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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Name: Answer Key
Earth Science
Date:
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ANSWER KEY
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Greenhouse Effect
The diagram below represents energy being absorbed and reradiated by the Earth. The graph below
shows changes in carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere over a 140-year period.
Carbon dioxide concentrations are shown in parts per million (ppm).
Visible light
1. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at A? _______________________________
Infrared radiation
2. Which type of energy is represented by the radiation at B? _______________________________
3. Which type of energy from Earth is absorbed by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide?
Infrared radiation
______________________________________________________________________________
Water vapor & methane
4. Identify two major greenhouse gases, aside from carbon dioxide. __________________________
5. What most likely caused the significant changes in CO2 concentration since 1860? ____________
Burning of fossil fuels; increased deforestation
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Describe one way the glass in the greenhouse acts like the greenhouse gases in Earth’s
Both allow visible light to pass through, but trap infrared radiation that is
atmosphere. ___________________________________________________________________
trying to escape.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere has undergone a large change in temperature due to the
Troposphere
presence of greenhouse gases. State the name of this layer. _____________________________
8. Explain how increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere increases global
More greenhouse gases means more heat will be trapped near Earth’s
temperatures. __________________________________________________________________
surface, which will cause global temperature to rise.
______________________________________________________________________________
9. Explain why most scientists believe an increase in the greenhouse effect will cause sea levels to
An increase in the greenhouse effect will trap more heat and cause global
rise. __________________________________________________________________________
temperature to rise. This will melt polar ice, causing sea levels to rise.
______________________________________________________________________________
10. State one possible change humans could make to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse
gases added to the atmosphere each year. ___________________________________________
Decrease burning of fossil fuels; Use green energy; Stop deforestation; Use cars less
______________________________________________________________________________
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ANSWER KEY
Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Atmospheric Transparency
The diagrams show the general effect of the Earth's atmosphere on insolation from the Sun at middle
latitudes during both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions. The graph below shows the air
temperatures recorded at a city in the United States on two days in July: a clear day and an overcast
day.
1. Approximately what percentage of the insolation actually reaches the ground at 45º North latitude
on a clear day? _________________________________________________________________
80%
2. Which factor keeps the greatest percentage of insolation from reaching the Earth's surface on
Cloud reflection
cloudy days? ___________________________________________________________________
3. Why is the temperature on an overcast night warmer than a clear night? ____________________
Clouds will prevent heat from escaping at night, keeping temperatures warmer.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. For weeks after a series of major volcanic eruptions, how will Earth's surface air temperatures
change? Why does this occur? _____________________________________________________
After volcanic eruptions, Earth’s surface air temperatures will decrease slightly because
______________________________________________________________________________
the volcanic ash in the atmosphere blocks insolation from reaching Earth’s surface.
______________________________________________________________________________
5. State one other factor, aside from clouds and volcanic eruptions, that could change atmospheric
transparency. How will this change affect global air temperatures? _________________________
Clearing skies (after precipitation) – increases transparency and air temperatures
______________________________________________________________________________
Forest fires; air pollution; meteor impact – decreases transparency and air temperatures
______________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Material Radiation & Specific Heat
1. The diagram below indicates the amount of solar radiation that is reflected by equal areas of
various materials on Earth’s surface.
Equal areas of which surface would most likely absorb the most insolation? State two
characteristics of this surface that would cause it to absorb the most insolation. _______________
The forest will likely absorb the most insolation because it has a dark color and a rough
______________________________________________________________________________
texture.
______________________________________________________________________________
Base your answers on questions 2 through 4 on the diagrams below which represents four different
samples of water, copper pennies, basaltic sand, and iron fragments. Each sample had a mass of
100 grams. Each sample was placed an equal distance from a light bulb and heated for a 30-minute
period.
2. Which sample would have the greatest temperature change during the 30-minute heating period?
The copper pennies would have the greatest temperature change
Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________
because copper has the lowest specific heat (ESRT page 1).
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Which sample would have the smallest temperature change during the 30-minute heating period?
The water would have the smallest temperature change because ater
Explain your answer. _____________________________________________________________
has the highest specific heat (ESRT page 1).
______________________________________________________________________________
4. After the 30-minute heating period, the light is removed and the samples are allowed to cool.
Which substance will take the longest time to reach room temperature? Explain your answer.
The water would take the longest time to reach room temperature because water
______________________________________________________________________________
has the highest specific heat (ESRT page 1).
______________________________________________________________________________
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ANSWER KEY
Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
The Water Cycle
The diagram below represents Earth’s water cycle. Letters A through F represent processes
occurring in the water cycle. Zone 1 and Zone 2 are locations in the soil. The zones are separated by
the dashed line which is the water table.
1. Complete the table below by identifying and describing the water cycle process represented by
each letter in the diagram.
Letter
Process
Description
A
Evaporation
Liquid water at Earth’s surface changing into water
vapor
B
Transpiration
Water vapor entering the atmosphere from plants
C
Condensation
Water vapor changing into liquid water (clouds)
D
Precipitation
Liquid water falling to Earth’s surface
E
Infiltration
Water seeping into the soil
F
Runoff
Water moving across Earth’s surface
The Sun
2. What is the main source of energy for the water cycle? __________________________________
Zone of aeration
3. State the name of Zone 1. ________________________________________________________
Zone of saturation
4. State the name of Zone 2. ________________________________________________________
5. Describe the soil permeability and the land surface slope that allow the most infiltration of
rainwater and the least runoff.
High permeability
Flat land/Gentle slope
Permeability: __________________________
Slope: ________________________________
6. How will the amount of water infiltrating the soil change if the soil becomes saturated with water?
Water will not be able to infiltrate the soil if the soil is saturated.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. A portion of the land surface shown was recently paved with asphalt and concrete. Describe the
change in the amount of runoff and infiltration that will occur. _____________________________
Runoff will increase and infiltration will decrease because asphalt is impermeable.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1,670 J
8. How many Joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water? ______________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Movement of Water in the Ground
The diagram below represents four tubes, labeled A, B, C, and D, each containing 150 mL of
sediments. Tubes A, B, and C contain well-sorted, closely packed sediments of uniform shape and
size. Tube D contains uniformly shaped, closely packed sediments of mixed sizes. The particle size
of the sediment in each tube is labeled.
Capillarity
1. What is the upward movement of water in soil known as? ________________________________
Permeability
2. What is the ability of soil to allow water to flow through it known as? ________________________
Porosity
3. What is the ability for soil to hold water in open spaces known as? _________________________
4. Water was added to each tube to just cover the sediments and the volumes of water added were
Porosity
recorded. Which property of the sediments was being tested in this experiment? ______________
5. Identify the type of sediment found in tubes A, B, and C.
Silt
A: _____________________
Sand
B: ___________________
Pebbles
C: __________________
6. Which tube would have the greatest permeability? Explain your answer. ____________________
Tube C because it has the largest particles and the largest spaces.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. If tubes A, B, and C were set up to test for capillarity, which tube would have the greatest
capillarity? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________
Tube A because it has the smallest particles and the smallest spaces.
______________________________________________________________________________
8. For each graph below, draw a line to represent the relationship between particle size and the
variable on the y-axis.
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ANSWER KEY
Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Porosity
The diagram below represents cross sections of equal-size beakers A, B, and C filled with beads.
1. How does the porosity of beaker A compare to the porosity of beaker B? Explain your answer.
The porosity of beaker A is equal to the porosity of beaker B because they have the
______________________________________________________________________________
same shape, packing, and sorting.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does the porosity of beaker A compare to the porosity of beaker C? Explain your answer.
The porosity of beaker A is greater than the porosity of beaker C because beaker C has
______________________________________________________________________________
mixed particles sizes which take up more space.
______________________________________________________________________________
Ozone in Earth’s Atmosphere
Ozone is special form of oxygen. Unlike the oxygen we breathe, which is
composed of two atoms of oxygen, ozone is composed of three atoms of
oxygen. A concentrated ozone layer between 10 and 30 miles above Earth’s
surface absorbs some of the harmful ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun.
The amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface is directly related to the
angle of incoming solar radiation. The greater the Sun’s angle of insolation, the
greater the amount of ultraviolet light that reaches Earth’s surface. If the ozone
layer were completely destroyed, the ultraviolet light reaching Earth’s surface
would most likely increase human health problems, such as skin cancer and
eye damage.
1. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the concentrated layer of
Stratosphere (use ESRT page 14 - Atmosphere)
ozone gas exists. _______________________________________________________________
2. Explain how the concentrated ozone layer above Earth’s surface is beneficial to humans.
Ozone layer blocks harmful UV radiation.
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how the depletion of the ozone layer is harmful to humans. ________________________
An increase in UV rays can cause skin cancer and eye damage.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Assuming clear atmospheric conditions, on what day of the year do people in New York State
June 21
most likely receive the most ultraviolet radiation from the Sun? ____________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Factors Affecting Climate
A generalized climatic moisture map of North America is shown below. Areas are classified as
generally dry or generally wet, and then ranked by relative moisture conditions. Glacial and mountain
climate areas are also shown on the map. Points A, B, C, D, and E indicate locations on Earth’s
surface.
1. State two reasons why the climate at location A is more moist than the climate at location B.
Location A is near the ocean.
1) ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Location A is on the windward side of the mountain.
2) ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. State the climate factor that causes a cold climate at location C. __________________________
Location C is at a high elevation (in the mountains).
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why location D has a cooler climate than location E. _____________________________
Location D is at a higher latitude than location E.
_____________________________________________________________________________
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ANSWER KEY
Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Coastal vs. Inland Climate
The average monthly temperatures for Eureka, California, and Omaha, Nebraska, are plotted on the
graph. The map indicates the locations of these two cities.
1. Explain why Omaha, which is farther inland, has a greater variation in temperatures throughout
the year than Eureka, which is closer to the ocean. ____________________________________
The specific heat of water is high so it moderates the temperature of coastal
_____________________________________________________________________________
climates.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the month with the greatest difference in the average temperature between these two
January
cities. ________________________________________________________________________
California Current
3. Identify the surface ocean current that affects the climate of Eureka. _______________________
New York City; Riverhead
4. Identify one city in New York State that has a latitude of 41˚N. ____________________________
5. Would you expect the city you identified in the previous question to have a temperature range
similar to Eureka or Omaha? Explain your answer. _____________________________________
They
would have a temperature range more similar to Eureka because they are also coastal.
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Calculate the rate of change in the average monthly temperature for Omaha during the two-month
period between October and December, as shown on the graph. Show your work.
Rate = change in value
time
= 12˚C – (-4˚C)
2 months
=
ANSWER KEY
16˚C
= 8˚C/month
2 months
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Lake Effect Snow
A lake-effect snowstorm occurred on November 16–19, 2008. On the snowfall map below, snow
depths are indicated in inches at several points and by two labeled isolines. Dashed line AB is a
reference line on the map between two recorded snow depths. The cross-sectional diagram below
shows how lake-effect snowstorms form.
Wind
direction
1. On the map above, draw the 9-inch and 12-inch snow depth isolines.
2. On the map above, draw one straight arrow in Lake Ontario to show the wind direction that most
likely brought this lake-effect snowstorm.
3. State the relationship that must exist between water temperature and air temperature for lakeThe lake water must be warmer than the air temperature for lakeeffect snow to develop. ___________________________________________________________
effect snow to develop.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. State why locations east and southeast of Lake Ontario are more likely to receive lake-effect snow
than are locations west of the lake. __________________________________________________
The southwest prevailing winds bring lake effect snow east of the lake.
______________________________________________________________________________
Air rises, expands, and cools to the dewpoint.
5. Explain how clouds form. _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. This storm occurred while Lake Ontario was not frozen. Explain why snowfall amounts would have
been less if the lake had had significant ice cover. ______________________________________
Less water would evaporate from the lake so the air would not have as much moisture.
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Identify two hazards to human life or property that can result from a snowstorm of this size.
Car accidents; collapsed roofs; downed power lines; frostbite
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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ANSWER KEY
Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Global Winds
The map below shows Earth’s planetary wind belts. The cross section shows the general movement
of air within a portion of Earth’s atmosphere located between 30° N and 30° S latitude. Numbers 1
and 2 represent different locations in the atmosphere.
Cross Section
The uneven heating of Earth’s surface creates pressure differences
1. Which causes winds? ____________________________________________________________
which causes air to move across Earth’s surface.
_____________________________________________________________________________
The Coriolis effect; Earth’s rotation
2. What is the cause of the curving of planetary winds? ____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Prevailing
3. Which wind belt has the greatest effect on the climate of New York State? ___________________
southwesterlies
Southeast
4. Which direction do the trade winds between 30˚S and the equator blow from? ________________
Convection
5. Which process causes the air movement shown in the cross section? ______________________
Troposphere
6. Which layer of Earth’s atmosphere is shown in the cross section? _________________________
Wet and warm climate
7. Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge? __________________________
Prevailing
northwesterlies
8. In which planetary wind belt do most storms move towards the southeast? __________________
9. At which latitudes do currents of dry, sinking air cause the dry conditions of Earth’s major deserts?
30˚N and 30˚S
______________________________________________________________________________
10. Describe the vertical air movement at 90˚N that causes dry conditions. _____________________
Air at 90˚N is sinking which causes dry conditions.
______________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Ocean Currents
1. Which Earth motion causes the Coriolis effect that results in the curving of the planetary winds
Earth’s rotation
and surface ocean currents? _____________________________________________________
2. The map shows below two cities, Arica and Rio de Janeiro, located on opposite coasts of South
America. Both cities are near sea level. The graph shows the average monthly temperatures for
the cities.
a. Why does Arica have cooler average monthly temperatures than Rio de Janeiro? _______
Arica is on the west coast of South America which is influenced by a cool ocean
________________________________________________________________________
current while Rio de Janeiro is on the east coast of South America which is influenced
________________________________________________________________________
by a warm ocean current. (see ESRT page 4)
b. What evidence on the graph indicates that Arica and Rio de Janeiro are both located in the
Southern Hemisphere? _____________________________________________________
The monthly temperatures are coolest during June, July, and August.
________________________________________________________________________
3. During an El Niño event, surface water temperatures increase along the west coast of South
America.
Peru Current
a. Which ocean current is found on the west coast of South America? ___________________
Cool current
b. What is the normal temperature of this current? __________________________________
c. How will the air temperature and precipitation likely change in this region when the ocean
water warms during an El Nino event? _________________________________________
Air temperature and amount of precipitation will both likely increase if the ocean
________________________________________________________________________
current is warmer.
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ANSWER KEY
Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
Orographic Effect
The cross section below represents prevailing winds moving over a coastal mountain range.
1. Describe the temperature and humidity on the windward side of the mountain.
Cool
Temperature: _____________________
Wet
Humidity: _____________________________
2. Describe the temperature and humidity on the leeward side of the mountain.
Warm
Temperature: _____________________
Dry
Humidity: _____________________________
3. Describe how clouds form in rising air. _______________________________________________
Air expands and cools to the dewpoint
______________________________________________________________________________
Condensation
4. Which phase change occurs as a cloud forms? ________________________________________
The map to the right shows the locations of three volcanoes on the
island of Hawaii. The arrows represent the direction of the planetary
winds. Points X and Y represent surface locations on the island.
Y
5. Which letter represents the windward side of the mountain? ______
X
6. Which letter represents the leeward side of the mountain? _______
The map to the right represents an imaginary continent on a planet similar to Earth.
D
7. Which letter represents the windward side of the mountain? ___
C
8. Which letter represents the leeward side of the mountain? ____
9. What is the name of the planetary wind belt that letters C and D
Northeast winds
are located in? ______________________________________
ANSWER KEY
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Part 3: Energy, Water, Climate
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ANSWER KEY