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Compromise of 1850
Long-term Causes of the Civil War
1.
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Sectionalism
Slavery:
Differing economic needs/reliance on
slavery in the South
Extension of Slavery
States’ Rights
2.
California admitted as a free state; sale of
slaves banned in D.C.; Fugitive Slave Act of
1850 enacted; rest of Mexican Cession
territory open to slavery based on popular
sovereignty (will of the people).
Dred Scott
Decision
Kansas-Nebraska Act
3.
Divisive act introduced by Stephen Douglas,
which repealed the Missouri Compromise by
applying popular sovereignty to both the Kansas
and Nebraska territories.
4.
Supreme Court decision (1857) stating that
Scott did not have the right to sue for his
freedom since he was not a U.S. citizen, but
property of another person.
The Republican Party (opposing the extension of
slavery) was formed in 1854 due to this Act.
Decision went further to claim that the Missouri
Compromise prohibiting slavery in territories was
unconstitutional. Congress had no right to take
away another person’s property.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Ostend Manifesto
Freeport
Doctrine
5.
Idea put forth by Stephen Douglas, during a
debate with Lincoln, that the residents of a
territory could still ban slavery despite what the
Supreme Court decided with Dred Scott.
6.
An attempt to expand U.S. territory; pushed
for Spain to sell Cuba to the United States for
$120 million dollars in 1854.
The document caused uproar because Cuba was
already an established slavery territory. It was
declared unconstitutional due to the Fugitive
Slave Law that was passed as part of the
Compromise of 1850; therefore Cuba did not
become a U.S. territory.
Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg
7.
Lincoln’s announcement that all slaves in those
states still rebelling would be freed.
8.
July 1863 battle that was the turning point
in the war.
Did not free slaves in border states that were
loyal to the Union.
The South never advanced into the North
again.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Gettysburg Address
13th Amendment
9.
Short speech given by Lincoln to honor Union
losses at Gettysburg.
14th
Amendment
11.
Granted full citizenship to African Americans.
States citizens cannot be deprived of rights
without due process of the law.
Guarantees equal protection under the law.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
10.
Outlaws slavery in all states and all lands
governed by the United States.
15th
Amendment
12.
States that no one can be denied suffrage
(right to vote) based on race or color.
Black Codes
13.
Laws written by Southern states (each state’s
was slightly different) that were based on slave
codes from the past.
Prevented freedmen (persons of color) from
voting, holding office, serving on juries, etc.
Helped spur the creation of the 14th
Amendment.
Radical Republicans
14.
Group of Republicans who believed the South
should face punishment for the Civil War and
that African Americans should be given full
political and civil equality.
Gained power in Congress – was able to push
through “Congressional Reconstruction”.
Debt
Peonage
Sharecropping
15.
System of agriculture used in the South with
former slaves.
Farmers would give a portion of their crops to
the landowner in exchange for use of the land.
16.
Also called debt slavery.
Land or business owner forces a worker to
pay off a debt with work - think
sharecroppers and tenant farmers.
Workers are often unable to re-pay the
debt, and find themselves in a continuous
work-without-pay cycle.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Hiram
Rhodes
Revels
Carpetbagger
17.
Northerners who moved to the South after the
Civil War to take advantage of the unstable
social, financial, and political climate.
18.
First African American in Congress.
He was appointed by the Mississippi state
legislature to fill an empty Senate seat.
Jim Crow
Laws
The Nadir
19.
Time in the South (end of Reconstruction in
1877 through the early 20th century), when
racism in the country was at an all-time high.
African Americans lost many of the civil
rights gains made during Reconstruction. Antiblack violence, lynching, segregation, legal
racial discrimination, and expressions of white
supremacy increased.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
20.
Laws passed in the South after
Reconstruction that required racial
segregation.
African Americans were relegated to the
status of second class citizens as these laws
denied them their rights, including suffrage.
Created to get around the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments.
Many of these laws lasted into the 1960s.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
21.
Groups that believe in white supremacy.
Homestead Act 1862
Were formed in the South to terrorize African
Americans.
22.
Encouraged western migration by promising
settlers 160 acres of land for $1.25 an acre
after improving it for six months or for free
if they farmed it for five years.
Helped to enforce the Jim Crow laws and keep
African Americans “in their place.”
Ten percent of the U.S. was claimed and
settled under this act.
Dawes Act 1887
Reservation System
23.
Passed by Congress to “Americanize” the Native
Americans.
24.
Land set aside for Native American tribes by
the government.
Each adult male was allowed to claim 160 acres
of reservation land as his own private property –
led to mass sell-off of reservation land.
Native Americans were required to stay on
their land.
Threatened the survival of Native American
culture.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Usually the land was undesirable and unlike
the land the tribe was used to living on.
Granger
Laws
Grange
25.
Group formed to provide social and educational
gatherings for isolated farm families.
By 1870s, most of their time was spent fighting
the railroads (misuse of government land grants,
fixing prices, charging different customers
different rates).
Farmers Alliance
27.
Groups formed to educate farmers about topics
such as interest rates on loans and government
control of banks and railroads.
Membership grew to more than 4 million – leads
to the rise of the Populist Party.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
26.
Series of laws passed in several Midwestern
states that shared the same intent: to make
pricing of railroad rates more favorable to
farmers, small rural farmers in particular.
It was a topic of much debate at the time
and ended up leading to several important
court cases, such as Munn v.
Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.
Populism
28.
Political movement created out of the
farmers alliances.
Supported: graduated income tax, regulated
banks, increase in the money supply,
government ownership of railroad and
telegraph lines, eight-hour work day,
restrictions on immigration, and voting
reforms.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1894
Cross of
Gold
29.
Impassioned speech given by William Jennings
Bryan (Democratic nominee for President in the
1896 election).
Criticized the monetary policy of the
government for being too hard on the farmer;
said in the speech that farmers were being
crucified on a cross of gold – helped gain him the
support of the Populists.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
31.
Reestablished the right of the federal government
to supervise railroad activities and established an
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to carry out
the act.
Created over public pressure - railroads were
perceived to have abused their power as a result of
too little competition.
The ICC was not effective since it lacked little
power.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
30.
Passed in response to the growing complaints of
farmers. It required the government to purchase
almost twice as much silver as before, and added
substantially to the amount of money already in
circulation. It threatened to undermine the U.S.
Treasury's gold reserves. After the panic of
1893 President Cleveland called a special session
of Congress and secured (1893) the repeal of the
act.
Railway Innovators
32.
George Pullman - Inventor of the sleeping
car.
George Westinghouse - Inventor of the
railway air brake, which stops all the cars of
a train at the same time.
Thomas Edison
33.
Inventor of many things including the
phonograph, light bulb, and motion pictures.
Had a winter home in Fort Myers.
Bessemer Process
34.
Cheap and efficient way to produce steel.
Developed independently by Henry Bessemer
(in Britain) and William Kelly (in America)
around 1850.
Cheaper steel makes it possible for more
railroad tracks, suspension bridges, massive
engines, and skyscrapers.
Nikola
Tesla
Communication Inventors
35.
Samuel Morse - Inventor of the telegraph.
Alexander Graham Bell - Inventor of the
telephone in 1875.
Made instant communications possible even over
long distances.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
36.
Developed an alternating current (AC) motor
which could travel further than a direct
current (DC) model.
African
American
Inventors
Business Monopoly
37.
John Albert Burr – rotary-blade lawnmower.
Jan Ernst Matzeliger – machine that attaches
the upper and lower parts of a shoe.
Lewis Howard Latimer – improved method for
producing carbon filaments used in light bulbs.
Madam CJ Walker – cosmetic products.
38.
When a company has total control over an
industry.
Many were formed in the late 1800s because of
the government’s laissez-faire (hands-off)
attitude.
Companies used the theory of Social Darwinism
to justify their unfair business practices.
Social
Darwinism
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
39.
Belief that the successful had superior talents
that allowed them to thrive.
Used to justify the need for free competition
and little government regulation in the economy.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
40.
Law passed by Congress making it illegal to
form a trust that interfered with free trade
between states or other countries.
Language was vague, limiting its
effectiveness.
AFL American
Federation
of Labor
Knights of Labor
41.
Nationwide labor union created in 1869 that was
open to all workers.
42.
Labor union of skilled workers created by
Samuel Gompers in 1886.
Supported an 8 hour workday and equal pay for
equal work. Saw strikes as a last resort.
Focused on collective bargaining.
Fell apart after the failure of a series of
strikes.
Child Labor
43.
Used in textile mills and coal mines especially.
Paid less than adults.
By 1910, as many as 1 out of every 5 children
under 15 years old was working outside the
home.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Used strikes as a major tactic.
Haymarket Riot 1886
44.
3000 people gathered to protest police
brutality against striking workers. As the
crowd was leaving, someone threw a bomb
into the police line. Police fired on the
protesters.
Starts to turn the public against labor unions
(the Knights of Labor specifically).
Homestead Strike 1892
Pullman
Strike
1894
45.
Strike by steelworkers after the company’s
president announced plans to cut wages.
Turned violent when the company tried to hire
strikebreakers – state militia is called in to
restore order.
Continues to turn the public against labor unions.
46.
Strike by railroad workers in and around Chicago
refusing to operate passenger trains that used
Pullman sleeping cars. Shut down much of the
nation's freight and passenger traffic in the
West.
Army had to break up the strike and violence
broke out in many cities.
Strike began when nearly 4,000 Pullman factory
employees began to strike in response to recent
reductions in wages.
Gentleman’s
Agreement
Chinese Exclusion Act
47.
1882 law banning Chinese immigration of skilled
and unskilled laborers for a period of ten years.
The act was periodically renewed and not
repealed until 1943.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
48.
Japanese government’s (1907-08) agreement
to limit emigration of unskilled workers to
the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of San
Francisco’s segregation order that had
separated Japanese children and put them in
a separate school.
Settlement
Houses
Social Gospel Movement
49.
An early reform program that preached
salvation through service to the poor.
Called on governments, churches, and private
charities to work together to help people in
need.
50.
Community centers established in “slum”
neighborhoods to provide services for
immigrants and the urban poor. Services
included health care, child care, education,
and help with obtaining naturalization. By
1910, about 400 existed.
Helped cultivate social responsibility toward
the urban poor.
Political
Machine
Muckrakers
51.
Powerful groups that controlled the activities of
a political party in a city.
52.
Writers who exposed the abuses and
corruption of society.
Gained votes and financial support by offering
help to voters and businesses.
Usually caused public outcry for reform.
Helped solve urban problems, but were
susceptible to corruption.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Examples:
Upton Sinclair – meatpacking industry
Ida Tarbell – Rockefeller’s (Standard Oil)
ruthless business practices.
National Women’s Suffrage Association
Regulation of Food & Drugs
53.
After Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, the public
demanded action.
54.
Group founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Meat Inspection Act in 1906 regulated the
meatpacking industry (until the 1990s).
Pushed for voting rights for women.
Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906 halted sale of
contaminated food and medicines and called for
truth in labeling.
Great Migration
Henry
Flagler
55.
The movement of 6 million African Americans
out of the rural Southern United States to the
urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that lasted
up until the 1960s.
56.
Industrialist who built many hotels along
Florida’s Gold Coast and built a railroad from
Jacksonville, FL all the way to Key West
(Florida East Coast Railroad).
The first Great Migration (1910–1930),
numbered about 1.6 million who left mostly rural
areas to migrate to northern industrial cities.
Railroad helped transport agriculture,
supplies, laborers, tourists, and settlers in
Florida.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Vertical and Horizontal Integration
Imperialism
57.
Vertical - Business strategy where a company
controls the raw materials, manufacturing, and
distribution of the finished product.
58.
Policy in which stronger nations extend their
economic, political, or military control over
weaker territories.
Horizontal – Business strategy where companies
producing similar products merge.
For America, there was a desire for military
strength, a thirst for new economic markets,
and a belief in cultural superiority.
Yellow
Press
The Influence of Sea Power upon History
59.
Book written by Alfred Thayer Mahan – an
influential imperialist thinker.
Pushed for a strong naval fleet, a canal through
Panama, colonies in the Pacific and Caribbean to
serve as naval bases, and greater trade with
East Asia.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
60.
Also called yellow journalism.
Technique for selling more newspapers by
sensationalizing and exaggerating news
events to lure and enrage readers.
Spanish-American War
61.
War brought about by a desire to help Cuban
rebels gain independence from Spain, preserve
American economic interests, and yellow
journalism.
Ends after 4 months with the Treaty of Paris Spain frees Cuba, gives Guam and Puerto Rico to
U.S., and sells the Philippines to the U.S.
Florida’s Role in the Spanish–American
War
63.
Cuban immigrants in Florida supported the Cuban
revolutionaries.
As war grew more certain, the industrialist
Henry Plant pushed for troops to be based out
of Tampa.
Army headquarters were established in his
Tampa Bay Hotel and camps were set up around
Tampa.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Teller Amendment
62.
Amendment to the war resolution that
authorized the Spanish-American war.
Ensured that the U.S. would not annex Cuba
after the war.
AntiImperialists
64.
Americans who opposed imperialism.
Some believed it was immoral and went
against the basic values of democracy.
Some feared economic consequences – cheap
labor leading to lower wages.
Some feared conflict with other imperial
powers.
Platt Amendment
65.
Provisions the U.S. required the Cubans to adopt into
their new constitution before we would remove U.S.
troops after the Spanish-American War.
They stated that Cuba could not sign treaties
limiting its independence, Cuba could not go into a
debt it could not pay, the U.S. reserved the right to
intervene, and the US could buy or lease land on the
island for naval and refueling stations.
Open Door Policy
66.
Created by U.S. Secretary of State Hay in
1899 when he sent letters to other
imperialist nations proposing equal trading
rights for all nations throughout China.
After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay announced
the U.S. would oppose any attempts to divide
up China.
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
Panama Canal
67.
Peace treaty negotiated by President Theodore
Roosevelt between Russia and Japan.
Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his
efforts.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
68.
Canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama
built by the United States (1904-1914) – created
a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans.
Construction was difficult – cut through hills and
jungle; mosquitos carrying malaria and yellow
fever required draining of swamps; had to rebuild
the railway to transport construction equipment.
Big Stick
Roosevelt
Corollary
69.
Roosevelt’s foreign policy based on a proverb
that said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
It is the idea of negotiating peacefully, while
simultaneously threatening with the military.
Causes of WWI
71.
General causes of WW1:
• Nationalism
• Economic rivalries and Imperialism
• Militarism
• Entangling alliances
70.
Added to the Monroe doctrine, basically
saying that the U.S. would now use force to
protect its economic interests.
Deeply resented by most Latin Americans.
Lusitania
72.
British liner sunk by a German U-boat in
1915.
Almost 1200 people died - 128 were
Americans.
Turned American public opinion against
Germany and the Central Powers.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Zimmerman Telegram
Sussex Pledge
73.
A promise Germany made to America in 1916 after President Wilson threatened to sever ties
- to stop sinking their ships without warning.
Germany started unrestricted submarine
warfare within a year – helped push the U.S. to
declaring war.
Selective Service Act
75.
Passed in 1917 – requires men to register with
the government in order to be randomly selected
for military service.
Helped the government supply manpower for the
military.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
74.
Intercepted telegram from the German
foreign minister promising the return of lost
territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
if Mexico allied with Germany against the
U.S.
Printed in U.S. newspapers in 1917 – helped
push the U.S. to declaring war.
African Americans in WWI
76.
400,000 served in the armed forces – more
than half in France.
Served in segregated units and were
excluded from the navy and marines.
Two men, Henry Johnson and Needham
Roberts, were the first Americans to receive
France’s highest military honor, the Croix de
Guerre.
Committee of
Public
War
Information
Industries
(CPI)
Board
(WIB)
77.
Regulated the economy during the war –
encouraging businesses to use mass-production
and standardize products.
78.
Government propaganda agency created to
promote the war to the American public.
Prices and profits increased.
War bonds
79.
Also known as “Liberty Bonds”
Way to pay for the war, American public
purchased them to prove their patriotism.
Espionage Act
80.
1917 law creating procedure for detecting
and imprisoning spies.
Government could censor the mail and arrest
anyone for interfering with the draft.
Led to Schenck v U.S. – Supreme Court
upheld limits on free speech when “a clear
and present danger” is evident.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Sedition Act
Fourteen Points
81.
1918 law against disloyal or abusive language
against the government, flag, or Constitution.
82.
President Wilson’s plan for peace:
First five points to prevent another war: no
secret treaties, freedom of the seas for all,
foster more free trade, reduction of arms, and
consider the interest of colonial peoples.
Next eight deal with boundary changes.
Last is the creation of a League of Nations.
Allied leaders wanted to impose a harsher treaty
on Germany.
Treaty of Versailles
Big Four
83.
Peace treaty creates 9 new nations, shifted
other boundaries, barred Germany from
maintaining an army, required Germany to take
the blame for the war, and pay reparations ($33
billion) to the Allies.
84.
Leaders from U.S., France, Britain, and Italy
who worked out the Treaty of Versailles.
Creates many new problems – humiliates
Germany, excludes Russia, ignores colonized
peoples’ claims for self-determination.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
President Wilson conceded on most of his
Fourteen Points to keep the League of
Nations.
League of Nations
Domestic Consequences of WWI
85.
International organization to address diplomatic
crises proposed in the Treaty of Versailles.
86.
Strengthened the U.S. military and the
power of the government.
U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles,
primarily because the League of Nations
threatened the established U.S. policy of
isolationism.
Accelerated social change for African
Americans (Great Migration) and women
(over one million in the work force).
Florida in WWI
87.
42,000 Floridians served in the military during
the war.
Contributed by providing food, timber,
technology (Edison), ships, and training during
the war.
Race relations worsened as African Americans
returned from the war and pushed for change to
the segregation policies.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Intensified anti-immigrant, anti-radical
sentiments.
Demobilization
88.
Transition process where a nation at war
returns to a state of peace.
Factories must convert to peacetime
production, agriculture demand diminishes,
soldiers need to find jobs, and African
Americans and women who filled empty jobs
are suddenly pushed out by those returning
soldiers.
Red Scare
Sacco and Vanzetti
89.
Fear of a Communist revolution in America.
90.
Italian immigrants and anarchists.
Led to the Palmer Raids – government hunted
down suspected communists, socialists, and
anarchists (people who oppose any form of
government).
Arrested for robbery and murder in 1920 –
case stirred up controversy since many
thought their trial was unfair due to the
men’s radical beliefs and because they were
immigrants.
Both men were convicted and executed.
Fordney-McCumber Act
91.
1922 new tariff (tax on imported goods) that
was significantly higher than before – theory
was it would protect U.S. manufacturers and
their workers.
Other countries raised their tariffs on U.S.
goods – causing a negative impact on world trade.
Dawes Plan
92.
American plan to loan Germany $2.5 billion to pay
back Britain and France, so they could pay the
U.S. back for the war.
Partly caused by the U.S. high tariffs –making it
impossible for Britain and France to repay us
without looking to collect their reparations from
Germany.
Caused resentment from everyone involved.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Teapot Dome Scandal
Quota System
93.
Corruption scandal involving the Secretary of
the Interior, Albert B. Fall.
He was secretly leasing federal oil reserves to
private companies in return for cash gifts.
94.
Set up in 1921 to control the number of
immigrants who could enter the U.S. from each
foreign country, due to the prevailing nativist
attitude “Keep America for the Americans.”
Discriminated against those from eastern and
southern Europe.
Did not allow any Japanese immigration.
Rosewood Incident
KKK Revival
95.
Organized on a national scale devoted to “100%
Americanism”.
Grew larger than they were after the Civil War
– dominated state politics in many states.
Against African Americans, Jews, Roman
Catholics, unions, immigrants, and voting rights
for women.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
96.
African-American community in Florida that was
burned to the ground and some of its residents
killed by white residents from neighboring towns.
In the 1980s, Rosewood survivors and their
descendants were compensated by the Florida
state government – first time a state had ever
voted to compensate victims of racial violence.
18th Amendment
97.
Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and
transportation of alcoholic beverages.
Support for the amendment came largely from
the rural South and West by the mid-1920s only
19% supported Prohibition.
Volstead Act
98.
National Prohibition Act - established a
Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury
department to enforce the 18th Amendment.
The agency was underfunded.
Repealed in 1933 with the 21st Amendment.
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
W.E.B. Du Bois
99.
Founded in 1909 to urge African Americans to
protest racial violence and fight for legislation
to protect African American rights.
100.
Believed that African American should push
for full equality and should not be content
with an inferior social and economic status.
W.E.B. Du Bois is a founding member.
Launched the “Niagara Movement” calling for
equal economic opportunities and the right to
vote.
Founding member of the NAACP.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Booker T. Washington
Marcus Garvey
101.
Born into slavery, later founded the Tuskegee
Institute in Alabama.
102.
Believed that African Americans should build
a separate society.
In 1895, he proposed the “Atlanta Compromise”
– the idea that African Americans would accept
segregation and white rule in the South as long
as they were given free vocational training and
enjoyed basic legal rights.
Promoted African American businesses, and
encourage followers to return to Africa to
help the natives build a mighty nation.
Started the Universal Negro Improvement
Association (UNIA) in 1914.
Fundamentalism
Harlem Renaissance
103.
Literary and artistic movement celebrating
African American culture.
104.
Idea that everything in the Bible should be
taken literally.
Led by well-educated, middle-class African
Americans who expressed pride in the African
American experience.
Clash over values leads to the Scopes Trial
(in TN, but receives national attention) - a
fight over evolution and the role of science
and religion in public schools and in American
society.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Nineteenth Amendment
105.
Grants women the right to vote.
Passed in 1919.
Women’s International League for
Peace and Freedom
106.
Formed in 1915 as the Woman’s Peace Party –
renamed in 1919 after WWI.
Thought the Treaty of Versailles was too
vengeful.
Moved the headquarters to Geneva,
Switzerland to be close to the League of
Nations.
Washington Naval Conference
Four-Power Treaty
107.
108.
Direct negotiations with several major powers to Agreement between the U.S., Britain,
promote world peace.
France, and Japan to respect each other’s
territories in the Pacific and to submit any
Held instead of joining the League of Nations.
disputes to a joint conference of all four
nations.
U.S. proposed partial disarmament (reducing the
number of weapons).
Agreement was worked out at the same time
as the Washington Naval Conference.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Kellogg-Briand Pact
109.
In 1927, 15 nations pledged to not use war as an
instrument of policy.
Permitted nations to engage in a defensive war
and had no means of enforcement.
Roaring Twenties in Florida
110.
Early 1920s, 300,000 Americans moved to
Florida – land boom dominated the Florida
economy.
Hurricane struck South Florida in 1926 – and
the boom turned to a bust.
Installment plans
Speculation Boom
111.
People in the 1920s started paying for things
with credit and racked up huge debt.
112.
People began buying stocks to make quick
profits, ignoring the risks.
Many began buying on margin – only paying a
down payment and borrowing the rest to pay
for the stock.
Stock market continued to spiral upward
based on inflated stock prices rather than
the companies’ actual worth – until the crash
in 1929.
They were mostly paid off in installments with
interest charges.
As debt grew, spending slowed down.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Black Tuesday
Bull Market
113.
A stock market with steadily increasing stock
prices.
114.
October 29, 1929 – Day the stock market
crashed. In the following weeks investors
lost about $30 billion.
Starts a chain reaction that leads to the
Great Depression.
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Dust Bowl
115.
Passed by Congress in 1930.
Highest protective tariff – designed to protect
American farmers and manufacturers from
foreign competition, but did the opposite.
Cut U.S. trade in half.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
116.
Hardest hit areas of a series of droughts in
the 1930s.
Droughts dried crops and turned the soil into
dust – windstorms carried the dust hundreds
of miles.
Many farmers left their homes and headed
west to California to find work.
Bonus Expeditionary Force
117.
WWI veterans and their families (10,000-20,000)
who arrived in D.C. to support the Patman Bill.
After the bill was voted down, about 2000 marchers
refused to leave.
President Hoover feared they might turn violent and
had a force of 1000 soldiers disperse the veterans.
His reaction shocks many and helps him lose the
election to FDR.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
119.
Achieved higher crop prices by paying farmers
to leave a certain amount of every acre
unseeded.
Put more money into farmers’ hands.
In 1936, was ruled unconstitutional.
In 1938, a new act was passed that put surplus
crops in government storage until prices rose.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Bank Holiday
118.
One of the first acts taken by Roosevelt to
restore the nation’s faith in the banking
system – banks could only reopen after the
government inspected them and found them
financially sound.
Congress went further by establishing the
FDIC – insuring individual bank accounts up
to $5000.
Tennessee Valley Authority
120.
Program that helped provide jobs, provide
hydroelectric power, and control floods in
the impoverished South.
They constructed and maintained over 20
dams on the Tennessee River.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
National Industrial Recovery Act
121.
Put men (age 18-25) to work building roads,
developing parks, and planting trees.
Had to send home most of the money they
earned – they were provided with food, lodging,
and uniforms.
122.
Act to support industry recovery by
increasing prices and reducing wasteful
competition.
Created the National Recovery
Administration.
Most of the work was done in the Great Plains.
National
Works
Recovery
Progress
Administration
Administration
1933
(WPA)
123.
Businesses were encouraged to cooperate to
come up with a “code of fair practice” for each
industry. Each code set standard prices, limited
production, and reduced the work week to 40
hours.
Once approved, business who voluntarily followed
the code could advertise as NRA members.
In 1935, the Supreme Court found it
unconstitutional.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
124.
Part of the 2nd New Deal in 1935.
Increased employment by creating new public
works projects.
Built airports, roads, public buildings.
Also sewed clothes for the needy, painted
murals, and performed in theater groups.
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner
Act)
Social
Security
Act
125.
One of the most important acts passed during
the New Deal – still exists today.
Provides Americans with a “safety net” –
unemployment insurance, retirement benefits,
and aid for disabled and orphaned Americans.
Sit
Down
Strike
126.
Replaced the unconstitutional National
Industry Recovery Act – gave workers the
right to form unions, engage in collective
bargaining, and submit grievances to the
National Labor Relations Board.
Great
Depression
in Florida
127.
A strike in 1936 where workers refused to leave
the General Motors factory (preventing it from
being used).
Federal government refused to interfere and
GM eventually agreed to recognize the workers’
union.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
128.
1931 – Legislature legalizes gambling on horse and dog
racing hoping to improve the economy.
Still unemployment rose and “Hoovervilles” sprung up.
CCC and WPA were active in Florida – planting trees,
rebuilding the Overseas Railroad, creating state
parks, and building schools, playgrounds, and seawalls.
The Florida Citrus Commission promoted the state’s
citrus production.
Sugar and paper industry start during this time.
Lend-Lease Act
Neutrality
Acts
129.
Series of acts passed by Congress starting in 1935.
First two acts outlawed arms sales and loans to
nations at war.
Third act expanded to nations in a civil war and
allowed the sale of non-military goods to warring
nations as long as it was cash and carry (buyer pays
in cash and arranges transportation).
Another act in 1939, prohibited Americans from
entering war zones, but extended cash and carry to
include weapons.
Atlantic Charter
131.
Joint declaration of war aims from the U.S. and
Britain – U.S. had not yet entered the war, but
Roosevelt thought it was inevitable.
Pledged disarmament, freedom of the seas,
economic development, and self-determination.
Also laid the foundation for the United Nations.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
130.
Signed into law in 1941, allowed the U.S. to
sell, lease, or lend war materials to “any
country whose defense was vital to the
United States.”
Intended to help Britain and was soon
expanded to help the Soviet Union.
Pearl Harbor
132.
U.S. naval base in Hawaii that was attacked
by the Japanese on Dec. 7, 1941.
This attack pushed Congress to approve
Roosevelt’s request for a declaration of war
and three days later Germany and Italy
(Japan’s allies) declared war on the U.S.
Minorities in the War
Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
133.
Allowed women to volunteer in noncombat
positions with the Army.
Women worked as nurses, ambulance drivers,
radio operators, typists, electricians, and pilots.
134.
One million African Americans served, although
in segregated units and did not see combat till
late in the war.
Tuskegee Airmen – African American fighter
pilots flew more than 1500 missions in Europe.
Najavo “code talkers” – Native Americans that
used the Najavo language to form secret codes in
the Pacific that the Japanese could not decipher.
Japanese American Internment
135.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese
Americans living on the West Coast were forced
into relocating to internment camps farther
inland where they would be required to live until
the end of the war.
Many were forced to sell their property and
belongings on short notice and for less than
their true value.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Salerno
136.
City in Italy where the Allied forces
launched an amphibious attack to gain a
foothold on Italy’s mainland.
Met with strong resistance from German
forces, and casualties were high.
Final Solution
Normandy
137.
Hitler’s plan to exterminate the Jews in Europe
(genocide).
138.
City in Northern France – site of the Allied
invasion into France on June 6, 1944 (D-Day).
Approximately six million Jewish men, women,
and children were killed during the Holocaust. 5
million other “undesirables” were also murdered.
After 7 days of fighting, the Allies held an
80-mile strip of France, after 2 months they
liberated Paris, and by September the Allies
had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg.
V-E Day
Battle
of the
Coral Sea
139.
Victory in Europe Day.
Day Germany’s military leaders surrendered to
the Allies.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
140.
Five day battle (May 1942) where the
fighting was done from airplanes that took
off from aircraft carriers.
First time since Pearl Harbor that a
Japanese invasion had been stopped.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Battle of
Midway
141.
Turning point of the war in the Pacific.
Americans had broken the Japanese code and
knew an attack was coming.
They caught Japan unawares – destroying 4 of
their aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250
planes.
Yalta Conference
143.
2nd wartime conference held between U.S.,
Britain, and the Soviet Union (first was Tehran
Conference in 1941).
Decide to split Germany into 4 occupation zones,
free elections in Soviet-occupied Eastern
European countries, and Soviet participation in
an international conference (creation of the
UN).
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
142.
Japanese cities where the atomic bombs
were dropped by the U.S. three days apart
killing an estimated 200,000 people.
After Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered
on V-J Day.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference
144.
1944 conference that set up the new United
Nations organizational structure.
Included the formation of the “Security
Council”.
Mary McLeod Bethune
United
Nations
(UN)
145.
Created on June 26, 1945 by representatives
from 50 nations – intended to promote peace.
Came from “A Declaration of the United
Nations” (signed by 26 nations in 1942) which
was established from the Atlantic Charter’s
aims – it called for a creation of a new
peacekeeping organization.
146.
African American woman (lived in Daytona
where she opened a school for African
American girls that became BethuneCookman College).
She was appointed by Truman to be a
delegate on interracial relations at the San
Francisco Conference which drafted the
United Nations Charter.
Only woman of color at the conference.
Potsdam Conference
Florida in WWII
147.
Final wartime conference between the U.S.,
Britain, and the Soviet Union.
U.S. and Soviet Union are at odds.
Soviet Union does not hold free elections as
promised - wants a “sphere of influence” in
Eastern Europe.
U.S. opposes this and the spread of communism
(opposes American, democratic ideals).
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
148.
Had 172 military training centers.
U.S. government spent more than $98 billion
in FL to further the war effort –
purchased/rented hotels for troop use,
shipyards built “Liberty Ships, agriculture
production increased, etc.
Population grew by 46% between 1940 and
1950.
Nuremburg Trials
Iron Curtain
149.
Trials of 24 Nazi leaders held between 1945 and
1946.
They were charged with crimes against
humanity, crimes against the peace, and war
crimes.
Trials established the idea of individual
responsibility in international law as many
claimed they were just following orders, but
were still found guilty.
150.
Division in Europe between the Democratic
West and the Communist East.
Truman Doctrine
Travel and contact between the two areas
was restricted.
Marshall Plan
151.
President Truman’s speech to Congress asking
for aid to help Turkey and Greece resist the
growing communist influence.
152.
Highly successful plan to provide U.S. aid to
war-torn European countries to help them
rebuild their economies.
Official beginning of the “containment” policy –
stopping the spread of communism to other
countries.
Would create allies and trading partners for
the U.S. while also helping to stop
communism from spreading.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Berlin Blockade
153.
Soviet Union closed off West Berlin from road
and rail after the three Western powers merged
their sections of Germany to form a unified
West Germany.
Western allies began an airlift to supply the city
with food and other necessities.
Within a year, the Soviets lifted the blockade.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO
154.
Treaty (1949) between the U.S., Canada, and
ten Western European countries – pledging
that each member would defend the other if
attacked.
Other nations joined as the Cold War
continued.
First time the U.S. entered into a military
alliance with other nations during peacetime.
Korean War
Warsaw Pact
155.
Soviet Union response to NATO – created with
its own satellite countries.
Used to justify the Soviet Union’s interference
in the affairs of Eastern Europe.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
156.
Korea was ruled by Japan in 1945 – when Japan
surrendered those above the 38th parallel
surrendered to the Soviets and below it to the
Americans – two nations developed.
North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950. UN
forces (mostly American) defended S. Korea. After a
year of back and forth fighting, a cease fire was
issued. Two years later an armistice was signed at
Panmunjom, a city in the demilitarized zone. Korea is
still two nations divided at the 38th parallel.
Loyalty Review Boards
157.
Created by Truman to conduct investigations of
government employees and dismiss those that
were found to be disloyal to the U.S.
government.
Eisenhower Doctrine
McCarthyism
158.
Term used to refer to the anti-Communist
hysteria of the 1950s or accusing people of
disloyalty without evidence.
Name comes from Joseph McCarthy a
senator who charged that communists were
taking over the government. He created a
“witch hunt” for Communists.
Bay of Pigs
159.
Extension of the containment policy to the
Middle East by President Eisenhower.
160.
Unsuccessful military invasion of Communist
Cuba in 1961 by U.S. sponsored troops.
Brought about because of Egypt’s relationship
with the Soviet Union.
The invasion was a major embarrassment for
U.S. foreign policy.
Although this project started during
Eisenhower’s presidency, Kennedy was
president in 1961 and took the blame.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Cuban Missile Crisis
Florida During the
Cold War
161.
13 day confrontation over the Soviet Union
building missile bases in Cuba. The United
States decided on a military blockade - they
would not permit offensive weapons to be
delivered to Cuba.
162.
The proximity of Cuba meant Florida was a
focal point during the Cold War – prepared
for the Bay of Pigs invasion in FL, many
Cuban refugees settled in FL, used radio
stations to broadcast into Cuba.
U.S. and Soviet Union came to an agreement to
avoid nuclear war – often considered as
Kennedy’s greatest foreign policy success.
Also, the space race impacted FL – all of the
American rockets launched into space took
off from Cape Canaveral.
GI Bill of Rights
Post-WWII
Prosperity
163.
Pent up desire for consumer goods (unavailable
during the war) and money to spend (savings
from defense work, service pay, and war bond
investments) leads to economic growth.
Cold War keeps defense spending high and
people employed.
Demand for housing (suburbs especially) also
increases employment and economic growth.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
164.
Created by Congress in 1944 to help
servicemen readjust to civilian life – pays
part of their tuition, guarantees a year’s
worth of unemployment benefits, and
offered low-interest federally guaranteed
loans.
Interstate Highway System
Baby Boomers
165.
Babies born in the years after WWII.
Birth rate (number of babies born per 1,000
people) increased for more than a decade after
the war ended.
166.
Network of highways that unite the country
– created from the 1956 Federal Highway
Act.
Contributed to the nation’s prosperity and
encouraged the growth of suburbs (as people
could use the highways to drive into work in
the cities).
Limits to Post-WWII Prosperity
Great Society
167.
Minorities found it hard to obtain the same
prosperity – excluded from middle-class jobs
and the opportunity to move to the suburbs.
African Americans – in the South, many were
still tenant farmers; in the North, they were
hired for low-wage jobs.
Hispanic Americans – in the West, many were
migrant farm workers.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
168.
President Johnson’s ambitious program to end
poverty and racial injustice.
Congress passed 206 of his measures including
Medicare, Medicaid, Project Head Start,
Immigration Act 1965, Civil Rights Act 1964,
Voting Rights Act 1965, etc.
These programs did help, but led to a growing
budget deficit, and soon these programs were
overshadowed by the Vietnam War.
Vietnam War
169.
Geneva Conference (1954) split Vietnam in two – Communists
in the North, Vietnamese Emperor in the South. The U.S.
replaces France as the South Vietnamese chief supporter.
Why? - fear of communism, belief in democracy, example to
the allies, and underestimating the enemy.
Kennedy sends troops to support S. Vietnam against N.
Vietnam; Johnson continues/tries for peace; Nixon
continues/works out a peace treaty. Ford does nothing when
N. Vietnam takes control of all of Vietnam – uniting the
country under communism.
Contributes to Americans’ lack of faith in the government.
Southeast Asian Treaty Organization
(SEATO)
171.
An alliance of the U.S. and other countries
similar to NATO, but in Southeast Asia.
Felt obligated to protect South Vietnam from
communist aggression.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Domino Theory
170.
Idea that the countries on the brink of
communism were like dominoes set up in a
line. If one went over, they would all go.
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
172.
Alleged attack of U.S. ships by North Vietnamese
ships in the Gulf of Tonkin (off N. Vietnam’s coast)
that prompts President Johnson to ask for and get
broad military powers (“all necessary measures”) in
Vietnam.
Later information reveals the U.S. had been
conducting secret raids against N. Vietnam, and
Johnson had prepared his request to Congress months
beforehand – this information begins to lead to
American distrust of the government.
Tet Offensive
Vietnamization
173.
Surprise attack by the Vietcong in many South
Vietnam cities.
U.S. and South Vietnamese forces eventually regain control, but this attack and the subsequent
fighting changes U.S. public opinion. Many
(including the media) become critical of the war.
174.
President Nixon’s plan to gradually turn over
control of the war to the South Vietnamese
while slowly withdrawing U.S. troops.
Discontent at Home during Vietnam
War
Paris Peace Accords
175.
Cease-fire agreement (January 1973) with the
North Vietnamese based on removal of all U.S.
troops. U.S. was still allowed to provide military
and economic aid to South Vietnam.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
176.
Doves v. Hawks - doves wanted the U.S. to
withdraw from Vietnam. Hawks thought an allout military effort could bring victory and stop
the spread of Communism.
Draft was instituted. Some attempted to find
ways around the draft.
Conscientious objectors, opposed to war on
religious or moral grounds, did not see combat –
could still serve.
Watergate Scandal
Equal Right Amendment (ERA)
177.
During the 1972 presidential election, a break-in
occurred at the Democratic Party headquarters.
Nixon attempts to cover-up his involvement –
eventually resigns rather than face
impeachment.
Contributes to Americans’ growing lack of faith
in their government at this time.
Women in the Workforce
179.
During WWII about 8 million women entered the
workforce. Many left the workforce after the war,
but by 1960, 40% worked for wages. Most jobs
available to women were poorly paid – domestic work,
retail sales, teaching, & nursing.
Kennedy’s Presidential Commission on the Status of
Women brought many discriminatory practices to
light with their report in 1963 – brought awareness
to women’s unequal status in society.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
178.
Proposed amendment guaranteeing women
equal rights with men.
First proposed in 1923, and then submitted
to Congress every year until 1972 when it
was approved by both houses. The states
had 7 years to ratify it. Only 35 did ratify it
(FL did not), and time ran out.
National Urban League
180.
Founded in the first decade of the 20th
century to increase job opportunities for
African Americans.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Southern
Christian
Leadership
Conference
(SCLC)
181.
182.
Formed in the 1940s by James Farmer and other Founded by Dr. King, Ralph Abernathy, and
African Americans.
other ministers to fight for racial equality
by using nonviolent means.
Influenced by Gandhi’s nonviolent methods in
India.
Plan was to use churches as a base and stage
protests and demonstrations throughout the
Goal was to protest segregation and racism with South.
nonviolent means.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
Freedom Riders
183.
National student protest group formed in 1960.
Following earlier models (CORE), they staged
sit-ins (African Americans sitting at segregated
lunch counters and refusing to leave until they
were served) at whites-only lunch counters
throughout the South.
184.
Organized by CORE in 1961 - interracial groups
of volunteers that rode two buses through the
South in an effort to push for the enforcement
of the federal law banning segregation on
interstate bus routes and terminals.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
In many cities they were greeted by armed mobs
that attacked them or arrested by hostile police.
U.S. marshals were eventually sent to protect
them as they finished their ride.
Nation of
Islam
Civil Rights Act 1964
185.
Prohibited discrimination based on race, color,
religion, ethnicity, or gender.
186.
Black Muslims – believed that whites were
the cause of the African American condition.
Cut off federal aid to segregated schools.
Wanted to create their own separate state
since cooperation with whites was impossible.
Established the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission.
Black Panthers
187.
Militant group formed in CA to patrol black
neighborhoods to protect the residents from police
violence.
Soon expanded their mission (published a newspaper,
provided free breakfast for poor black children,
provided free medical clinics, etc.) and spread to
other cities (10,000 members by 1969).
Had a ten-point program asking for full employment,
decent housing, and an exemption from military
service among other demands.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Civil Rights in Florida
188.
Segregation existed, and FL led the South in lynchings
in proportion to the population.
There was a bus boycott in Tallahassee 1956, sit-ins in
Miami as early as 1959, and rioting in St. Augustine in
1964.
Two important African American Floridians:
A. Philip Randolph – pushed for ending of
discrimination in the military. Helped organize
March on Washington.
B. Harry T. Moore – helped organize FL’s NAACP,
filed civil rights lawsuits.
Landmark Supreme Court Cases
American
Indian
Movement
(AIM)
189.
Plessy v Ferguson – separate but equal
Brown v. Board of Education – overturns Plessy v
Ferguson
Gideon v Wainwright – criminal courts must provide
legal counsel to those who cannot afford it
Regents of UC v Bakke – upheld affirmative action:
schools could take race into account to have greater
diversity, but could not have a quota system.
Roe v Wade – women have the right to choose an
abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.
190.
Militant Native American rights organization.
Confronted the government, sometimes
violently: Wounded Knee, SD – 200 Sioux led
by AIM seized the town and took hostages.
Led to a shoot-out and negotiations with the
FBI. In the end the government promised to
reexamine Native American treaty rights.
United Farm Workers (UFW)
Gray Panthers
191.
192.
Union of migrant farm workers founded by Cesar Group that fights against ageism –
Chavez and others.
discrimination against older Americans.
Wanted better wages and living conditions.
Organized strikes and boycotts – leading to laws
protecting migrant farm workers.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Around since 1972, they have fought for
affordable housing, national health care, and
environmental protections.
Also sued major drug companies for blocking
generic drug production.
Camp David Accords
Iran
Hostage
Crisis
193.
President Carter helped forge peace between
Israel and Egypt (long-time enemies) in 1977.
Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula and Egypt
recognized Israel’s right to exist.
Organization
of
Petroleum
Exporting
Countries
194.
A diplomatic crisis between Iran and
the United States when 52 Americans were
held hostage for 444 days (November 4,
1979, to January 20, 1981), after a group of
Iranian students took over the U.S. Embassy
in Tehran, Iran.
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization
(PLO)
(OPEC)
195.
Group of oil exporting Middle Eastern countries
formed in 1960 to coordinate policies.
196.
Formed in 1964 to create an independent
state of Palestine.
In the 1970s, they boycotted the U.S. and other
countries for trading with Israel and this led to
shortages and rationing.
Responsible for terrorist actions against
Israel in the 1970s and 1980s.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools
Entered into peace negotiations in the 1990s.
Glasnost
Apartheid
197.
Openness in the Soviet government.
Citizens could criticize and make suggestions
without fear.
198.
Laws segregating the white citizens of South
Africa from the black majority.
Opponents of apartheid boycotted South
Led to demands for independence and Gorbachev African goods leading South Africa to end
(leader of the Soviet Union) granted the Baltic
the practice.
countries their freedom.
Anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela was
Along with perestroika (restructuring) – helps to released from prison and South Africa
dissolve the Soviet Union and end the Cold War. moved toward majority rule.
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
Globalization
199.
Designed to remove tariff barriers between the
United States, Canada, and Mexico over a
fifteen-year time span.
200.
More countries participate in global trade –
World Trade Organization.
Communication and transportation technology
make it quicker and easier to communicate and
ship items.
Lowered prices, but also creates more
competition for jobs.
Increases in production increase pollution, use of
natural resources, and affects the environment.
Most comprehensive regional trade agreement
ever negotiated by the United States.
Social Studies Department, Collier County Public Schools