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Describe the parameters of the jet stream: o Stronger in the winter than the summer o Found between 25K – 40K ft. o 1-3000 mi in length o 1-400 mi in width o 6-8000 ft in depth What air mass produces cumuliform clouds, showery precip, gusty winds, Tstorms, and good visibility? o mTk Where can you obtain a WX brief? o Base WX station o Phone o Radio What air mass produces stratiform clouds, steady precip, steady winds, rime icing, and fog? o mPw or mTw What weather is associated with a cold front? o Cumulonimbus, altocumulus, and showery rain What weather is associated with a warm front? o Cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus, stratus, rain, and fog What weather is associated with a stationary front? o Oscillates back and forth… o Similar WX to a warm front Cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus, stratus, rain, and fog Describe the weather associated with an occluded front: o It will contain the weather of both a warm and cold front Where do squall lines form? o 50-300 mi ahead of a rapidly moving cold front What weather is associated with a squall line? o Violent wind, rain, lightning, thunder, and frequently hail and tornadoes List the thunderstorm hazards: o Turbulence and hail (the 2 biggest hazards to aircraft) o Icing o Low ceiling and visibility o Microburst What weather is associated with a Microburst? o Heavy rain “wall of rain” o Virga o Turbulence o Blowing dust o Rolling clouds When are aircraft most vulnerable during a microburst? o During take-off, approaches, and go-arounds What are the 4 methods of thunderstorm avoidance? o Go Around (Most preferred) o Go over o Go under (1/3 of the distance between ground and base of clouds) o Go through (last resort) What are the only 2 reasons that you can fly into a WW area? o A qualified forecaster reports that the WX is not developing as earlier forecast o The aircraft performance is such that it can safely climb over the problem WX system What type of icing is the most dangerous? o Clear Describe CAWWs: o Issued by the Navy Commander in the absence of a WW for pilot training areas o Normally associated with embedded thunderstorms, tornadoes, turbulence, and icing o Used for flight planning What is a MWA? o Air Force version of a WW that uses color-codes to depict problem WX What colors on a MWA equate to a WW? o Red = tornadoes, waterspouts, or funnel clouds o Blue = severe thunderstorms What does a convective SIGMET (WST) cover? o Similar to a WW except for the time period covered: usually 2 hours o Covers tornadoes, thunderstorms, hail, and embedded thunderstorms What does a non-convective SIGMET (WS) cover? o Time period valid for up to 4 hours o Covers severe turbulence, clear air turbulence (CAT), severe icing, low visibility due to dust, sand or ash How are cloud tops measured? o In feet MSL There is NO ceiling information in PIREP’s What are 2 in-flight 2-way radio weather services? o EFAS o PMSV What do satellite pictures indicate? o Areas of low/high pressure, mountain wave turbulence, jet streams, fog, and low clouds What do weather depiction charts indicate? o Areas of IFR, MVFR, and VFR. o The # at the 6 o’clock position in the station group indicates the sky coverage in 100’s of feet AGL What do surface analysis charts indicate? o Front highs, lows, troughs, squall lines, sky conditions, weather, and visibility o High clouds appear white, low clouds appear gray, and water appears black What is the difference between the top and bottom panels of a low-level significant weather prognostic chart? o The top 2 panels depict areas of significant forecast IFR, MVFR, moderate or greater turbulence/icing o The bottom 2 panels depict the expected future positions of pressure systems, fronts, and precipitation What do radar summary charts depict? o Radar echoes and lines of activities o WW’s will be plotted with dashed lines o Tops of echoes and intensities are noted What symbols are used on a winds aloft prognostic chart? o A wind shaft indicates wind direction o The # at the base is temperature in Celsius o The # of barbs at the end of the wind shaft indicate the wind velocity in knots o 99 indicates calm or light & variable What do the colors indicate in an infrared satellite picture? o Different pictures What do commas indicate on an infrared satellite picture? o Areas of low pressure and an ensuing front Where is information about PMSV located? o FIH – Section C Describe TWEB and TEL-TWEB: o Provides prerecorded meteorological and aeronautical information at selected locations o TEL-TWEB is available via telephone What does VV indicate in a METAR? o Total obscuration – the # after VV is the vertical visibility in hundreds of feet AGL Describe the different airborne weather radar returns: o Scalloped edge – rapidly developing thunderstorms o Hook – funnel clouds and tornadoes o V-notch – tornado and thunderstorms o Finger – hail shafts What does the airborne weather radar indicate? o Echoes of both solid and liquid precipitation