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Simple or Complex Inheritance Patterns "Simple vs. Complex Traits”: the real definition Simple: things we have deluded ourselves into thinking we understand Complex: things we're pretty sure we don't understand." Eleanor Feingold, Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh: On the changing definition of simple (Mendelian) versus complex traits Some Alleles Are Related Through Incomplete Dominance What are the other patterns of inheritance? Incomplete Dominance- What happens when neither allele is dominant? • intermediate phenotype. • This occurs when neither allele in a hybrid is completely or not completely expressed, such that neither allele can mask the other allele Multiple Alleles Many genes are present in 3 or more versions (alleles) – this is known as multiple alleles. The human ABO blood group is determined by three alleles (IA, IB, and i) of a single gene. Dominance relationships may differ, but the Principle of Segregation remains the same. Codominance The human ABO blood group illustrates another genetic phenomenon – codominance. Codominance occurs when the phenotype associated with each allele is expressed in the heterozygote. Sex-Linked Traits Specifically genes coded for on the chromosome X Unrelated to gender The AB phenotype (genotype IA IB ) is an example of codominance Can dad pass this to his sons? What about mom? Explain. 1 Pleiotropy – When One Allele Influences Many Traits Pleiotropy in Action Anemia, infections, weakness, impaired growth, liver and spleen failure, death. Traits (phenotypes) associated with the sickle cell allele. Polygenic Inheritance – When a Single Trait is Influenced by Many Genes The importance of Mendel’s work Mendels Laws apply to all diploid organisms including humans. His work enables humans to predict the inheritance of a number of inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis. His careful and systematic work forms the basis of all heredity Height is a polygenic trait What are the implications of current and emerging biomedical, genetic, and reproductive technologies? genetic probes genetic testing gene therapy cloning biomedical, genetics, and reproductive technologies forensic science drug development drug production GMOs 2