Fats
Oil, bacon and
butter
– Fats
4 A healthy diet
Good food is a source of health. Diet is the
collection of foods that a person usually eats.
A diet is complete when it includes all of the
types of nutrients.
A diet is balanced when it has the correct
quantity of each nutrient.
When a diet is not complete or balanced, we can
develop disorders and diseases. For example,
if a diet is too rich in carbohydrates and fats,
energy intake is too high. When this happens,
the body stores extra energy as fat. This causes
obesity and other health problems.
On the contrary, when a diet is missing nutrients,
we have little energy. This slows down growth
and development and also leads to disease.
Legumes
– Carbohydrates
– Fibre
– Vitamins and minerals
– Proteins
Sweets, pastries and
snacks
– Carbohydrates
– Fats (in some)
Some foods and their main nutrients. What nutrients
are found in a tuna and tomato sandwich?
Questions
1. What is the function of nutrition?
2. Why do we need oxygen?
3. What do you see in the photo,
food or nutrients? Explain.
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The digestive process
helper glands
salivary
glands
There are three stages in the digestive process:
digestion, absorption and elimination of waste.
These all occur in the digestive system.
mouth
pharynx
pancreas
1.3
1 The digestive system
digestive tube
liver
oesophagus
stomach
The digestive system includes the digestive tube
and helper glands.
The digestive tube is formed by several hollow
organs. These organs join together to form
a tube from the mouth to the anus. These
organs are the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine and
the anus.
small
intestine
large
intestine
The helper glands are the salivary glands, the
liver and the pancreas. These glands produce
liquids called the digestive juices.
anus
3
Diagram of the digestive system.
1.4
2 Digestion
The first stage of the digestive process is
digestion. Digestion is the breakdown of foods
to obtain their nutrients. During this part of
digestion, digestive juices are used to break
down the food.
In the mouth, teeth physically break down the
food as you chew. The food is mixed with saliva
from the salivary glands. Food that is chewed
and mixed with saliva is called a bolus. The
bolus passes through the pharynx and the
oesophagus on the way to the stomach.
Gastric juices are produced in the stomach. Food
is mixed with the gastric juices by the movement
of the stomach to create chyme. Chyme passes
to the small intestine.
In the small intestine, intestinal juice, pancreatic
juice from the pancreas and bile from the liver
are added to the chyme. This milky liquid is
called chyle.
10
1. In the mouth, food
is crushed and mixed
with saliva. A bolus is
formed.
2. The bolus moves
past the pharynx
and through the
oesophagus.
3. In the stomach,
the bolus is mixed
with gastric juices
to form chyme.
4
4. In the small intestine,
chyme is mixed with
pancreatic juice
and bile to form
chyle.
Diagram of digestion. What digestive juices appear
in this illustration?
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villi
capillaries
nutrients
intestinal
folds
small
intestine
blood
vessels
Diagram of absorption. Nutrients pass through
the walls of the villi. Nutrients then pass into the
capillaries.
3 Absorption
In order for the nutrients in chyle to be used by
the body, they must pass into the blood.
Absorption is when nutrients pass from the
digestive tube to the blood. This occurs in the
small intestine. Look at the diagram.
The inside of the small intestine has numerous
folds. Each fold has thousands of tiny finger-like
projections called villi. Each villus has numerous
capillaries. Absorption of nutrients happens
when nutrients pass from the small intestine,
through the capillaries, into the blood.
4 Elimination of waste
After absorption, the small intestine only
contains those parts of food that cannot be
digested. This waste moves into the large
intestine where it is transformed into faeces.
Faeces are excreted out of the body, through
the anus.
Questions
1. Is the digestive system the same as the
digestive tube? Explain your answer.
2. What are the stages of the digestive
process? What occurs during each stage?
3. Explain how digestion starts in the mouth.
4. Define the following: digestive tube
– digestive juices – chyme – chyle
5. Imagine you eat a sandwich. Describe
the journey this sandwich takes from
your mouth until it is excreted as waste.
Explain what happens in each organ in the
digestive system.
6. Julian is a very active boy. He enjoys
exercise because he loves sports. Although
he's not fat, Julian would like to be thinner.
Julian has decided to eat less in order to
look like models on television. Do you think
this is a good idea? Explain your answer.
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Activities
6 Name the organs of the digestive system
in which digestion occurs.
Understand
1 Complete the sentences to summarise the
processes and systems involved in nutrition.
a.Digestion occurs in the digestive system.
Digestion obtains … from food to use in our
bodies.
b.Respiration occurs in the …
Respiration obtains … that we need to
release the energy in food.
c. Excretion occurs in the …
7 Define the following terms.
a.Digestion.
b.Digestive juice.
c. Chyme.
d.Chyle.
e.Absorption.
8 Name the juices that take part in digestion.
In which organ is each juice produced?
Excretion …
d.Circulation occurs in the …
Work it out
Circulation …
9 Is food the same as nutrition? Explain
your answer.
2 Complete the table.
Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Used by the
body for...
Found in foods like...
Energy
Pasta, bread,
potatoes
Fats
10 Explain the following sentence.
Water is a food and a nutrient.
11 What would happen to a person if absorption
did not occur?
3 Explain the following sentence.
A diet that is healthy must be complete and
balanced.
4 Explain what fibre is. What foods do you find
fibre in?
5 Copy the diagram
of the digestive system
into your notebook.
Colour each organ
a different colour
and label it.
APPLY
12 Look at the plates of food. List the nutrients
on each.
A
B
C
12
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OUR WORLD
No child should go hungry
Incredibly, there are countries where children die of hunger. They don’t have
the minimum amount of food to survive. Others survive but have serious
health problems.
Rich countries, like ours, give money to help the poorest countries.
There are also organisations that work to fight hunger. It's important
to know about this terrible problem, and help the fight against hunger.
In groups, research programs and organisations that help fight hunger.
Make notes on what they do and how to get involved. Then, encourage
your friends to participate.
Hands
on!
Recording data in a table
Recording data in a table is very useful. The information is organised
and easy to analyse. Use this technique to record data about what
you eat for a whole week. Later you can analyse it.
A. Draw a table with eight columns
and seven rows, like the one
shown.
B. In the top row, write the days of
the week. In the first column,
write all the meals you eat
during a day.
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
Snack 1
Snack 2
Snack 3
Use the table to record all of the food you eat every day for one week.
Later, use the information you have collected to answer the questions.
How many times a week do you eat...
a. fruit? c. meat? e.legumes?
b. vegetables? d.fish? f.sweets and soft drinks?
Analyse the data in the table and your answers.
How could you make your diet healthier?
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Revision
1.5
1 Read the summary.
Nutrition and health
Nutrition includes all the processes that we carry out to obtain
the building materials and energy that our bodies need.
There are four processes in nutrition: the digestive process,
circulation, respiration, and excretion.
We need nutrients to live. We get nutrients from our food.
The major groups of nutrients are: carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
water, vitamins and minerals.
To grow healthy, we need a healthy diet. A healthy diet is
complete and balanced.
The digestive process
The digestive process occurs in the digestive system. There are
three stages: digestion, absorption and elimination of waste.
The digestive system is formed by the digestive tube and helper
glands.
2 LEARNING TO STUDY. Complete the summary chart.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Its function is
It is formed by
the digestive process
the digestive tube
.........
which is formed by
which are
mouth
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
.........
salivary glands
.........
.........
which includes
.........
14
.........
elimination
of waste
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I can
Interpret nutritional information
ies
c ook
OASIS
Nutritional information
100 g of product contains:
Proteins 7g
Carbohydrates 62 g
Fats 28 g
Muffins
Gazpacho
FRESH
Nutritional information
100 g of product contains:
Proteins Carbohydrates
Fats Yum um
Y
Nutritional information
100 g of product contains:
Proteins 4g
Carbohydrates
48.4 g
Fats 19.7 g
0.75 g
2g
2.70 g
Drinking
yogurt
vanilla
Nutritional information
100 g of product
contains:
Proteins Carbohydrates Fats 2.4 g
12.4 g
0.7 g
Look at the food labels. Answer the questions.
a. Which food provides the most energy?
b. Which food would you recommend to someone who wants to lose weight?
c. Which food contains the most water? How do you know?
d. Which food do you think is best to eat every day for a snack?
e.Do you think the information on these labels is sufficient?
Would you like some other information?
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