Download Dalya Ackerman Mr. Tavernia AP World History P4 Packet B Theme

Dalya Ackerman
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P4
Packet B
Theme 4, Economic: Cuneiform
Cuneiform was an ancient form of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented
words or syllables. Scribes would press wedges into wet clay and let it dry to become
permanent. Because the writing was done on clay, we still have many samples of it today. It
originated in Mesopotamia and was initially used by the Sumerians and Akkadians. But, it was
later adapted to represent other Western Asian languages. Cuneiform was very important in the
process of record keeping, which was essential to the economies of the Sumerians and
Akkadians. The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in Cuneiform.
Ayesha Bakshi
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History / Period 4
Packet B
Theme 4 - Economic: Specialization of Labor
One of the concepts in the economic theme is cuneiform which was used as a
writing system for Sumerians in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. Since the writing
system has wedged shapes, the name of cuneiform originated from a Latin word call
“cuneus.” People in Sumer used cuneiform and wrote in clay using pictographs and
then used phonograms. A lot of ancient civilizations used cuneiform, including: the
Akkadians, the Babylonians, the Hatti, the Hittites, Assyrians, the Hurrians, etc.
Cuneiform was also used by the people in Mesopotamia for economic reasons,
like to record the surplus of food or different technology that had used at the time.
Cuneiform was also used for business and trade in Mesopotamia. These types of
economic jobs were done by the scribes. Some of the early cuneiform tablets were
called proto-cuneiform and was pictorial for addressing different things. Cuneiform was
also very important in Uruk for cultural purposes. Famous poets like Enheduanna used
cuneiform for her literature. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a very famous Mesopotamian
work and is also written in cuneiform.
Cuneiform
Balila, Joshua Mr. Tavernia Period 1 Packet B Economic: Barter System The barter system was a method for trading goods used during early Neolithic times when money was not a widespread economic concept yet. Without set prices and economies in place during these times, people would trade physical commodities for what they needed, such as trading wool for grain. The benefits of the barter system were that it did not require the widespread belief that a nation’s money held a certain value, nor did it require an interconnected system of transferring and exchanging the money. Instead, value was entirely placed upon whatever the trader decided it to be, normally dependent on how scarce or plentiful that item was. In fact, certain areas of the world today still use the barter system when money no longer holds any discernable value in and of itself, such as in Greece during the debt crisis a few years ago. Services could also be traded for goods or other services depending on the circumstances of the trade. For example, you could give someone your sheep if they help plant and harvest the crops on your land. One of the major drawbacks of the barter system, however, is that there is no way to verify how trustworthy or reliable your trading partner is, who may be scamming you by giving you a defective good or service. In addition, it makes trading between regions, which may place different values on different items, incredibly difficult. For example, if you have sheep available to trade, but the region you plan to trade with already has an abundance of sheep, then that region will not value sheep as highly as someone else would. The only discourse would be to exchange your sheep for another commodity that is valued, by which time it may be too late to trade. Ariann Barker
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World History Period 4 Packet B
Economic: Labor Specialization
When the Neolithic Revolution came around, the hunters and gatherers began to use
agricultural practices in order to produce a bigger food surplus. The bigger food surplus
made less food producers necessary. Because less food producers were necessary,
early humans were allowed to pursue things other than the gathering of food. This led to
a diversified economy and more jobs available for people to undertake. Some jobs of
ancient civilizations were farmers, craftsmen, artisans, traders, and even slaves. Skilled,
unskilled, and coerced labor prompted more economic diversity, which allowed for the
introduction of concepts like trade, money, and other forms of economic sustenance.
Eric Bazail
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
Packet B
Economic: Linear B
Discovered by archeologists in the late 19th century, Linear B is the oldest discovered
system of written language in the Aegean world. Linear B was discovered in ancient Minoan ruins
on the island of Crete. Made of pictographs, each individual figure represents a syllable sounded
out when spoken (refer to chart above). This primeval form of the Greek language outdates the
current Greek writing system by upwards of three hundred years, and was first developed by the
Mycenaean peoples who lived in Peloponnesia. This alphabet is believed to have arrived in Crete
following invasion by the Mycenaeans and was still in use on the island of Crete up until the third
century BCE, even after it died out on the mainland.
Linear B writings were found on sets of hard clay tablets stored in temples, and were first
translated by scholars approximately six decades ago. Unfortunately, scholars have not obtained
any information so far about the culture and daily life of the Minoan people from the written record.
We know nothing even about the Minoan kings. From these tablets, we learn however that the
state exercised enormous control over the Minoan economy, recording population, livestock, exact
quantities of items, the rations paid to workers, and the offerings to gods. More information is still
being discovered, as many of the 87 unique characters have not yet been translated. However,
piece by piece, we are learning more about one of the world’s most mysterious civilizations.
Sydni Dichter
Tavernia
AP World History, Period 4
Packet B
Economic: Domestication
Domestication is the training of plants animals to support needs. Humans
used domestication to control plants to grow in certain places for agriculture and
trained animals to be helpers. An example of a plant that was successfully
domesticated is cotton. Animals that have been successfully domesticated
include horses and dogs. Many
people used animals for
transportation and rode on
horseback. People also
domesticated sheep in order to
shear their hair to make clothing.
Dogs were domesticated to help with hunting, but today are mostly pets. Cats,
first domesticated in Egypt, are also common pets. Horses and oxen were
domesticated to plow fields of crops. Herbivore animals, like cows, were easier to
domesticate. Domestication meant a stable food source for ancient peoples.
Ben Geller
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
28 September 2016
Economic: Foragers
Foragers are people who are searching for wild food resources(Wikipedia). Foragers are one of the
first types of ways of sustained living. This is a pefered method because it just involves very few
materials and it Is pretty easy to depend on the environment. Foraging people were tipically small
groups who hunted together. This group is typically men and this is the start of the foundamental
patriarchy that is built into social structures. Even the most basic social structures may very well
show examples of patriarchy. The women did the house keeping and gathered the materials while
the men hunted. Also the women had the responsibility of taking care of there families. Another
advantage of foraging is the materials gotten are fom the environment soley, which means thre is
absolutely no cost. All it takes is a weapon to kill the animal and gatherers to cary out this option. A
disadvantage in this option is the efficiency. Agriculture is a later develpd option that served as
competition for the most used dource to depend on. While agriculture leads to higher efficiency and
can be eaily sold,foraging is less effected by environmental issues. Also foraging involves many
skills needed of adaptation. People choosing this method need to have very good adaptatton to new
ideas and processes because sometimes the same animals wll not apper. This happens more than
not, so foraging takes much more skill than most people anticipate. Foraging is popular in the less
industrialized and less developed countries. This is because some countries do not have th land for
agriculture. Also some nations just are not wealthy enough to chose to use the methods of
agriculture. Very few people in the developing countries can make a profit and depend on
agriculture. This links to the economic theme because ths is one method societies lived on. An
example is in Africa this is the prominently use form of self dependence.
Annita Huang
Mr. Tavernia
AP World/Period 4
Packet: B
Theme 5: Barter System
A barter system is an old method of exchange. This system has been used for centuries
and long before money was invented. People exchanged services and goods for other services
and goods in return. Back in 6000 BC, the system was introduced by Mesopotamian tribes which
was adopted by the Phoenicians​, who bartered goods to those located in various cities across the
ocean. Some goods were food, tea, weapons, and spices. However, there were some
disadvantages to bartering such as how trustworthy the person you are trading with is. There
were no certificates that show that the items were legitimate or had warranties for the consumer’s
protection so you would know if the seller was selling you a fake item or flop. However, on the
positive side you don’t need money to barter. ​Another advantage is that there is flexibility in
bartering. For instance, related products can be traded such as portable tablets in exchange for
laptops. Or, items that are completely different can be traded such as lawn mowers for
televisions. Homes can now be exchanged when people are traveling, which can save both
parties money. For instance, if your parents have friends in another state and they need
somewhere to stay while on a family vacation, their friends may trade their home for a week or
so in exchange for your parents allowing them to use your home.
Laila Inan
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History (Period 4)
Packet: B
​Economics: Specialization of Labor
As food was more readily available and not every hand was needed on the
farm, people could start performing specialized jobs, thus leading to the
specialization of labor.This happened at the start of the Agricultural
revolution when plants and animals started to be domesticated. Early
specialized jobs include priests, traders, builders, and more. This ties into
economics because now we have people doing different jobs, and not
everyone is a farmer. Everyone is now offering different services in exchange
for different things, and things like barter systems come up as a product of
this.
Groups of elites rise as specialization of labor does. This brings not only
economic structure, but political and social structure as well. This shows the
growth of civilization. Economic development of specialization of Labor
advances the civilization’s worth and it’s quality.
Emily Irigoyen
Tavernia
AP World History/4
Packet B
Specialization of Labor: Theme 3 (Economic)
After the Neolithic revolution, agriculture gained much more priority, leading to
the design of new inventions such as the plow to increase agricultural efficiency.
All this focus on agriculture led to the surplus of food for the civilization. This then
allowed workers who may have helped pasture or leaders who led the
agricultural workers to focus on other types of jobs. Other types of jobs could
include merchants, free artisans, or craftsmen. This caused more work diversity,
leading to a more complex economy with skilled workers. This specialization of
labor did later affect social stratification or set up of a class system, which is
better explained in the social theme context.
Sloane Knapp
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 4
Packet B
ECONOMIC: Specialization of Labor
As societies continued to advance and grow more complex, farming techniques
improved dramatically. These techniques allowed ancient farmers to grow food in much larger
quantities, with less manpower. Now that there was a surplus of food, and less hands were
needed to work the fields, individuals were able to specialize in other professions besides the
jobs that provide the bare necessities of life. These workers would eventually create a middle
class, as these workers made more money and were more respected than lowly farmers,
laborers and other peasants. As these specialized workers were able to practice their craft and
hone their skills, they were able produce these luxuries in a much higher quality, which
improved quality of life for all members of civilization. A select few specialized as priests, who
were considered very important in these ancient civilizations. They acted as a leader of sorts,
and would keep the people orderly as to “please the gods.” Priests would live in large temples,
and these temples required many workers to build. These specialized workers worked tirelessly
to build these extravagant temples for the priests. However, there would be no builders or
priests or other specialized jobs if it wasn’t for the advances in farming and the surplus of food
that paved the way for specialized jobs to emerge.
Trishala Kumar
29 September 2016
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP period 3
Economic: Cuneiform
Cuneiform is a system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented
words or syllables. It is associated with Mesopotamia. It was first developed by the
Sumerians. Specifically, the city of Uruk advanced the writing of cuneiform. Cuneiform
is considered one of the most influential contributions of the Sumerians. Cuneiform was
written using a stylus, which was pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like shapes that
were used to represent words. Although Sumerians were the first, most Mesopotamian
civilizations (atleast the big, important ones like the Akkadians, Babylonians, Elamites,
Hatti, Hittites, Assyrians, and Hurrians ) used cuneiform to write at some point or
another. The earliest form of cuneiform is called proto-cuneiform. This could only be
used to talk about more concrete and tangible subjects. However cuneiform developed in
complexity with the need to address more intangible ideas.
Angela Lin
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet B
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems: Cuneiform
In 3500-3000 BCE, the Sumerians of Mesopotamia developed the first system of writing.
The name comes from the Latin word cuneus, which means wedge, because of its wedge-shaped
style of writing. Writing in cuneiform consisted of using a stylus and pressing into soft clay to
produce wedge-like impressions that represent pictographs and phonographs. All Mesopotamian
civilizations, such as the Akkadians and the Babylonians, used cuneiform until 100 BCE when
alphabetic script appeared.
Proto-cuneiform, the earliest cuneiform tablets, were in the form of pictures. The subjects
were more concrete and visible such as a battle or flood, but progressively became harder to
recognize and complicated. By 3000 BCE, the pictographs turned more simplified and the
strokes meant word-concepts rather than word-signs. By rebus, ​a puzzle in which words are
represented by combinations of pictures and individual letters, helped refine cuneiform and
isolated the phonetic value of a certain sign.
With word-concepts, there was no longer a struggle to read pictographs. The number of
characters reduced from over 1,000 to 600 which simplified the written word. By the time of
poet Enheduanna, cuneiform had the ability to convey emotions such as love, adoration, longing,
hope, and betrayal. Mesopotamia’s greatest literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, were all
written in cuneiform. Cuneiform was not translated until George Smith and Henry Rawlinson
presented it to the Royal Asiatic SOciety of London in 1837 CE. In 1846 CE, Rawlinson worked
with archaeologist Austin Henry Layard on excating Ninevah, and translated the cuneiform
found in the library of Ashurbanipal.
Olivia Lloyd
Mr. Tavernia
AP World/Period 4
Packet B
Theme Four: Domestication
Domestication is the practice of adapting plants and animals to benefit humans. The first
plant to be domesticated was wheat, and it was traced to ancient Mesopotamia at around 9000
BCE. Other plants that shortly afterward were domesticated were lentils and barley in
Mesopotamia. Across the ocean, in South America, maize, potatoes, and manioc were
domesticated, and cotton and squash was domesticated in Mesoamerica. The first animals to be
domesticated were goats, shortly followed by sheep, also in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia.
These animals were easy to domesticate in
part because they could graze almost
anywhere on grass. Later, cattle were
domesticated to be used as beasts of burden
and a source of meat and milk. Oxen were
first domesticated in the Indus River Valley,
along with the water buffalo. Dogs were domesticated
from wolves, and they may have originally served as
hunting partners for humans, but later they became
household pets. Cats were more difficult and
unpredictable to domesticate than dogs were, but in
ancient Egypt they became the pets of rulers and
gained popularity as pets, despite their solitary nature.
Horses were domesticated in Asia, in what is now Mongolia, and they were later brought over to
the Americas by European colonizers.
Thea McKenna Mr. Tavernia AP World P4 Packet B Economic: Linear B Linear B is a set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving Linear B tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization of Mycenaean society and tantalizing clues about political, social, and religious institutions. The tablets reveal little, however, about the political and legal system, social structure, gender relations, and religious beliefs. They tell nothing about historical figures (not even the name of a single Mycenaean king), particular historical events, or relations with other Mycenaean centers or foreign peoples. Linear B has roughly 200 signs and evolved from Linear A, which is one of the two currently undeciphered languages of Ancient Greece (the other is Cretan Hieroglyphics). Linear A was the primary script used in palace and religious writings of the Minoan civilization. It is the origin of the Linear B script, which was later used by the Mycenaean civilization. Linear A has been dubbed the Minoan language. Linear B disappeared with the fall of Mycenaean civilization during the Bronze Age Collapse. The succeeding period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, provides no evidence of the use of writing. It is also the only one of the three "Linears" (the third being Linear C, aka Cypro­Minoan 1) to be deciphered. Hijaan Mitha
Mr. Tavernia (P. 4)
Period One
Packet B
Linear B exists to be the oldest
surviving record of Greek dialect. The
script was used for about three
hundred years, starting from about
1500 BCE to 1200 BCE, where it was
mainly used in the Island of Crete
along with the southern part of
Greece.
Through
numerous
excavations by Sir Arthur Evans and
Ventris
and
Chadwick,
more
knowledge about Linear B was
accumulated and disected to
conclude the following:
• Linear B consisted mostly of
syllabic signs
• there were quite a few symbols
• a base-10 number system
• short vertical lines as word
separators
• diphthongs used to clarify the
spelling of a word
Apparently, Linear B was a
progression of Linear A, the
language of the Crete, but for the
Mycenaean.
Hieroglyphics
Ancient Egyptian history covers a period of about a thousand years, much
longer than most of the other ancient civilizations, only beat out by the Chinese in
terms of length of existence. Not much was known about the ancient civilization of the
Egyptians until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799. The first ancient Egyptian
artifacts with writings of hieroglyphics was found during a Napoleon invasion in 1798.
The Rosetta Stone was written in three languages: Greek, demotic , and the ancient
form of hieroglyphics. Without the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, we would have no
way to understand the complex civilization of the ancient Egyptians, nor their beliefs
about the afterlife and faith in the possibility of divine intervention.
The Rosetta Stone was translated by a man named Jean-François Champollion,
who had mastered six Oriental languages as well as Greek and Roman. Of the Oriental
languages he mastered, one of them was Coptic, a language that was used towards
the end of the Egyptian civilization. This gave him a head start above everyone else in
terms of translating the languages, because he already had a basic understanding of
the Egyptian language.
Once the Rosetta Stone was translated, the hieroglyphics that were once
meaningless and seen as a piece of art rather than writing that told the story of one of
the most prominent ancient civilizations. Champollion released a list of the
hieroglyphics and their meanings in the 1820s. It was soon realized that not all the
symbols just represented words, but also could represent the actual definition of the
word or a concept could be explained through just one drawing. The hieroglyphics
were divided into four categories: (1) alphabet signs which represented a single letter,
(2) syllabic signs which represented a combination of two or three consonants, (3)
word- signs which were pictures of the actual thing which allowed the reader to
understand the word, (4) and determinatives which is a picture of an object that helps
the reader.
Samantha Ross
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet: B
Economic: Foragers
Foragers are people who support themselves by hunting and gathering. This
lifestyle worked very well for several reasons. One can agree that foraging is extremely
beneficial. This would be due to the fact that these people have an abundance of leisure
time, sleep a good deal, and do not work nearly as hard as their farming neighbors.
Foraging allows a varied diet. Rather than simply eating foods such as rice and
potatoes, foragers typically eat a mix of wild plants and animals. These foods provide
them with significantly more protein and a better balance of other nutrients. Also,
foragers did not need to run the risk of starvation as they searched for their own food
each day rather than relying on their crops which could possibly die. Epidemics could
not take place since small groups of people were scattered and constantly moving.
Lastly, no class systems could form as everyone was viewed as equal and had the
same job.
Kaitlyn Seese Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: B Pastoral Nomadism Nomadism is the practice of moving frequently from one place to the other, dictated by the need for pasture and animals. Like early hunters and gatherers, nomads followed the herd. However, these herds had been domesticated. They often consisted of sheep, goats, cows, reindeer, camels, and/or horses. Pastoral nomadism developed in and around central Eurasia and in the desert landscapes of the Arabian Peninsula and the Sudan. There were four types of pastoral nomads: 1) horse nomads, 2) reindeer herders, 3) camel herders, and 4) cattle herders. Horse nomads were the first nomads and were characterized by the invention of chariots for horses to pull. Some horse nomadic groups included the Hyksos and the Hittites. Reindeer herders populated Scandinavia and generally stayed far away from centers of civilization; one of the groups of reindeer herders is the Sami. The camel herder group was the main nomadic practice in the Sudan and the Arabian Peninsula. Finally, cattle was herded in the upper portions of the Nile River and the southern parts of Sudan, far away from centers of civilization. Nomads did not settle down and were generally considered barbarians by settles agricultural civilizations. Therefore, they could not be considered civilizations as they did not demonstrate the characteristics required for civilizations. Sydney Stewart
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 4
Packet B
Economic: Domestication
The domestication of animals is the mutual relationship between animals with the humans who
have influence on their care and reproduction. There is a genetic difference between domestic
and wild populations.. Domestication is the permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that
leads to an inherited predisposition toward humans. The beginnings of animal domestication
involved a process with many stages along different pathways. There were three major pathways
that most animal domesticates followed into domestication:, adapted to a human niche (e.g.,
dogs, cats, fowl, possibly pigs); prey animals hunted for food (e.g., sheep, goats, cattle, pig,
reindeer, llama and alpaca); and targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse,
donkey, camel) The dog was the first domesticated animal, and was established across Eurasia
before the end of the Late Pleistocene era, well before agriculture and before the domestication
of other animals. Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for productionrelated traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
The domestication of animals impacted most on the genes that controlled their behavior, but
the domestication of plants impacted most on the genes that controlled their morphology (seed
size, dispersal mechanisms) and their physiology (ripening time).The earliest human attempts at
plant domestication occurred in South-Western Asia.
Shayaan Subzwari
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 4
Packet B
Economic: Hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphics were a form of writing used by the ancient Egyptians. It used both letters and
pictures for words, and are known to have been used from 3400 BCE to 400 CE, when the
Roman empire ended the use of hieroglyphics on architecture. After this time, knowledge of
reading hieroglyphics was lost, and was not discovered again until the 1820s when Jean-Francois
Champollion deciphered the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone contained 3 scripts, which were
Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphics. Since Greek is still read today, the latter two scripts were
able to be deciphered using the Rosetta Stone. It is believed that hieroglyphics began shortly
after Mesopotamian cuneiform, and that cuneiform may have affected the development of
hieroglyphics. When writing became more
widespread in Egypt, the hieratic and demotic
scripts developed. The hieratic script was that
used by the priests and elite, while the demotic
script was used by the popular people. These
scripts were more suited for writing on papyrus
then the use of actual hieroglyphs. Some
historians believe that hieroglyphics were used to
set apart foreigners from native Egyptians.
Noah Teixeira Mr.Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet B Economic: Hieroglyphics Hieroglyphics were picture symbols standing for words, syllables, or individual sounds. These symbols were inscribed on various objects in Egyptian culture, such as monuments and ornaments. Egyptians utilized hieroglyphics for many purposes other than record keeping. Scribes would write literature, poems, hymn, and even instruction manuals. Surprisingly, they even made copies of traditional texts using hieroglyphics. This writing system was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators. Hieroglyphics relates to the economic theme of AP World History because the writing system was used to record various trades that went through.