Download Biology 105 Midterm Exam 2 – Review Sheet

Biology 105
Midterm Exam 2 – Review Sheet
 The second midterm exam will cover the following lecture material (lectures 4, 5, 6, and 7):
Cells (from chapter 3 in the textbook), DNA and Protein Production (from chapter 21 in the
textbook), Cellular Metabolism (from chapter 3 in the textbook), and Introduction to Anatomy
and Physiology (from chapter 4 in the textbook).
Lecture 4 (chapter 3) – Cells
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Why are most cells small?
 Please be able to explain why with respect to surface-to-volume ratio. Why is
there a limit to how much volume a cell can have?
What are the main differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
 Know some examples of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plants
and animals).
Major features of cells and their functions, including:
 Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi complex, vesicles, lysosomes
What disorder is associated with a missing enzyme in lysosomes?
 Understand why this disease is fatal within a few years of life (e.g. what is
building up in nerve cells and what happens as a result?)
What is cytoskeleton and what are the functions of cytoskeleton? What are the three
different kinds of cytoskeleton?
Know the functions of each of the three different kinds of cytoskeleton.
What are cilia and flagella, and which kind of cytoskeleton makes up cilia and flagella?
Which protein makes up microfilaments?
Know the functions of the plasma membrane.
Know the five main components of the plasma membrane and the function of each
component.
Be able to draw a membrane.
Be able to identify what can pass freely through a membrane and what cannot pass freely.
What is the difference between passive transport and active transport?
Know the differences between simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
 Know which molecules each mode can transport.
Know how things are transported in and out of a cell using a vesicle:
 What are the differences between endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, and
phagocytosis (e.g. what kinds of molecules do these processes move and in which
direction)?
Important Vocabulary Terms:
Prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, semi-permeable, osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic,
hydrophobic compounds, nonpolar, hydrophilic compounds, polar, passive transport, active
transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis,
pinocytosis, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, cristae, apoptosis
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Lecture 5 (chapter 21) – DNA and Protein Production
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Know the basic structures of DNA and the nucleotides:
 Which molecules are bound together and in what order?
 What types of bonds hold the subunits together?
 What are the four bases?
 Which bases are paired together?
Be able to draw DNA!
 Use one-letter abbreviations for the bases, phosphates, and sugars (you do not
need to draw the structures of the base, sugar and phosphate).
What are the steps of DNA replication?
When does DNA replication take place?
What are the roles of helicase and DNA polymerase?
What supplies the energy used to build the new strand of DNA?
What are mutations and what can cause them?
 What are point mutations?
Be able to recognize an incorrectly paired sequence…
 What are the possible outcomes of mutations (e.g. repair, apoptosis, or the
mutation becomes permanent)?
What is a positive aspect of mutations (e.g. beneficial adaptation and evolution)?
What is the structure of proteins?
What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA, and what are the structural
similarities?
Determine the complementary mRNA sequence from a DNA sequence.
What are the steps of protein synthesis (production) for a protein that will be membranebound or exported from the cell (we broke the process down into 15 steps in class)?
 Starting in the nucleus, know the parts of the cell and their role in protein
synthesis and protein modification (including the Golgi, RER, etc.)
 How does this process differ for proteins that will be cytosolic (e.g. proteins will
be produced on free-floating ribosomes)?
What are transcription and translation?
Be able to describe the process of transcription.
 Where does RNA polymerase bind to the DNA?
 What is the function of RNA polymerase?
What are the steps of translation (we broke the process down into 12 steps in class)?
Be able to “read” the mRNA to make a protein, given the table of codons for reference.
Know the types of RNA, their functions, and where in the cell they complete their
function.
Important Vocabulary Terms:
DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, helicase, semiconservative replication, complementary
strand, point mutation, mutagens, base pairs, gene, tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, promotor region,
polypeptide chain, peptide bond, transcription, translation, codon, anticodon
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Lecture 6 (chapter 3) – Cellular Metabolism
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What are aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation? What are the
differences between them?
What are the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration, what happens in each step, what
are the starting molecules, what comes out of each step, where in the cell does each step
occur, how many ATP and NADH/FADH2 are produced in each step?
Describe in detail how ATP is made using the electron transport chain.
 What are the roles of ATP synthase, H+, O2, NADH and FADH2, and the electron
transport chain in ATP production?
Know the overall picture of cellular respiration (refer to the summary slides).
Which steps produce carbon dioxide during cellular respiration?
What is anaerobic fermentation, what steps are involved, and what end products are
produced in humans?
 Is oxygen required? If so, when is it used?
Important Vocabulary Terms:
Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic fermentation, ATP synthase, metabolism
Lecture 7 (chapter 4) – Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology (Tissues and the
Integumentary System)
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What are the four tissue types and their functions?
What are the functions and locations of each of the six types of connective tissue?
What cell types are found in each type of connective tissue?
Why does it take longer for cartilage to heal?
What are the functions of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets?
What are the three types of muscle?
 What are their functions, and where they are found?
 Are they under voluntary or involuntary control?
What are the two types of nervous tissue cells and their functions?
What are the types of epithelial tissue, where are they found, and what are their
functions?
What are the two types of glands?
How do negative and positive feedback mechanisms work?
 Be able to describe the examples of negative and positive feedback given in class
and in the textbook (e.g. identify the sensor, control center, and effector for each
example).
What are the three cell-to-cell junctions and their functions?
Identify the body cavities: what are their locations and what is contained in each of the
cavities?
What are the four types of membranes, their functions and locations?
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
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Know the components of the integumentary system and their functions:
 Skin, nails, hair, and exocrine glands…
What are the two layers of the skin? Which type of tissues comprise each layer, and
where are the layers located?
What layer is found underneath the skin, and which tissue type comprises this layer?
What are the three types of skin cancer, where do they originate, and which is more likely
to spread to other parts of the body?
What are melanocytes, and what is their function?
Important Vocabulary Terms:
Tissue, organ, organ system, tight junctions, adhesion junctions, gap junctions, exocrine glands,
endocrine glands, homeostasis, hormone, hypodermis, diaphragm, sebum, sebaceous glands,
keratin, basement membrane, lacunae, voluntary control, involuntary control, hyperthermia,
hypothermia, melanin
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