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CIVILRIGHTS NEWS IMPORTANTPEOPLE BOOKER T. WASHINGTON Watch each of the videos below. Use your headphones if you have them. . All three of these men played an important role in race relations. Listen to what each one has to say and consider why they might feel that way. . Who do you agree with most? Make sure you are making factual statements. . Write a few things about each man on your notes page in your journal. W.E.B. DUBOIS M ARCUS GARVEY 2| NEWSLETTERISSUE4 6 FACTSYOUSHOULDKNOW THECIVILWAR Fact # 1: The Civil War was f ought bet ween t he Nort hern and t he Sout hern st at es f rom 1861-1865. The Civil War, also known as ?The War Between the States,? was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860 and 1861 and formed their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery. Jefferson Davis a former U.S. Senator and Secretary of War, was appointed President of the Confederate States of America. The United States thought that the southern states were wrong to leave the Union and initiated a war that raged across the country for four years. In 1865, the United States defeated the Confederate States and abolished slavery nation-wide. Fact # 2: Abraham Lincol n was t he President of t he Unit ed St at es during t he Civil War. Alarmed by his anti-slavery stance, the southern states seceded soon after he was elected president in 1860. Lincoln declared that he would do everything necessary to keep the United States united as one country. He refused to recognize the southern states as an independent nation and the Civil War erupted in the spring of 1861. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipat ion Procl amat ion which freed the slaves in the southern states and laid the groundwork for slaves to eventually be freed across the country. NEWSLETTERISSUE4| 3 Fact # 3: Bef ore t he Unit ed St at es was f ormed, many dif f erent civil izat ions exist ed on t he American cont inent . Native Americans have lived in North America for more than 12,000 years. Around 400 years ago, people from the Netherlands, England, Spain, and France arrived in North America and began to establish small, independent colonies. These different civilizations traded, mixed, and fought with each other. In 1789, they united and formed a common government based on an agreement known as the Constitution. Many considered the Constitution to be a non-binding agreement: they believed that the different civilizations, now called ?states,? could leave the common government at any time they chose. Fact # 4: The issues of sl avery and cent ral power divided t he Unit ed St at es. Slavery was the law of the land, north and south, until the early 19th century. It was concentrated in the southern states, where slaves were used as farm laborers and formed the backbone of the southern economy. In the northern states, where industry drove the economy, many people believed that slavery was immoral and wrong. Southerners felt threatened by these northern ?abolitionists? and claimed that the common government had no power to end slavery against the wishes of the states. Eventually, southerners became convinced that the common government would attempt to abolish slavery nation-wide. Eleven states left the United States in the following order and formed the Confederate States of America: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Fact # 5: The Nort h won t he Civil War. After four years of conflict, the last major Confederate armies surrendered to the United States in April of 1865. The war bankrupted the South, left its roads, farms, and factories in ruins, and all but wiped out an entire generation of men. More than 620,000 men died in the Civil War, more than any other war in American history. The southern states were occupied by Union soldiers, rebuilt, and gradually re-admitted to the United States over the course of twenty difficult years known as the Fact # 6: Af t er t he war was over, t he Const it ut ion was amended t o f ree t he sl aves, t o assure ?equal prot ect ion under t he l aw? f or American cit izens, and t o grant bl ack men t he right t o vot e. The southern states seceded to prevent the abolition of slavery. During the war, Abraham Lincoln freed some slaves and allowed freedmen to join the Union Army. It was clear to many that it was only a matter of time before slavery was fully abolished. As the war drew to a close, but before the southern states were re-admitted to the United States, the northern states added the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, the 14th Amendment guaranteed that citizens would receive ?equal protection under the law,? and the 15th Amendment granted black men the right to vote. The 14th Amendment has played an ongoing role in American society as different groups of citizens continue to lobby for equal treatment by the 4| NEWSLETTERISSUE4 Jim Crow Video Links The minst rel show, or minstrelsy, was an American form of entertainment developed in the 19th century of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the U.S. Civil War, by black people. JIMCROWLAWS Jim Crow l aws were state and local l aws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these l aws continued in force until 1965. 8| NEWSLETTERISSUE4 KUKLUXKLAN The Ku Klux Klan also know as the KKK or "The Klan" is a white supremacist group which was founded in 1866. The Klan was a terrorist secret society organized in the South after the Civil War that used violence and murder to promote its white supremacist beliefs. . This second generation of the Klan w as not only anti-black but also took a stand against Roman Catholics, Jew s, foreigners and organized labor. It w as fueled by grow ing hostility to the surge in immigration that America . The organization took as its symbol a burning cross and held rallies, parades and marches around the country. At its peak in the 1920s, Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationw ide. ONTHE FLIPSIDE Not everyone believed in the Jim Crow Law s or joined the KKK. There w ere abolitionists and suffragists w ho w anted equal treatment for people of all race, religion, and gender. Abolitionist : opponents to slavery; people w ho campaigned against slavery during the 18th and 19th centuries; people w ho seek to ban something; somebody w ho supports the abolition of a practice Suffragist: Somebody w ho w ants to extend equal voting rights to a particular group, especially w omen, people above a particular age, and black Americans. NEWSLETTERISSUE4| 5 "YOUCANSETTLEFORIT.... BUT DON'TYOUEVERGETUSEDTOIT." ORGANIZATIONSFORCHANGE UNIA Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey, dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa. NAACP Founded in 1909, the Nat ional Associat ion f or t he Advancement of Col ored Peopl e (NAACP) was one of the earliest and most influential civil rights organization in the United States. During its early years, the NAACP focused on legal strategies designed to confront the critical civil rights issues of the day. They called for federal anti-lynching laws and coordinated a series of challenges to state-sponsored segregation in public schools, an effort that led to the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared the doctrine of ?separate but equal? to be unconstitutional. Though other civil rights groups emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, the NAACP retained a prominent role within the movement, co-organizing the 1963 March on Washington, and successfully lobbying for legislation that resulted in the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Act. NEWSLETTERISSUE4| 7 JUNE19, 1865 Junet eent h is t he ol dest known cel ebrat ion commemorat ing t he ending of sl avery in t he Unit ed St at es. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19t hthat the Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, landed atGal vest on, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the ensl aved were now f ree. Note that this was t wo and a hal f years af t er President Lincoln?s Emancipat ion Procl amat ion - which had become of f icial January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation had little impact on the Texans due to the minimal number of Union troops to enforce the new Execut ive Order. However, with the surrender of General Lee in April of 1865, and thearrival of General Granger?s regiment , the f orces were finally strong enough to inf l uence and overcome t he resist ance.