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Contents Introduction..............................................................................................xiii 1: Algebra...................................................................................................1 1.1: Variables and Equations...................................................................2 Variables, Consecutive Integers, d=rt, Harmonic Mean, Moles Digging Holes. 1.2: Linear Equations.............................................................................10 Slope, Intercepts, Slope-Intercept Form, PointSlope Form, Standard Form, Parallel/Perpendicular Lines, Horizontal and Vertical Lines. 1.3: Systems of Equations.....................................................................16 Substitution, Elimination, Common Word Problems, Cheating the System. 1.4: Ratios, Proportions, and Percents..................................................23 Ratios, Proportions, Percents, and Percent of Change. Review 1.1 to 1.4......................................................................................30 1.5: Distribution.......................................................................................31 The Distributive Property, Difference of Squares and Perfect Squares, Sum of the Reciprocals. 1.6: Quadratics.......................................................................................35 Perfect Squares, Difference of Squares, Factoring By Grouping, Solving Quadratics by Factoring, The Quadratic Formula, Word Problems, Sum and Product of the Roots. 1.7: Exponents and Radicals.................................................................44 Multiplying, Dividing, Raising a Power to a Power, Fractional Exponents, Square Roots. 1.8: Statistics..........................................................................................49 Mean, Median, Mode and Range. 1.9: Sequences and Series.....................................................................52 Arithmetic Sequences and Series, Geometric Sequences and Series. 1.10: More Substitution.........................................................................58 Nested Square Roots, Continued Fractions. Chapter Review........................................................................................60 v Table of Contents 2: Counting..............................................................................................63 2.1: Basics................................................................................................64 Simple Counting Techniques. 2.2: Venn Diagrams.................................................................................67 Two and Three-Set Venn Diagrams. 2.3: Bowling Pins and Handshakes......................................................70 Triangular Number Patterns. 2.4: Counting Outcomes.........................................................................73 The Fundamental Counting Principle. 2.5: Casework..........................................................................................75 Keeping Organized. Review 2.1 to 2.5......................................................................................77 2.6: Factorials and Permutations...........................................................78 Factorials, Permutations, Permutations with Restrictions. 2.7: Combinations...................................................................................84 Combinations, Paths on a Grid, Beyond Casework, Complementary Counting. Review 2.1 to 2.7......................................................................................91 2.8: Sticks and Stones...........................................................................93 With and Without Restrictions. 2.9: Pascal’s Triangle...............................................................................97 Combinations and Pascal’s Triangle. Chapter Review........................................................................................100 3: Probability........................................................................................103 3.1: Probability Basics..........................................................................104 Compound Events, Dependent and Independent, Replacement, Cards. 3.2: Compound Events and Counting...............................................111 Combining Counting Techniques and Compound Probability. 3.3: Casework and Probability.............................................................114 3.4: Probability and Combinations....................................................116 3.5: Complementary Counting and Probability................................118 Review 3.1 to 3.5......................................................................................120 3.6: Geometric Probability....................................................................121 3.7: Expected Value..............................................................................124 Finding the average outcome. Chapter Review........................................................................................126 vi Table of Contents 4: Number Theory.........................................................................129 4.1: Primes and Divisibility..................................................................130 Sieve of Eratosthenes, Primes, Divisibility Rules. 4.2: Factors............................................................................................137 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Factor Counting. 4.3: Factor Tricks..................................................................................143 Product of the Factors, Sum of the Factors, GCF and LCM, Factorials. Review 2.1 to 2.5......................................................................................154 4.4: Different Bases.............................................................................155 Notation, Basic Arithmetic. 4.5: The Units Digit.............................................................................159 Addition, Multiplication, Perfect Squares, Exponents. 4.6: Fractions and Decimals................................................................163 Repeating/Terminating, Conversions. 4.7: Modular Arithmetic......................................................................167 Chapter Review........................................................................................172 5: Geometry......................................................................................175 5.1: Geometry Basics...........................................................................176 Lines, Angles, Triangles, Polygons, Trapezoids, Parallelograms, Kites. 5.2: Circles.............................................................................................185 Chords, Secants, Tangents, Arcs, Inscribed Angles, Properties, Circumference and Arc Length. 5.3: Pythagorean Theorem..................................................................193 Triples, Special Right Triangles, Distance Formula, Algebra and the Pythagorean Theorem. 5.4: Area.................................................................................................204 Formulas, Heron’s Formula, Altitudes, Working Backwards. 5.5: Three-Dimensional Geometry......................................................208 Polyhedra, Faces, Vertices, and Edges, Volume. 5.6: Similarity.........................................................................................215 Right Triangles, Circles, Parallel Lines, Area and Volume Relationships. Chapter Review........................................................................................226 vii Table of Contents 6: Solutions...........................................................................................229 Algebra Key..........................................................................................230 Solutions................................................................................232 Counting Key..........................................................................................260 Solutions................................................................................261 Probability Key..........................................................................................288 Solutions................................................................................289 Number Theory Key..........................................................................................308 Solutions................................................................................310 Geometry Key..........................................................................................334 Solutions................................................................................336 7: Appendix.............................................................................................363 Useful Lists and Formulas. viii