Download Unit 5 - Hannahville Indian School

United States History and Geography
The Crisis of Capitalism and Responses
SS0905
Ninth Grade: United States History and Geography
Unit 5: The Crisis of Capitalism and Responses
Big Picture Graphic
Overarching Question:
How did domestic and international events affect the changing meaning of freedom and
equality?
Previous Unit:
Becoming a World
Power
This Unit:
The Crisis of Capitalism and
Responses
Next Unit:
World War II
Questions To Focus Assessment and Instruction:
1. How did post-war changes in society manifest themselves in cultural conflict?
2. How did the economic, political, and social/cultural choices in the early 1900s contribute to the
Great Depression?
3. How did the responses to the Great Depression both reflect and then shape the meaning of
freedom in the United States?
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Types of Thinking
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Public Issues
Cause and Effect
Description
Compare and Contrast
Evidentiary Argument
Identifying perspectives
Issue Analysis
• Government and Social Change: Contemporary public
policy issues related to the role government should play
in effecting social change.
• Balance of Power: Contemporary public policy issues
related to the distribution of power among central
government, state governments, and the people.
Unit Historical Overview
The interwar period in America (between World War I and World War II) was marked by a
fundamental shift in culture, economics, and politics. World War I provided opportunities for women
and minorities that influenced post-war America. Women achieved suffrage after proving
themselves invaluable to the war effort and some began rejecting the traditional ideas of
womanhood and embracing new lifestyles. African Americans, who moved north for jobs in the
war industries, now sought to carve out their own cultural identity and changed the nation’s
demography. As more Americans now lived in urban areas than rural ones, cultural changes
manifested into conflicts between proponents of the traditional ways of life and the new “modern”
spirit. These changes exposed conflicts that exploded onto the national scene as witnessed
through events such as the Scopes Trial, Prohibition, the Sacco and Vanzetti Trial, and the revival
of the Ku Klux Klan.
The postwar world also experienced a renewed business boom spurred by the mass consumption
of consumer products. The availability of easy credit allowed many businesses to over produce
and many consumers to spend beyond their means. Left relatively unchecked by a lassiez faire
government, businesses grew dramatically and Americans believed everyone could be rich. These
economic attitudes and practices would eventually lead to the crash of the stock market and the
subsequent depression. As the United States experienced economic turmoil, Americans debated
the proper role of government in a capitalist democracy. Many Americans feared that the political
and economic systems in the United States might not be able to manage or withstand the crisis of
the Great Depression. The 1932 Presidential election of Franklin Roosevelt confirmed a call for
increased government resulting in New Deal reforms, some of which are still in effect today.
Roosevelt’s administration would also bring into question the extent of executive power and the
changing definition of American rights and freedoms.
Unit Abstract
In this unit students use primary and secondary sources (including literature and statistics) to
understand how this era reshaped modern American capitalism and the role of government. They
begin by examining cultural movements in the United States with particular attention to the Harlem
Renaissance and the “Lost Generation.” After analyzing literary works to gain insight into the
cultural movements emerging in the 1920s, students consider how these developments
represented post-World War One tensions and/or social changes in America. Students also
explore events from the 1920s such as the Scopes Trial, Second KKK, “new women,” Prohibition,
and nativism. They analyze historical arguments that attempt to explain these events in a broader
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context such as the impact of a shifting demography from rural to urban America and the change
from a traditional to a new culture. Next, students learn about the rise of consumerism, examine
the circular flow model, and explore economic indicators to compare the state of the economy
before and after the stock market crash of 1929. In doing so, students examine the causes of the
Great Depression (speculation, overproduction, uneven distribution of wealth) and compare it with
a recent economic problem. They then assess initial responses to the plight of Americans during
the Hoover administration and examine how Americans coped with the economic crisis. After
analyzing the competing views of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt through excerpts from
popular speeches, students explore a variety of New Deal programs and their impact on American
life. As students assess the shifting role of government in American society during the New Deal
period, they evaluate the New Deal in light of their own views of the role and purposes of
government. They then explore the growing opposition to the New Deal, evaluate the relationship
among the branches of government, and consider constitutional issues that faced the nation during
the New Deal. To conclude the unit, students examine the legacy of the New Deal. They read and
discuss the historiography surrounding this topic, and consider how the responses to the Great
Depression reflected the changing meaning of freedom in the United States.
Focus Questions
1. How did post-war changes in society manifest themselves in cultural conflict?
2. How did the economic, political, and social/cultural choices in the early 1900s contribute to
the Great Depression?
3. How did the responses to the Great Depression both reflect and then shape the meaning of
freedom in the United States?
Content Expectations
USHG 7.1.1: The Twenties – Identify and explain the significance of the cultural changes and
tensions in the “Roaring Twenties” including
• cultural movements, such as the Harlem Renaissance and the “lost generation”
• the struggle between “traditional” and “modern” America (e.g., Scopes Trial,
immigration restrictions, Prohibition, role of women, mass consumption).
USHG 7.1.2: Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression – Explain and evaluate the
multiple causes and consequences of the Great Depression by analyzing
• the political, economic, environmental, and social causes of the Great Depression
including fiscal policy, overproduction, under consumption, speculation, the 1929
crash, and the Dust Bowl.
• the economic and social toll of the Great Depression, including unemployment
and environmental conditions that affected farmers, industrial workers, and
families
• Hoover’s policies and their impact (e.g., Reconstruction Finance Corporation).
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USHG 7.1.3: The New Deal – Explain and evaluate Roosevelt’s New Deal Policies including
• expanding federal government’s responsibilities to protect the environment (e.g.,
Dust Bowl and the Tennessee Valley), meet challenges of unemployment,
address the needs of the workers, farmers, poor, and elderly
• opposition to the New Deal and the impact of the Supreme Court in striking down
and then accepting New Deal laws
• consequences of New Deal policies (e.g., promoting workers’ rights, development
of Social Security program, banking and financial regulation, conservation
practices, crop subsidies).1
C1.1.3:
Identify and explain competing arguments about the necessity and purposes of
government (such as to protect inalienable rights, promote the general welfare,
resolve conflicts, promote equality, and establish justice for all).
C2.1.4:
Explain challenges and modifications to American constitutional government as a
result of significant historical events such as the American Revolution, the Civil War,
expansion of suffrage, the Great Depression, and the civil rights movement.
C3.1.5:
Use case studies or examples to examine tensions between the three branches of
government (e.g., powers of the purse and impeachment, advise and consent, veto
power, and judicial review).
E2.1.2:
Circular Flow and the National Economy – Using the concept of circular flow, analyze
the roles of and the relationships between households, business firms, financial
institutions, and government and non-government agencies in the economy of the
United States.
E2.1.7:
Economic Indicators – Using a number of indicators, such as GDP, per capita GDP,
unemployment rates, and Consumer Price Index, analyze the characteristics of
business cycles, including the characteristics of peaks, recessions, and expansions.
Key Concepts
checks and balances
consumerism
depression
economic indicators
executive power
fundamentalism
judicial review
limited government
nativism
social conflict
social welfare
1
This expectation has been modified to reflect proper grammar.
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Duration
4 weeks
Lesson Sequence
Lesson 1: Harlem Renaissance and the “Lost Generation”
Lesson 2: Conflict in the 1920s
Lesson 3: Causes of the Great Depression
Lesson 4: Initial Responses to the Great Depression
Lesson 5: Life During the Great Depression and the New Deal
Lesson 6: New Deal Programs
Lesson 7: FDR and the Courts
Lesson 8: Growing Opposition to the New Deal
Lesson 9: The New Deal’s Legacy
Assessment
Selected Response Items
Constructed Response Items
Performance Assessments
USHG 7.1.1
USHG 7.1.2
USHG 7.1.3
USHG 7.1.3
C1.1.3
C2.1.4
C3.1.5
USHG 7.1.2
E2.1.2
E2.1.7
Students design an electronic collage using moviemaker or PowerPoint
that identifies the four people, events, or things that best represent the
1920s and 1930s. For each item selected, students describe the item
and explain the reasons for its selection, emphasizing its impact both
then and today.
Draw a political cartoon that addresses the question: How did the
responses to the Great Depression reflect the changing meaning of
freedom in the United States? In the cartoon, take a position on the role
and purposes of government during the New Deal era. The cartoon
should identify at least one modification to American constitutional
government as a result of New Deal policies and use symbolism to
describe tensions among the branches.
Write an essay that answers the question: How did the economic,
political, and social/cultural choices in the early 1900s contribute to the
Great Depression? The essay should include an explanation of the
circular flow model, describe characteristics of business cycles
including the characteristics of peaks, recessions, and expansions, and
use economic indicators for support.
Resources
Equipment/Manipulative
Highlighters, one per student
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Note cards, blank white paper.
Student Resources
Aliens. BackStory With the American History Guys. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. August,
2008. 15 December 2009 <http://www.backstoryradio.org/wpcontent/uploads/2008/08/aliens.jpg>.
Aspiration by Aaron Douglass, 1936, Oil on canvas. University of Virginia. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA03/staples/douglas/aspirations.html>.
“August Savage posing with her sculpture, 1938.”
http://sirismm.si.edu/aaa/newPOA/aaa_fedeartp14_5459.jpg>
Barone, Michael. “Obama’s New Deal No Better Than Old One.” Real Clear Politics. 28 Oct. 2009.
16 Dec. 2009
<http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/10/obamas_new_new_deal_no_better.html>.
Burke, Jacob. The Lord Provides 1934. Library of Congress. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/goldstein/9.jpg>.
City Life During the Great Depression. University School of Milwaukee. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://middle.usm.k12.wi.us/faculty/taft/Unit7/citylife.htm>.
Clashes of Cultures in the 1910-1920. Ohio State University. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Introduction/Intro.htm>.
Claude McKay. “If We Must Die.” Poem Hunter.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/if-we-must-die/>.
Court Packing - Judicial Reorganization and the End of the New Deal. University of Virginia. 15
Dec. 2009 <http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/court.html>.
The Crisis of Credit Visualized. YouTube. 16 Dec. 2009 <www.crisisofcredit.com>.
Document Analysis Worksheets. National Archives. 16 Dec. 2008
<http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/worksheets/>.
Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother" Photographs in the Farm Security Administration Collection:
An OverviewPrints and Photographs Reading Room. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/128_migm.html>.
Economic History of the United States. Experts.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://en.allexperts.com/e/e/ec/economic_history_of_the_united_states.htm>.
Edsforth, Ronald. The New Deal: America’s Response to the Great Depression. Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishers. 2000. pp. 285-288.
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Elliot, TS. The Hollow Men. 1925. 15 Dec. 2009 <http://poetry.poetryx.com/poems/784/>.
Future of the Supreme Court. Chicago Tribune. Feb. 7, 1937. University of Virginia. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/docs/trib_ed_2.7.37.html>.
Gourley, Catherine. Flappers and the New American Woman: Perceptions of Women from 1918
Through the 1920s. Twenty-First Century Books, September 2007. 15 December 2009
<http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51U1oxSpWAL.jpg>
The Great Depression. Eyewitness to History.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/snprelief1.htm>.
“The Great Depression.” The Money Instructor.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.moneyinstructor.com/docs/pdf/greatdepressionles.pdf>.
“The Great Depression in America.” American History: America's Economy: Sorrow and Hope.
Discovery Education <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com>.
“The Harlem Renaissance” Discovery Education. 16 Dec. 2009
<http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D1F10809-C5CE-41FEB7F7-6F45C97F098E&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US>.
Hemingway, Ernest. A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.cis.vt.edu/modernworld/d/hemingway.html#2>.
Hogue, Alexandre. Dust Bowl Painting, 1933. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://20thcenturyart.suite101.com/article.cfm/portraits_of_the_great_depression>.
Hoover, Herbert. Speech in 1928. Rugged Individualism. Teaching American History.org. 15 Dec.
2009 <http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=953>.
Hughes, Langston. “I look at the world.” About.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://poetry.about.com/b/2009/02/03/a-trio-of-new-poems-by-langston-hughes.htm>.
“Immigration Restrictions.” Class of Cultures in the 1920s and 1920s. Ohio State University. 15
December 2009 http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/antiimmigrationKKKindex.htm>.
Jones, William P. “Obama’s New Deal.” The Nation. 13 Nov. 2008. 16 Dec. 2009
<http://www.thenation.com/doc/20081201/jones>.
"Keep on Guarding the Gates." Current Opinion, June 1923, pp. 652-4. 15 December 2009
<http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/Immigration%20Pages/Documents/guard
ingthegates.htm>.
Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Racism and National Consciousness News. November, 2008. 15
December 2009
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<http://racismandnationalconsciousnessnews.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/knights-of-the-kuklux-klan-washington-dc-1.jpg>.
Lange, Dorthea. “Photo - Migrant Mother, 1936.” Eyewitness to History.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/migrantmother.htm>.
Lavender, Catherine. The New Woman. City University of New York American Studies
Department. 15 December 2009
<http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/386/newwoman.html>.
“Lesson 1: Measuring the Great Depression.” The Great Depression. St. Louis Federal Reserve
Bank. 15 Dec. 2009 <http://stlouisfed.org/greatdepression/pdf/GD_d-lesson_1.pdf>.
Lydon, Sandy. Snakes in the Garden: The History and Racism of the KKK in Santa Cruz County.
15 December 2009
<http://www.sandylydon.com/html/newimages/newimages_8_06/kk_05.jpg>.
Marchand, Roland. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the “Court Packing” Controversy of 1937: A
Documentary Source Problem.” A Teachers History Bag of Tricks. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://marchand.ucdavis.edu/lessons/courtpacking/court_packing.html>.
Marsh, Reginald. Painting, 1933. Sheldon Museum of Art. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://sheldon.unl.edu/HTML/ARTIST/Marsh_R/ParkBench_AS.html>.
McKay, Claude. “Enslaved.” 1921. Poem Hunter.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/enslaved/#end>.
McKay, Claude “To One Coming North.” 1921. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/to-one-coming-north/>.
Motley, Jr., Archibald. Cocktails, c. 1926. Traditional Fine Arts Organization. 15 Dec. 2009
<www.tfaoi.com/musimage/mnews332.jpg>.
A Photo Essay on the Great Depression. Modern American Poetry. University of Illinois. 15. Dec.
2009 <http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/depression/photoessay.htm>.
“Please Help US, Mr. President –Black Americans write to FDR.” History Matters. George Mason
University. 15 Dec. 2009 <http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/137/>.
Powell, Richard. African American Art. Palmer Hayden painting, “Jeunesse.” 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/h/images/harlem_hayden_jeunesse_lg.jpg>.
Pound, Erza. “The Garret.” Poem Hunter.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/the-garret/#end>.
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Pound, Ezra. “Lone, Dead the Long Year.” Poem Hunter.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/ione-dead-the-long-year/>.
Pound, Ezra. “These Fought in Any Case.” Poem Hunter.com. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/these-fought-in-any-case/>.
Presidential Politics. Franklin D. Roosevelt. American Experience. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/32_f_roosevelt/f_roosevelt_politics.html>.
Prohibition. October, 2008. 15 December 2009
<http://moretimespace.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/prohibition.jpg>.
Prohibition Poster, The Agonist. 15 December 2009
<http://agonist.org/files/active/1/ProhibitionPoster.jpg>.
Reinhardt, Claudia and Bill Ganzel, the Ganzel Group. Farming in the 1930s. 2003. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/life_01.html>.
Rosenberg, James N. Drawing: Oct 29 Dies Irae ("Days of Wrath") 1929. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/goldstein/48.jpg>.
Scopes Trial. Houston Press Blogs: Hairballs. January 12, 2009. 15 December 2009.
<http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/scopestrial012109.jpg>.
Scopes Trial Transcripts. 15 December 2009
<http://faculty.smu.edu/jclam/science_religion/trial_transcripts.html>.
Social Studies Help Center. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_13_Notes.htm>.
Suri, Jeremi. Era Letters. University of Wisconsin. Depression 15 Dec. 2009
<http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/pdocs/depression_letters.pdf>.
“Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself”: FDR’s First Inaugural Address. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5057/>.
Tygiel, Jules. San Francisco State University. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/texts/1920seconomy.htm>.
Uys, Errol Lincoln. “What was life like during the Great Depression.” 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.erroluys.com/WhatLifeWasLikeintheGreatDepression.htm>.
Waring, Laura Wheeler. Marian Anderson, 1944. Explore History. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=559>.
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Wheelock, David C. “What Caused the Great Depression?” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 15
Dec. 2009 www.stlouisfed.org/education
Wilkinson, Will. “Obama’s Stale New Deal.” The Cato Institute. 16 Dec. 2009
<http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3969>.
The Women of the Ku Klux Klan. Civil Rights and Labor History Photo and Document Repository.
Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies at the University of Washington. 15 December 2009
<http://depts.washington.edu/labpics/repository/v/KKK/watcher/Women+of+KKK+Ad.jpg.ht
ml>.
“Written Document Analysis Worksheet,” National Archives. 15 Dec. 2009
<http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/worksheets/document.html>.
You and your whole race by Langston Hughes. About.com 15 Dec. 2009
<http://poetry.about.com/b/2009/02/03/a-trio-of-new-poems-by-langston-hughes.htm>.
Teacher Resource
*1920’s. South Dakota Department of Education. July 2002. 15 December 2009
<http://doe.sd.gov/octa/ddn4learning/themeunits/1920s/general.htm>.
*Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority. American Law and Legal Information. Great American
Court Cases vol. 18. 15 December 2009 <http://law.jrank.org/pages/13456/Ashwander-vTennessee-Valley-Authority.html>.
*Carter v.Carter Coal Company. American Law and Legal Information. Great American Court
Cases vol. 18. 15 December 2009 <http://law.jrank.org/pages/13621/Carter-v-Carter-CoalCo.html>.
*FDR Cartoon Archive. Paul Bachorz. October 5, 1998. 15 December 2009
<http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/>.
*FDR and the Supreme Court. 15 December 2009 <http://newdeal.feri.org/court/cases.htm>.
The Great Depression and the New Deal. Foundation for Teaching Economics. 15 December
2009 <http://www.fte.org/teachers/programs/history/lessons/lesson09.htm>.
Guide to Harlem Renaissance Materials. Library of Congress. July 31, 2008. 15 December 2009
<http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/harlem/harlem.html>.
*Helping the People. The Great Depression. October 2004. 15 December 2009
<http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/01794/helping_the_people.htm>.
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library & Museum. National Archives and Records Administration.
15 December 2009 <http://hoover.archives.gov/>.
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*Home Building & Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell. American Law and Legal Information. Great American
Court Cases vol. 18. 15 December 2009 <http://law.jrank.org/pages/13455/Home-BuildingLoan-Association-v-Blaisdell.html>.
McElvaine, Robert S. Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man.
The University of North Carolina Press, 1983.
*Nebbia V. New York. Michaelariens.com. 15 December 2009
<http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/cases/nebbia.htm>.
New Deal Achievements. Franklin D. Roosevelt American Heritage Center. 2007. 15 December
2009 <http://www.fdrheritage.org/new_deal.htm>.
New Deal Network. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. 2003. 15 December 2009
<http://newdeal.feri.org/>.
*NLRB v. Jones Laughlin Steel Corp. American Law and Legal Information. Great American Court
Cases vol. 18. 15 December 2009 <http://law.jrank.org/pages/8822/NLRB-v-JonesLaughlin-Steel-Corp.html>.
Picturing America. NEH. 15 December 2009
<http://picturingamerica.neh.gov/index.php?sec=gallery>.
*Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States. American Law and Legal Information. Great
American Court Cases vol. 18. 15 December 2009 < http://law.jrank.org/pages/13620/LSchechter-Poultry-Corporation-v-United-States.html>.
*Social Security Online. U.S. Social Security Administration. Aug. 20, 2008. 15 December 2009
<http://www.ssa.gov/>.
*Steward Machine Co. v. Collector of Internal Revenue. Social Security Online. 15 December
2009 <http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/supreme2.html>.
Tennessee v. John Scopes: The “Monkey Trial”. Famous Trials in American History. University of
Missouri-Kansas City Law School. April 25, 2005. 15 December 2009
<http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm>.
*Tennessee Valley Authority. 15 December 2009 <http://www.tva.gov/>.
*U.S. Department of Labor. 15 December 2009 <http://www.dol.gov/>.
*U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. June 20, 2005. 15 December 2009
<http://www.sec.gov/>.
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*West Coast Hotel v. Parish. American Law and Legal Information. Great American Court Cases
vol. 15 December 2009 <http://law.jrank.org/pages/13595/West-Coast-Hotel-vParrish.html>.
Resources for Further Professional Knowledge
Allen, Frederick Lewis. Since Yesterday: The 1930's in America (1940).
American Experience: Surviving the Dust Bowl. PBS Online. 1998. 15 December 2009
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/>.
Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New
York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2004.
Drake, Frederick D. and Sarah Drake Brown. A Systematic Approach to Improve Students’
Historical Thinking. The History Teacher. 15 December 2009
<http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ht/36.4/drake.html>.
Drop Me Off in Harlem. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. March 2003. 15
December 2009 <http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/exploring/harlem/artsedge.html>.
Ferguson, Jeffrey. The Harlem Renaissance: A Brief History with Documents. Boston:
Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008.
Flint Sit-Down Strike Audio Gallery. HistoricalVoices.org. Michigan State University. 15 December
2009 <http://www.historicalvoices.org/flint/index.php>.
Foner, Eric. The Story of American Freedom. NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1998. Foner traces
the idea of freedom and its evolution in American history. For a brief description, see
<http://www.powells.com/biblio/2-9780393319620-1>.
Historical Background and Development of Social Security. Social Security Online. January 14,
2008. 15 December 2009 <http://www.ssa.gov/history/briefhistory3.html>.
Kennedy, David M. The American People in the Great Depression. NY: Oxford University Press,
1999.
Leuchtenburg, William. Franklin D. Roosevelt and The New Deal (1963).
Powell, Jim. FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression.
Crown Forum 2003.
Wineburg, Sam. Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts. Philadelphia: Temple University
Press, 2001.
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