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For Educational Use Only This information is not intended for product marketing Intestinal Bacteria: A Natural Occurrence The entire gastrointestinal tract naturally contains a certain amount of bacteria. The number of bacteria is greatest in the colon (at least 1 billion bacteria per milliliter of fluid), and much lower in the small intestine (less than 10,000 bacteria per ml of fluid)1. The types of bacteria within the small intestine are different than those within the colon1,2. Healthy DAMAGED Figure 2: Small bowel biopsy of a healthy and damaged small intestine Proximal Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) refers to a condition in which abnormally large numbers of bacteria (at least 100,000 bacteria per ml of fluid) are present in the small intestine, and the bacteria resemble the type usually found in the colon3,4. Recent studies have shown that many patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome also suffer from SIBO, and may benefit from eradication of the offending organism in order to maintain normal bacterial populations in the gut4. Healthy Bacteria Defense Mechanisms The bacterial stability of the small bowel is accomplished by several bodily functions: Overgrowth Figure 1: Bacterial population and location in healthy and overgrowth conditions. The symptoms of SIBO include: • Excess gas • Abdominal bloating and distension • Diarrhea • Abdominal pain • Malabsorption • Malnutrition/weight loss A typical patient with SIBO can experience symptoms that fluctuate in intensity over long periods of time before the diagnosis is established5. For example, a small number of patients with SIBO may experience chronic constipation rather than diarrhea. Some may even experience symptoms that are unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract, such as body aches or fatigue. In any case, the symptoms of SIBO tend to be chronic. • Stomach acid kills bacteria that are present in foods or drinks. • Motility of the small intestine moves bacteria along preventing colonization and avoiding overgrowth. • Pancreatic enzymes digest and allow nutrients to be absorbed by the body. • Mucosal immune response through IgA secretion constitutes a first line of defense responsible for neutralizing antigens and pathogens. • The ileo-cecal valve prevents reflux of colonic contents back into the small intestines. When one or more of these natural defenses are compromised, bacteria overgrowth in the small intestine may result; this overgrowth is difficult to correct. The bacteria bind to the lining of the small intestine and mount their own defense mechanism, preventing the body from removing it. Figure 3: The human body utilizes natural defense mechanisms against bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel Support Normal Bacteria Populations Optical Density Research has shown that a formula using natural ingredients made up of peptides, essential oils, chelators and enzymes can support normal levels of prominent bacteria such as E.coli and Bacteroides species, allowing the body’s natural defense mechanisms to control these bacterial populations in the small intestine6,7,8,9,10. The addition of probiotics to the formula also contributes to maintaining normal populations of bacteria in the small intestine. ThioZyme®GI is a formulation of these ingredients, designed to promote optimal digestive tract function. Time (Minutes) Graph 1. Example of one natural ingredient that reduces and one that suppresses bacterial growth and the combination of the two (ThioZymeGI) Impacting Bacterial Growth Before Formula After Formula > 1 million E.coli colonies < 10,000 E.coli colonies Figure 4. The natural formula changes the E.coli population under physiological conditions. Before Formula After Formula Figure 5. The natural formula does not interfere with B. subtilis population under physiological conditions. References: 1. Hersh T, et al, Disturbance of the Jejunal and Colonic Bacterial Flora in Immunglobulins Deficiencies, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1970; 23;1595-1601 6. B arrett, JS, et al, Probiotic Effects on Intestinal Fermentation Patterns in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008; 14: 5020-5024 2. Lee, KJ, et al, Altered Intestinal Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Neurogastroenterology Motility. 2010; 22: 493-498 3. Ford A et al, Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Irritable Bowel Syndrome, systematic review and metaanalysis, Clinical Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2009; (12):1279-86 4.Sing VV, Toskes, Philip PP, Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth: Presentation, diagnosis & treatment, Current Gastroenterology Reports, 2003; 5:365-72 5. Zhao, J, et al, Lactose Intolerance in Patients with Chronic Functional Diarrhea, the Role of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics., 2010; (8):892-900 6. Barrett, JS, et al, Probiotic Effects on Intestinal Fermentation Patterns in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008; 14: 5020-5024 7. Gabriella Casula and Simon M. Cutting, Bacillus Probiotics: Spore Germination in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 May; 68(5): 2344–2352. 8. Huynh A. Hong, et al, Bacillus subtilis isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract, Research in Microbiology 160 (2009) 134e143 9. La Ragione, R. M., G. Casula, S. M. Cutting, and S. M. Woodward. 2001. Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis spores competitively exclude Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 070:K80 in poultry. Vet. Microbiol. 2062:133-142. 10.Nguyen K. M. Tam, et al, The Intestinal Life Cycle of Bacillus subtilis and Close Relatives, Journal of Bacteriology, April 2006, p. 2692-2700, Vol. 188, No. 7 These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. From concept to commercialization, we add value at every step.® 800.697.8179 www.DeerlandEnzymes.com