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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Name: Answer Key Earth Science Date: Period: ANSWER KEY Page 23 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Greenhouse Effect The diagram below represents energy being absorbed and reradiated by the Earth. The graph below shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere over a 140-year period. Carbon dioxide concentrations are shown in parts per million (ppm). Visible light 1. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at A? _______________________________ Infrared radiation 2. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at B? _______________________________ 3. Which type of energy from Earth is absorbed by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide? Infrared radiation ______________________________________________________________________________ Water vapor & methane 4. Identify two major greenhouse gases, aside from carbon dioxide. __________________________ 5. What most likely caused the significant changes in CO2 concentration since 1860? ____________ Burning of fossil fuels; increased deforestation ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Describe one way the glass in the greenhouse acts like the greenhouse gases in Earth’s Both allow visible light to pass through, but trap infrared radiation that is atmosphere. ___________________________________________________________________ trying to escape. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere has undergone a large change in temperature due to the Troposphere presence of greenhouse gases. State the name of this layer. _____________________________ 8. Explain how increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere increases global More greenhouse gases means more heat will be trapped near Earth’s temperatures. __________________________________________________________________ surface, which will cause global temperature to rise. ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. Explain why most scientists believe an increase in the greenhouse effect will cause sea levels to An increase in the greenhouse effect will trap more heat and cause global rise. __________________________________________________________________________ temperature to rise. This will melt polar ice, causing sea levels to rise. ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. State one possible change humans could make to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere each year. ___________________________________________ Decrease burning of fossil fuels; Use green energy; Stop deforestation; Use cars less ______________________________________________________________________________ Page 24 ANSWER KEY Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Atmospheric Transparency The diagrams show the general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle latitudes during both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph below shows the air temperatures recorded at a city in the United States on two days in July: a clear day and an overcast day. 1. Approximately what percentage of the insolation actually reaches the ground at 45º North latitude on a clear day? _________________________________________________________________ 80% 2. Which factor keeps the greatest percentage of insolation from reaching the Earth's surface on Cloud reflection cloudy days? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is the temperature on an overcast night warmer than a clear night? ____________________ Clouds will prevent heat from escaping at night, keeping temperatures warmer. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. For weeks after a series of major volcanic eruptions, how will Earth's surface air temperatures change? Why does this occur? _____________________________________________________ After volcanic eruptions, Earth’s surface air temperatures will decrease slightly because ______________________________________________________________________________ the volcanic ash in the atmosphere blocks insolation from reaching Earth’s surface. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. State one other factor, aside from clouds and volcanic eruptions, that could change atmospheric transparency. How will this change affect global air temperatures? _________________________ Clearing skies (after precipitation) – increases transparency and air temperatures ______________________________________________________________________________ Forest fires; air pollution; meteor impact – decreases transparency and air temperatures ______________________________________________________________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 25 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Material Radiation & Specific Heat 1. The diagram below indicates the amount of solar radiation that is reflected by equal areas of various materials on Earth’s surface. Equal areas of which surface would most likely absorb the most insolation? State two characteristics of this surface that would cause it to absorb the most insolation. _______________ The forest will likely absorb the most insolation because it has a dark color and a rough ______________________________________________________________________________ texture. ______________________________________________________________________________ Base your answers on questions 2 through 4 on the diagrams below which represents four different samples of water, copper pennies, basaltic sand, and iron fragments. Each sample had a mass of 100 grams. Each sample was placed an equal distance from a light bulb and heated for a 30-minute period. 2. Which sample would have the greatest temperature change during the 30-minute heating period? The copper pennies would have the greatest temperature change Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________ because copper has the lowest specific heat (ESRT page 1). ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which sample would have the smallest temperature change during the 30-minute heating period? The water would have the smallest temperature change because ater Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________ has the highest specific heat (ESRT page 1). ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. After the 30-minute heating period, the light is removed and the samples are allowed to cool. Which substance will take the longest time to reach room temperature? Explain your answer. The water would take the longest time to reach room temperature because water ______________________________________________________________________________ has the highest specific heat (ESRT page 1). ______________________________________________________________________________ Page 26 ANSWER KEY Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate The Water Cycle The diagram below represents Earth’s water cycle. Letters A through F represent processes occurring in the water cycle. Zone 1 and Zone 2 are locations in the soil. The zones are separated by the dashed line which is the water table. 1. Complete the table below by identifying and describing the water cycle process represented by each letter in the diagram. Letter Process Description A Evaporation Liquid water at Earth’s surface changing into water vapor B Transpiration Water vapor entering the atmosphere from plants C Condensation Water vapor changing into liquid water (clouds) D Precipitation Liquid water falling to Earth’s surface E Infiltration Water seeping into the soil F Runoff Water moving across Earth’s surface The Sun 2. What is the main source of energy for the water cycle? __________________________________ Zone of aeration 3. State the name of Zone 1. ________________________________________________________ Zone of saturation 4. State the name of Zone 2. ________________________________________________________ 5. Describe the soil permeability and the land surface slope that allow the most infiltration of rainwater and the least runoff. High permeability Flat land/Gentle slope Permeability: __________________________ Slope: ________________________________ 6. How will the amount of water infiltrating the soil change if the soil becomes saturated with water? Water will not be able to infiltrate the soil if the soil is saturated. _____________________________________________________________________________ 7. A portion of the land surface shown was recently paved with asphalt and concrete. Describe the change in the amount of runoff and infiltration that will occur. _____________________________ Runoff will increase and infiltration will decrease because asphalt is impermeable. _____________________________________________________________________________ 1,670 J 8. How many Joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water? ______________________ ANSWER KEY Page 27 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Movement of Water in the Ground The diagram below represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL of sediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well-sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape and size. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size of the sediment in each tube is labeled. Capillarity 1. What is the upward movement of water in soil known as? ________________________________ Permeability 2. What is the ability of soil to allow water to flow through it known as? ________________________ Porosity 3. What is the ability for soil to hold water in open spaces known as? _________________________ 4. Water was added to each tube to just cover the sediments and the volumes of water added were Porosity recorded. Which property of the sediments was being tested in this experiment? ______________ 5. Identify the type of sediment found in tubes A, B, and C. Silt A: _____________________ Sand B: ___________________ Pebbles C: __________________ 6. Which tube would have the greatest permeability? Explain your answer. ____________________ Tube C because it has the largest particles and the largest spaces. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, which tube would have the greatest capillarity? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________ Tube A because it has the smallest particles and the smallest spaces. ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. For each graph below, draw a line to represent the relationship between particle size and the variable on the y-axis. Page 28 ANSWER KEY Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Porosity The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads. 1. How does the porosity of beaker A compare to the porosity of beaker B? Explain your answer. The porosity of beaker A is equal to the porosity of beaker B because they have the ______________________________________________________________________________ same shape, packing, and sorting. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. How does the porosity of beaker A compare to the porosity of beaker C? Explain your answer. The porosity of beaker A is greater than the porosity of beaker C because beaker C has ______________________________________________________________________________ mixed particles sizes which take up more space. ______________________________________________________________________________ Ozone in Earth’s Atmosphere Ozone is special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is composed of two atoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of oxygen. A concentrated ozone layer between 10 and 30 miles above Earth’s surface absorbs some of the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun. The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface is directly related to the angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun’s angle of insolation, the greater the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth’s surface. If the ozone layer were completely destroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface would most likely increase human health problems, such as skin cancer and eye damage. 1. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of Stratosphere (use ESRT page 14 - Atmosphere) ozone gas exists. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth’s surface is beneficial to humans. Ozone layer blocks harmful UV radiation. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how the depletion of the ozone layer is harmful to humans. ________________________ An increase in UV rays can cause skin cancer and eye damage. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State June 21 most likely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun? ____________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 29 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Factors Affecting Climate A generalized climatic moisture map of North America is shown below. Areas are classified as generally dry or generally wet, and then ranked by relative moisture conditions. Glacial and mountain climate areas are also shown on the map. Points A, B, C, D, and E indicate locations on Earth’s surface. 1. State two reasons why the climate at location A is more moist than the climate at location B. Location A is near the ocean. 1) ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Location A is on the windward side of the mountain. 2) ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. State the climate factor that causes a cold climate at location C. __________________________ Location C is at a high elevation (in the mountains). _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain why location D has a cooler climate than location E. _____________________________ Location D is at a higher latitude than location E. _____________________________________________________________________________ Page 30 ANSWER KEY Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Coastal vs. Inland Climate The average monthly temperatures for Eureka, California, and Omaha, Nebraska, are plotted on the graph. The map indicates the locations of these two cities. 1. Explain why Omaha, which is farther inland, has a greater variation in temperatures throughout the year than Eureka, which is closer to the ocean. ____________________________________ The specific heat of water is high so it moderates the temperature of coastal _____________________________________________________________________________ climates. _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Identify the month with the greatest difference in the average temperature between these two January cities. ________________________________________________________________________ California Current 3. Identify the surface ocean current that affects the climate of Eureka. _______________________ New York City; Riverhead 4. Identify one city in New York State that has a latitude of 41˚N. ____________________________ 5. Would you expect the city you identified in the previous question to have a temperature range similar to Eureka or Omaha? Explain your answer. _____________________________________ They would have a temperature range more similar to Eureka because they are also coastal. ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. Calculate the rate of change in the average monthly temperature for Omaha during the two-month period between October and December, as shown on the graph. Show your work. Rate = change in value time = 12˚C – (-4˚C) 2 months = ANSWER KEY 16˚C = 8˚C/month 2 months Page 31 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Lake Effect Snow A lake-effect snowstorm occurred on November 16–19, 2008. On the snowfall map below, snow depths are indicated in inches at several points and by two labeled isolines. Dashed line AB is a reference line on the map between two recorded snow depths. The cross-sectional diagram below shows how lake-effect snowstorms form. Wind direction 1. On the map above, draw the 9-inch and 12-inch snow depth isolines. 2. On the map above, draw one straight arrow in Lake Ontario to show the wind direction that most likely brought this lake-effect snowstorm. 3. State the relationship that must exist between water temperature and air temperature for lakeThe lake water must be warmer than the air temperature for lakeeffect snow to develop. ___________________________________________________________ effect snow to develop. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. State why locations east and southeast of Lake Ontario are more likely to receive lake-effect snow than are locations west of the lake. __________________________________________________ The southwest prevailing winds bring lake effect snow east of the lake. ______________________________________________________________________________ Air rises, expands, and cools to the dewpoint. 5. Explain how clouds form. _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. This storm occurred while Lake Ontario was not frozen. Explain why snowfall amounts would have been less if the lake had had significant ice cover. ______________________________________ Less water would evaporate from the lake so the air would not have as much moisture. ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Identify two hazards to human life or property that can result from a snowstorm of this size. Car accidents; collapsed roofs; downed power lines; frostbite ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Page 32 ANSWER KEY Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Global Winds The map below shows Earth’s planetary wind belts. The cross section shows the general movement of air within a portion of Earth’s atmosphere located between 30° N and 30° S latitude. Numbers 1 and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere. Cross Section The uneven heating of Earth’s surface creates pressure differences 1. Which causes winds? ____________________________________________________________ which causes air to move across Earth’s surface. _____________________________________________________________________________ The Coriolis effect; Earth’s rotation 2. What is the cause of the curving of planetary winds? ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Prevailing 3. Which wind belt has the greatest effect on the climate of New York State? ___________________ southwesterlies Southeast 4. Which direction do the trade winds between 30˚S and the equator blow from? ________________ Convection 5. Which process causes the air movement shown in the cross section? ______________________ Troposphere 6. Which layer of Earth’s atmosphere is shown in the cross section? _________________________ Wet and warm climate 7. Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge? __________________________ Prevailing northwesterlies 8. In which planetary wind belt do most storms move towards the southeast? __________________ 9. At which latitudes do currents of dry, sinking air cause the dry conditions of Earth’s major deserts? 30˚N and 30˚S ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. Describe the vertical air movement at 90˚N that causes dry conditions. _____________________ Air at 90˚N is sinking which causes dry conditions. ______________________________________________________________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 33 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Ocean Currents 1. Which Earth motion causes the Coriolis effect that results in the curving of the planetary winds Earth’s rotation and surface ocean currents? _____________________________________________________ 2. The map shows below two cities, Arica and Rio de Janeiro, located on opposite coasts of South America. Both cities are near sea level. The graph shows the average monthly temperatures for the cities. a. Why does Arica have cooler average monthly temperatures than Rio de Janeiro? _______ Arica is on the west coast of South America which is influenced by a cool ocean ________________________________________________________________________ current while Rio de Janeiro is on the east coast of South America which is influenced ________________________________________________________________________ by a warm ocean current. (see ESRT page 4) b. What evidence on the graph indicates that Arica and Rio de Janeiro are both located in the Southern Hemisphere? _____________________________________________________ The monthly temperatures are coolest during June, July, and August. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. During an El Niño event, surface water temperatures increase along the west coast of South America. Peru Current a. Which ocean current is found on the west coast of South America? ___________________ Cool current b. What is the normal temperature of this current? __________________________________ c. How will the air temperature and precipitation likely change in this region when the ocean water warms during an El Nino event? _________________________________________ Air temperature and amount of precipitation will both likely increase if the ocean ________________________________________________________________________ current is warmer. Page 34 ANSWER KEY Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Orographic Effect The cross section below represents prevailing winds moving over a coastal mountain range. 1. Describe the temperature and humidity on the windward side of the mountain. Cool Temperature: _____________________ Wet Humidity: _____________________________ 2. Describe the temperature and humidity on the leeward side of the mountain. Warm Temperature: _____________________ Dry Humidity: _____________________________ 3. Describe how clouds form in rising air. _______________________________________________ Air expands and cools to the dewpoint ______________________________________________________________________________ Condensation 4. Which phase change occurs as a cloud forms? ________________________________________ The map to the right shows the locations of three volcanoes on the island of Hawaii. The arrows represent the direction of the planetary winds. Points X and Y represent surface locations on the island. Y 5. Which letter represents the windward side of the mountain? ______ X 6. Which letter represents the leeward side of the mountain? _______ The map to the right represents an imaginary continent on a planet similar to Earth. D 7. Which letter represents the windward side of the mountain? ___ C 8. Which letter represents the leeward side of the mountain? ____ 9. What is the name of the planetary wind belt that letters C and D Northeast winds are located in? ______________________________________ ANSWER KEY Page 35 Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate Page 36 ANSWER KEY