Download to accompany Holes` Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology

PowerPoint Presentation
to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology, 9/e
by
Shier, Butler, and Lewis
Chapter 5
Tissues
Tissues
• Cells are organized into layers or groups
called tissues.
• There are four major tissue types found in
the body: epithelial, connective, muscle,
and nervous.
• These tissues associate and interact to form
organs and specialized functions.
Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelium functions in protection,
secretion, absorption, and excretion.
• It is composed of tightly packed cells
anchored to a basement membrane.
• Epithelium lacks blood vessels and rapidly
divides.
• Epithelial tissues are classified by cell shape
and number of cell layers.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Simple
squamous
epithelium
consists of
a single
layer of
thin, flat
cells that
fit tightly.
Figure 5.1
Simple Squamous Epithelium
• It functions in
filtration, diffusion,
osmosis, and
covers surfaces.
• It is found in air
sacs of the lung,
walls of capillaries,
lines blood vessels,
and covers the
membranes that
line body cavities.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• Simple
cuboidal
epithelium
consists of a
single layer
of cubeshaped cells.
Figure 5.2
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• It functions in
secretion and
absorption.
• It is found on the
surface of the
ovaries, linings of
kidney tubules,
linings of the
ducts of certain
glands.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• Simple
columnar
epithelium
is a single
layer of
elongated,
columnshaped
cells.
Figure 5.3
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• It functions in
protection,
secretion, and
absorption.
• It can be
ciliated or
nonciliated.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
• Specialized
goblet cells
secrete mucus.
• It is found lining
the uterus,
stomach, and
intestines.
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
• Pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium is a
single layer of
elongated cells
that appears to
be more than
one layer.
Figure 5.5
Pseudostratified Columnar
Epithelium
• It is often ciliated
and contains goblet
cells.
• It functions in
protection, secretion,
and movement of
mucus and cells.
• It is found lining the
respiratory passages.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Stratified
squamous
epithelium
consists of
many layers of
cells with flat
cells on the
outer layers.
Figure 5.6
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• It functions in
protection.
• It is found in
the outer layer
of the skin,
linings of the
oral cavity,
throat, vagina,
and anal
cavity.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
• Stratified
cuboidal
epithelium
consists of two
to three layers
of cubedshaped cells.
Figure 5.7
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
• It functions in
protection.
• It is found in
the linings of
the mammary
glands, sweat
glands, salivary
glands, and
pancreas.
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• Stratified
columnar
epithelium
consists of a
top layer of
elongated
cells, and
lower layers
of cubeshaped cells.
Figure 5.8
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• It functions in
protection and
secretion.
• It is found in
the vas
deferens, part of
the male
urethra, and
parts of the
pharynx.
Transitional Epithelium
• Transitional
epithelium
consists of
many layers of
cube-shaped
and elongated
cells.
Figure 5.9a
Transitional Epithelium
• It functions in
distensibility
and protection.
• It is found in the
inner lining of
the urinary
bladder, ureters
and part of the
urethra.
Figure 5.9b
Glandular Epithelium
• Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that
produce and secrete substances.
• Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts.
• Endocrine glands secrete products into tissue
fluid or blood.
• A unicellular exocrine gland is the mucoussecreting goblet cell.
Multicellular Glands
• A simple gland
communicates
with the
surface
through one
unbranched
duct.
Figure 5.10
Multicellular Glands
• A compound gland
communicates
with the surface
through a
branched duct.
• Tubular glands are
epithelial-lined
tubes.
• Alveolar (acinar)
glands have
saclike endings.
Glandular Secretion
• Merocrine
glands release
fluid through
exocytosis.
Ex: salivary
glands.
Figure 5.11
Glandular Secretion
• Apocrine
glands release
cellular
product by
pinching off
the free end of
the cell. Ex:
mammary
glands.
Glandular Secretion
• Holocrine
glands secrete
the entire cell
full of the
secretory
product. Ex:
sebaceous
glands.
Merocrine Secretion
• Most exocrine glands are merocrine.
• There are two types of merocrine cells,
serous and mucous.
• Serous fluid is watery with a high enzyme
concentration.
• Mucous cells secrete a mucus, a thick fluid
rich in the glycoprotein, mucin.
Connective Tissues
• Connective tissue is the most abundant
tissue in the body.
• Extracellular material, matrix, makes up the
bulk of the tissue.
• Matrix is composed of fibers and ground
substance.
• Connective tissue cells usually can divide.
Connective Tissue Cell Types
• Fibroblasts
secrete protein
into the matrix.
Figure 5.13
Connective Tissue Cell Types
• Macrophages
originate as white
blood cells. They
can move and
phagocytize
foreign particles.
Figure 5.14
Connective Tissue Cell Types
• Mast cells
release heparin,
which prevents
blood clotting,
and histamine,
which aids in
the
inflammatory
response.
Figure 5.15
Connective Tissue Fibers
• Collagenous
fibers, white
fibers, are
made of
thick
threads of
collagen.
They are
strong,
flexible, and
inelastic.
Figure 5.16
Connective Tissue Fibers
• Elastic fibers,
yellow fibers, are
made of bundles
of elastin.
• Reticular fibers
are
thin,collagenous
fibers that form
branched
networks for
support.
Loose Connective Tissue
• Loose
connective
tissue or areolar
tissue binds
organs together
and holds
tissue fluids.
Figure 5.18
Loose Connective Tissue
• It is cells
(fibroblasts) in a
fluid-gel matrix.
• It forms thin
membranes found
beneath the skin,
between muscles,
and beneath
epithelial tissue.
Adipose Tissue
• Adipose
tissue
protects,
insulates,
and stores
fat in
droplets
inside the
cells.
Figure 5.19
Adipose Tissue
• It consists of
cells
(adipocytes) in a
fluid-gel matrix.
• It is found
beneath the skin,
around the
kidneys, behind
the eyes, and on
the heart.
Reticular Connective Tissue
• Reticular
connective
tissue supports
organs.
Figure 5.20
Reticular Connective Tissue
• It is composed of
thin, collagenous
fibers and cells
in a fluid-gel
matrix.
• It is found in the
walls of the
liver, spleen, and
lymphatic
organs.
Dense Connective Tissue
• Dense
connective
tissue binds
organs
together.
Figure 5.21
Dense Connective Tissue
• It is composed
thick collagenous
fibers, thin elastic
fibers and
fibroblasts in a
fluid-gel matrix.
• It is found in
tendons,
ligaments, and the
dermis of the
skin.
Elastic Connective Tissue
• Elastic
connective
tissue
supports,
protects, and
provides a
flexible
framework.
Figure 5.22
Elastic Connective Tissue
• It consists of elastic
fibers and
fibroblasts in a
solid-gel matrix.
• It connects
vertebrae and is
found in the walls
of arteries and
airways.
Cartilage
• Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue.
• The matrix consists of collagenous fibers in a
gel-like ground substance.
• Cartilage cells, chondrocytes, are found in small
chambers, lacunae.
• Cartilage is covered with a thin layer of
connective tissue, the perichondrium.
• Cartilage lacks blood vessels.
Cartilage
• Cartilage cells, chondrocytes, are found in small
chambers, lacunae.
• Cartilage is covered with a thin layer of connective
tissue, the perichondrium.
• Cartilage lacks blood vessels.
Hyaline Cartilage
• Hyaline
cartilage
supports,
protects, and
provides a
framework.
• It is the most
common type
of cartilage.
Figure 5.23
Hyaline Cartilage
• It is found in the
ends of bones,
nose, and rings
in the respiratory
passages.
• Hyaline cartilage
provides the
embryonic
model for the
skeleton.
Elastic Cartilage
• Elastic
cartilage
supports,
protects,
and
provides a
flexible
framework.
Figure 5.24
Elastic Cartilage
• Its matrix
contains many
elastic fibers.
• It is found in
the outer ear
and part of the
larynx.
Fibrocartilage
• Fibrocartilage
supports,
protects, and
absorbs shock
during body
movement.
Figure 5.25
Fibrocartilage
• It is the
toughest type
of cartilage.
• It is found
between the
vertebrae
(intervertebral
discs), in the
knee and parts
of the pelvic
girdle.
Bone
• Bone
supports,
protects,
provides a
framework
for muscle
attachment.
Figure 5.26
Bone
• It is composed
of cells
(osteocytes) in
a hard calcified
matrix. The
osteocytes are
located in
layers,
lamellae,
organized into
osteons.
Bone
• It is found in
the skeleton
and middle
ear.
Blood
• Blood
transports
gases,
nutrients,
and
wastes,
defends
against
disease,
and acts in
clotting.
Figure 5.27
Blood
• It is composed
of cells and
platelets in a
fluid matrix,
the blood
plasma.
• It is found
within the
blood vessels.
Muscle Tissue
• Muscle tissue is contractile.
• Muscle fibers can shorten and thicken.
• There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac.
Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal
muscles
attach to
bones and
are
controlled
by
conscious
effort.
Figure 5.28
Skeletal Muscle
• It is also
called
voluntary
muscle.
Skeletal Muscle
• The muscle cells
have many
nuclei and
exhibit light and
dark banding
patterns called
striations.
• Skeletal muscles
contract in
response to
nerve signals.
Smooth Muscle
• Smooth muscle
appears smooth
because it lacks
striations.
• Smooth muscle
action is not
under
conscious
control and it is
called
involuntary.
Figure 5.29
Smooth Muscle
• The cells are
spindle-shaped
with a central
nucleus.
• Smooth
muscle is
found in the
stomach,
intestines,
uterus, and
blood vessels.
Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac
muscle
tissue is
found only
in the heart.
Figure 5.30
Cardiac Muscle
• The striated cells
are joined end to
end with a
specialized
intercellular
junction called an
intercalated disk.
• Cardiac muscle is
under involuntary
control.
Figure 5.30
Nervous Tissues
• Nervous
tissues are
found in
the brain,
spinal
cord, and
peripheral
neurons.
Figure 5.31
Nervous Tissues
• Nerve cells
or neurons
sense
changes
and
transmit
signals.
Nervous Tissues
• Neuroglia are
cells that support
and bind nervous
tissue. They
supply nutrients,
carry on
phagocytosis,
and play a role in
cell to cell
communication.