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Big WoMen in Anthropology
Prof. Dr. Georg Klute
Anthropology of Africa
Bayreuth University
Summer term 2015
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Alan Barnard:
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Karl-Heinz Kohl:
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Henry Lewis Morgan:
Ancient Society; or,
Researches in the Lines
of Human Progress from
Savagery through
Barbarism to Civilization,
New York: Henry Holt 1877
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Friedrich Engels:
The Origin of the Family,
Private Property and
the State
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Johan Jakob Bachofen:
Das Mutterrecht
(=Matriarchate), 1861
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Sir Edward Tylor:
1871, Primitive Culture:
Researches into the Development
of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion,
Language, Art, and Custom, (2 vols.),
London: John Murray
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Sir James Frazer:
1922, The Golden Bough:
A Study in Magic and Religion
(4 vols.), London:
Macmillan & Co. [abridged version]
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Wilson: Edward O. 1975, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Cambridge MA:
Harvard University Press.
Marshal Sahlins & Marvin Harris
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Friedrich Ratzel:
Anthropogeographie, 1882
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Leo Frobenius:
Paideuma. Umrisse einer Kulturund Seelenlehre.
München 1921
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Fritz Gräbner
1905, „ Kulturkreise und
Kulturschichten in Ozeanien“, ZfE 37
Bernhard Ankermann
1905, „ Kulturkreise und
Kulturschichten in Afrika“, ZfE 37
:
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Vienna School
Pater Wilhelm Schmidt s.v.D.,
(1868 – 1954),
1912, Der Ursprung der Gottesidee
1937, Handbuch der Methode der
kulturhistorischen Ethnologie
Pater Wilhelm Koppers s.v.D.,
(1886 - 1961),
Unter Feuerland-Indianern, 1924,
Der Urmensch u. sein Weltbild, 1949
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Hermann Baumann, *1902; + 1972,
München, Völker Afrikas 1940
Adolf E. Jensen, *1899; + 1965,
Frankfurt, „Kulturmorphologie“
Walter Hirschberg, *1904; + 1996,
Wien, „Ethnohistorie“
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Richard Rottenburg:
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Franz Boas:
Founder of US-American
Cultural Anthropology
The Mind of Primitive Man,
1911
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Clark Wissler:
The American Indian, 1917
(main field: American
Natives)
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Melville Herskovits:
The Cattle Complex in East
Africa, 1924
Dahomey, an Ancient African
Kingdom, 1938
The Myth of the Negro Past,
1941
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Margaret Mead:
Coming of Age in Samoa,
1928
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Ruth Benedict:
Patterns of Culture, 1934
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Lucien Lévy-Bruhl:
La mentalité primitive. Félix
Alcan, Paris 1922.
L’âme primitive. Félix Alcan,
Paris 1927.
Le surnaturel et la nature
dans la mentalité primitive.
Félix Alcan, Paris 1931.
Anthropologists mentioned last term
The Chicago School:
Robert Park (1864-1944) & William Thomas
(1863-1947); from 1914 Dept. of Sociology
and Social Anthropology
Robert Redfield, 1897-1958
The Little Community, 1955
George Foster
Peasant Society and the Image of
Limited Good, 1965
Eric Wolf
Peasants, 1966
Europe and the People without
History, 1982
Anthropologists mentioned last term
- Neo-evolutionism
Leslie White, 1900-1975
The Science of Culture, 1949
„White‘s Law“ (technological determinism)
- Cultural materialism
Julian Steward, 1902-72
Theory of Culture Change, 1955
Marvin Harris, 1927-2001
Good to Eat. Riddles of Food and Culture, 1985
- Cultural ecology
Roy Rappaport, 1926-97
Pigs for the Ancestors, 1968, 1984
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Symbolic Anthropology, the
interpretive position
Clifford Geertz, 1926-2006
The Interpretation of Cultures, 1973
David Schneider, 1918-95
American Kinship. A Cultural
Account, 1968
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Emile Durkheim * 1858; +1917
The Rules of Sociological Method”, 1938
[1895]
Social facts = “ways of acting, thinking, and feeling,
external to the individual, and endowed with a
power of coercion, by reason of which they
control him.” (1938: 3)
Anti-reductionist approach. Social phenomena
cannot be reduced to individualistic psychology,
etc.
The WHOLE is greater than the sum of its parts.
Ex.: Suicide: not an individual act alone, but
consequence of broader social trends
Anthropologists mentioned last term
Functionalism in British Social Anthropology:
Malinowski, Bronislaw 1922, Argonauts of the Western Pacific:
“ […] a sociologists [i.e. social anthropologists, GK], we are not interested
what A or B may feel qua individuals […] only what they feel qua
members of a given community.” (p. 23)
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
The Founders of Functionalism in Social
Anthropology
Pioneering works
Radcliffe-Brown, Andaman Islanders, a Study of Social
Organisation, 1922
Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, 1922
Fieldwork
Alfred Reginald
Radcliffe-Brown
1881 - 1955
Off the verandah, linguistic skills, native‘s own point of
view, share daily life, participant observation
Holism
Presentation of institutions in the society as a whole
Functional Explanations
Cultural & social phenomena functional components of
a coherent system
Bronislaw Malinowski
1884 - 1942
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Manchester School:
• Interactive perspective
• Max Gluckman, J. Clyde Mitchell, Victor Turner, Bruce Kapferer
• Rhodes-Livingstone Institute of Social Research in Lusaka (Sambia)
& copper belt
• Dealing with social change
• Criticizing colonialism & approaches in functionalism which study
societies / culture was integrated wholes and without taking into
account 1. external factors; 2. historicity
• Instead: study of
– internal conflicts
– Ambiguity of rituals (liminal phase) (van Gennep’s
3-steps model: pre-liminal, liminal, post-liminal)
– Processual character
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Structuralism and Neo-Marxism:
Inspired by a re-reading of Marx’ work:
Louis Althusser 1965: Reading Capital (Marx lesen)
& by Claude Lévi-Strauss’ structuralism
“ […] search for the underlying patterns of thought in all forms of human
activity.”
Stone Age Economics:
The Original Affluent Society
Against materialistic and rationalistic
explanations of cultural forms.
Michael Taussig
inspired by Marxism.
People living in the periphery of the world capitalist economy articulate their
critiques of capitalism in terms of their own cultural idioms.
Anthropologists should study peoples living on the periphery of the world
capitalist economy as a way of gaining critical insight into the
anthropologists' own culture.
Double shift:
1. from studying foreign cultures towards studies of one’s own culture.
2. from former objects of anthropological study (e.g. indigenous peoples)
towards agents as valued critical thinkers.
Pierre Bourdieu; * 1930; + 2002
French sociologist / anthropologist
Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique, précédé
de trois études d'ethnologie kabyle, (1972),
Eng. Outline of a Theory of Practice,
Cambridge University Press 1977
Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der
gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft. Suhrkamp,
Frankfurt am Main 1982.
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment
of Taste, trans. Richard Nice, 1984. Harvard
University Press.
Michel Foucault * 1926; + 1984
Professor of History of Systems of Thought at Collège de France
"I wasn't always smart, I was actually very
stupid in school ... [T]here was a boy
who was very attractive who was even
stupider than I was. And in order to ingratiate
myself with this boy who was very beautiful,
I began to do his homework for him—
and that's how I became smart, I had to do all
this work to just keep ahead of him a little bit,
in order to help him. In a sense, all the rest of
my life I've been trying to do intellectual things that would attract
beautiful boys.“
Michel Foucault, 1983
Orientalism & Occidentalism
Edward Said, * 1935; + 2003
1978:
Orientalism & Occidentalism
Postcolonialism
Talal Asad, * 1932
1973:
Occidentalism
James G. Carrier: Occidentalism:
Images of the West, 1995
Argument: ‘oriental’ peoples as
biased in their visions of the
West as ‘occidental’ peoples
are of the East
3 trends prevalent in anthropology:
- tendency towards self-reflection
- growing interest in the
‘invention of tradition’
- Concern with the ethnography of the West itself
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Richard Thurnwald:
German anthropologist
and sociologist (1869-1952)
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Tim Ingold:
(2000)The perception of the environment: essays
on livelihood, dwelling and skill. London:
Routledge.
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Philippe Descola:
Descola, Philippe (1994). In the society
of nature: a native ecology in Amazonia.
Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Descola, Philippe (2013). Beyond Nature and Culture.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Anthropologists mentioned last term:
Sally Falk Moore:
Law As Process: An Anthropological Approach
London ; Boston: Routledge & K. Paul, 1978.