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OrganOchlOrines in califOrnia sea liOns - TempOral Trends and assOciaTiOn wiTh cancer and infecTiOus disease Nistara Randhawa , Frances Gulland , Gina Ylitalo , Robert deLong , and Jonna Mazet 1 1 2 3 3 1 University of California, Davis; The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito; NOAA, Seattle 2 3 Because: We found: Legacy organochlorines (OCs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT) are ubiquitous in the global ecosphere. Biological association - Stranded adult male sea lions had the highest levels of summed PCBs and DDTs compared to stranded adult females and juveniles. PCBs and DDTs enter the food chain Table 1. Mean (±SD) summed DDTs and PCBs (μg/g, lipid weight) in the They biomagnify up the food chain - marine mammals like California sea lions accumulate lipophilic OCs in their lipid rich blubber layer. 3 blubber of stranded California sea lions in the study (n = 306) n PCBs DDTs 523 a ± 878 Adult males 43 126 a ± 219 162 b ± 342 Adult females 121 50.2 b ± 121 105 a b ± 104 Subadults 25 26.3 b ± 29.9 369 a b ± 525 Pups 11 75.4 a b ± 113 They are associated with adverse effects like immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, endocrine disorders and reproductive impairment in humans and animals (1-6). ab Can California sea lions act as sentinels for marine environment health? Means with different letters are significantly different with Tukey’s HSD (honestly significant difference), p<0.05 Temporal association - A decrease in PCBs and DDTs was observed in stranded sea lions through time. 4 Accumulate in lipid rich blubber layer 6 5 Females transfer OCs to offspring Males continue to accumulate OCs 1 We conducted: Figure 1. Mean (±SE) log summed blubber PCBs and DDTs (μg/g, lipid weight) in stranded sea lions through the time periods 1992-95 (13 males:13 females) 1996-99 (11:27), 2000-03 (10:60), and 2004-07 (9:21). A retrospective cross-sectional study on California sea lions between 1992 and 2007. Association with health - PCBs and DDTs were significantly associated with cancer and infectious diseases in stranded California sea lions. Healthy sea lions had lower contaminant levels than their sick counterparts. Lipid- normalized contaminant data were provided by the NOAA Fisheries’ Northwest Fisheries Science Center: OC (μg/g) = Observed OC value/lipid percent 7 Table 2. Logistic regression analysis of cancer/infectious diseases and log transformed blubber OC levels of stranded sea lions presenting to TMMC California sea lions in the study: Stranded California sea lions brought to The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC); n = 200 Cancer PCBs DDTs Odds ratio 2.0 1.9 Infectious disease PCBs DDTs 1.4 1.4 95 % CI 1.55 - 2.62 1.51 - 2.47 p-value <0.001 <0.001 1.03 - 1.82 1.07 - 1.86 0.030 0.015 Cancer High contaminant loads significantly associated with A sea lion with 1000 μg/g blubber OCs was 5 times more likely to have cancer than a sea lion with 100 μg/g. Infectious disease A sea lion with 1000 μg/g blubber OCs was twice as likely to have an infectious disease than a sea lion with 100 μg/g. Figure 2. Mean (±SE) log summed blubber PCBs and DDTs (μg/g, lipid weight) of adult Healhty Puget Sound males; n = 60 stranded sea lions presenting to TMMC between 2000 and 2003 (10 males:60 females), healthy males from Puget Sound Healthy San Miguel Island females; n = 46 (n = 60), and healthy females from San Miguel Island (n = 46). 2 References: Acknowledgements: 1. DeLong RL, Gilmartin WG, Simpson JG. Premature births in California sea lions: association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels. Science (New York, NY). 1973;181(4105):1168-70. 2. Ylitalo GM, Stein JE, Hom T, Johnson LL, Tilbury KL, Hall AJ, Rowles T, Greig D, Lowenstine LJ, Gulland F. The role of organochlorines in cancer-associated mortality in California sea lions. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2005;50(1):30-9. 3. Shaw S, Brenner D, Hong C-S, Bush B, Shopp G. Low-level exposure to PCBs is associated with immune and endocrine disruption in neonatal harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the California coast. Organohalogen Compounds. 1999;42:11-4. 4. Mos L, Morsey B, Jeffries SJ, Yunker MB, Raverty S, Guise SD, et al. Chemical and biological pollution contribute to the immunological The authors are grateful for the support provided by NOAA’s Oceans and Human Health Initiative. We would like to thank Drs. Mary Christopher, Heejung Bang, Robert Poppenga, and Christine Kreuder Johnson for their assistance in this project; as well as Alexandria Glover, Eline Britz and Jannette Ramirez. We appreciate the chemical analyses provided by Bernadita Anulacion, Daryle Boyd, Jennie Bolton, Richard Boyer, Ronald Pearce, Catherine Sloan, and their colleagues at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center and the support and funding provided by Teri Rowles from the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program of NOAA Fisheries. OC contamination has significant health implications for California sea lions. California sea lions can act as sentinels to monitor future OC trends in the marine environment, as well as provide information on effects of exposure. 5. Jepson PD, Bennett PM, Deaville R, Allchin CR, Baker JR, Law RJ. Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2005;24(1):238-48. 8 Photo credits: 9. Jivedanson on Flickr 9