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Chapter Two, Sections 1, 2, and 3 River Valley Civilizations Chapter 2 – The Fertile Crescent Section 1 – Land Between Two Rivers 1. The first schools were set up in the land of __________________________ over 4,000 years ago. They taught mostly boys the new invention of writing. 2. Graduates became scribes – __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. 3. Why do you think scribes were important? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Writings left behind by scribes help tell us the story of their civilization. The Geographic Setting 1. Sumer was located in a region called _________________________________. 2. Why did Mesopotamia attract settlers? _____________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 3. People who settled in Mesopotamia became ________________________ and _______________________________________. Other people came to trade goods from other regions. The Location of Mesopotamia 1. The word Mesopotamia comes from the Greek word meaning, “_______________________________________________________________.” 2. Mesopotamia lies between the ______________________ and _____________________________________ Rivers. 3. Mesopotamia is part of the ________________________________________ – a region in Southwest Asia that was the site of the world’s first civilizations. 4. It is one of the world’s best places for growing crops. Rivers of Life and Death 1. The Tigris and Euphrates were the source of life for people in Mesopotamia. 2. In the spring, melting snow picked up tons of __________________________ as it rushed down from the mountains and flooded the land. 3. The floods left the topsoil on the plain below. Farmers could use this soil to _________________________________________________. 4. The river also supplied ____________________, ______________________ for building, and tall, strong _______________________________ to make boats. The floods did not always happen at the same time each year. What were some consequences of this? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ The First Cities / Independent Cities Form 1. As farming succeeded in Mesopotamia, communities began to build up surpluses of food. These surpluses encouraged the growth of cities. 2. By 3500 B.C., some of the earliest known cities rose in the southern region of Sumer, along the Tigris and Euphrates. 3. Although these cities shared a common culture and language, they did not unite under a single _____________________________. 4. Instead, they remained politically independent city-states. 5. City-state - ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Each Sumerian city had ______________________________________________, ___________________________________________________, and eventually, its own ___________________________________. A Brief Tour of a Sumerian City 1. Describe a public square of a Sumerian City? What types of activities could be found there? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Sumerian houses faced away from the crowded streets, onto inner courtyards where families ate and children played. 3. Oil lamps supplied light for Sumerian homes. Sumerian Religion / Sumerian Temples 1. The center of a Sumerian city was a large, stone temple called a _______________________________, which were temples to the main god or goddess of the city. 2. _________________________, _____________________________, and _______________________________ activities all took place at the temple sites. 3. Ziggurats were pyramids made of terraces (levels on top of each other) linked by ramps and stairs. Why was this shape important for their religion? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Ancient Religious Beliefs / Honoring the Gods 1. The people of Sumer worshiped many gods and goddesses. 2. Polytheism – ______________________________________________________. 3. Sumerian myths warned that the gods would _____________________________ people who angered them. They also promised __________________________ to people who served the gods well. 4. Myth – stories about gods that explain people’s beliefs. 5. The Sumerians honored their gods in religious ceremonies. 6. Temple priests _______________________________ the statues of gods before each meal was offered. 7. ________________________________ played and incense was burned as huge plates of food were laid before them. 8. ________________________ was often eaten after it was presented to the gods. The Fall of Sumer 1. Sumer’s wealth eventually became its downfall. 2. Sumerian city-states fought each other over __________________ and the use of _______________________________________. 3. Rulers from various city-states won and lost control of all of Sumer. 4. Around 2300 B.C., Sumer was conquered by the armies of neighboring Akkadia. Their ruler was named ______________________________________ – he was responsible for uniting the Sumerian city-states and improving Sumer’s government and its military. 5. Sumer remained united for about 100 years until it dissolved once more into independent city-states. 6. Sumer was no longer a major power after 2000 B.C., as it was conquered by _______________________________________ in the 1700s B.C. Section 2 – Babylonia and Assyria / The Two Empires of Mesopotamia 1. The biggest and most important Mesopotamian civilizations were the empires of _________________________________ and ____________________________. 2. Empire – __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The center of Babylonia was the city of _____________________________. The Assyrians centered around the northern city of ___________________________. 4. The Assyrians began expanding their lands in the 1300s B.C. and controlled a large empire by the 600s B.C. 5. The Babylonians and Assyrians had two things in common: a. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. They built grand __________________________ where culture and learning were highly valued. The Babylonian Empire 1. The Babylonian king named _______________________________ created the Babylonian Empire by uniting the cities of Sumer. 2. He then conquered all the lands all the way to ___________________________________ – modern-day Turkey. A Crossroads of Trade 1. The Babylonians created a system of roads throughout the empire. What important roles did the roads play? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Caravans stopped in Babylon on their way from Assyria to Sumer. There, they could go to bazaars to buy cotton cloth from India and spices from Egypt. 3. Caravans – ________________________________________________________. 4. Bazaars – __________________________________________. Wealth Through Conquest 1. In about 1760 B.C., Hammurabi conquered the city of Mari, and seized ___________________________________, _______________________, and ___________________________, which were the best in the world. 2. In about 1600 B.C., the Babylonian empire shrunk and was destroyed. The Empire of the Assyrians 1. The kingdom of Assyria was in open land. What challenges did this present? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Since they were always defending themselves, the Assyrians became skilled ____________________________________. 3. In about 1365 B.C., the Assyrians began attacking other areas around them. By 650 B.C., Assyria had conquered a large empire, which stretched across the Fertile Crescent, from the Nile River to the Persian Gulf. Assyria’s Contributions / Assyria Overthrown 1. They invented the ___________________________________ – a powerful weapon having a wooden beam mounted on wheels. Battering rams were used to pound city walls into rubble. 2. Warriors used ____________________________ to hurl stones at enemies. Expert _________________________ were protected with helmets and armor. 3. Armed ________________________________ slashed their way through the enemy troops. 4. As Assyria grew, their capital city of _____________________________ became a great city of learning. They had large libraries with thousands of clay tablets with writings from Sumer and Babylon. 5. Conquered peoples attempted a number of __________________________ against the Assyrian rule. In 612 B.C., the Medes and the Chaldeans joined together to defeat the Assyrians. 6. After reading through these notes on the Assyrians and their inventions, list a few adjectives that you think would describe them. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Babylonia Rises Again 1. Under the Chaldeans, Babylon rose to even greater splendor. It became the center of the New Babylonian Empire. 2. King ________________________________________________ rebuilt the city of Babylon, which the Assyrians had destroyed. 3. He put massive ___________________________ around the city for protection. He also built a gigantic palace on many terraces, containing many gardens. Advances in Learning 1. The New Babylonian Empire became a center of _________________________ and __________________________. 2. Chaldean astronomers charted the paths of the stars and measured the length of a year. 3. Chaldean farmers raised honey bees. 4. In 539 B.C., the new Babylonian Empire fell to the Persians. The city of Babylon was spared. Section 3 – The Legacy of Mesopotamia Hammurabi’s Code 1. Written code of law – _______________________________________________ _________________________ that helps people know what is expected of them and what ____________________________ they will receive if they break a law. 2. Hammurabi ruled Babylonia from about 1792-1750 B.C., and was famous for his written code of laws, called _________________________________________. 3. Hammurabi’s Code told the people of Babylonia how to settle conflicts in all areas of life. 4. Hammurabi’s Code contained _______________ laws dealing with trade, labor, property, and family. An Eye For An Eye 1. According to Hammurabi’s Code, a punishment should be __________________ _________________________________________________________________. 2. In what way could Hammurabi’s Code be unfair for citizens? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. A person who ____________________________ broke a law was just as guilty as someone who meant to break a law. Laws for Everyone 1. With written laws, everyone could know the _______________________ and the __________________________________. 2. Hammurabi’s laws are the first ___________________________ and _________________________________ set of laws that we have found. The Art Of Writing / Ancient Scribes 1. Writing first developed around 3100 B.C. by the Sumerians to help them keep __________________________________. 2. The Sumerians’ earliest written documents are records of farm animals. 3. Why were scribes treated with such great respect? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The scribes of Sumer recorded sales and trades, tax payments, gifts for the gods, and marriages and deaths. 5. Military scribes calculated the amount of food and supplies that an army would need. 6. Government scribes figured out the amount of diggers needed to build a canal. 7. Written records during this time were written on ____________________, since paper was not invented. A Record in Clay 1. Clay came from the _________________________________________________. Each spring, the rivers washed down clay from the mountains. 2. Letters were marked into the clay with sharp tools. When the clay dried, it was a permanent record. 3. Larger tablets were used for official record keeping (reference). Smaller tablets were used for personal messages. How Writing Was Invented 1. At first, written words were ____________________________ that represented specific objects. For example, grain, oxen, water, or stars had their own symbols. 2. Symbols often changed overtime, as people learned to record ideas as well as facts. 3. Cuneiform - _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. 4. Cuneiform was very flexible, meaning it could be used to represent different languages.