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IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS GCE NORMAL (TECHNICAL) EXAMINATION SYLLABUS IT05 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 2 AIMS ...................................................................................................................... 2 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES............................................................................... 3 SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 4 USE OF CALCULATOR ........................................................................................ 7 SUBJECT CONTENT ............................................................................................ 8 LEARNING OUTCOMES....................................................................................... 9 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED .......................................................................... 17 1 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS GCE NORMAL (TECHNICAL) EXAMINATION SYLLABUS IT05 I INTRODUCTION 1 This is a Normal (Technical) examination syllabus for a two-year course at the upper secondary level. The syllabus allows students to develop an awareness of the importance and benefits of electrical technology in modern life. It provides the foundation for further studies in electrical engineering or related fields at post-secondary level. 2 The subject seeks to unlock the science and technology that underpins the operation and control of lighting, power, security, communication systems etc for residential, and commercial and industrial applications. 3 Students will learn, through a combination of theory lessons and hands-on practical training, principles and laws of electricity; electric circuits; appliances and systems. 4 Students will also learn how to integrate and apply their knowledge to devise solutions for real-life project electrical and control applications. II AIMS 5 The aims of the subject are as follows: 5.1 Equip students with a basic knowledge of electrical installation technology in preparation for further engineering studies at postsecondary level; 5.2 Enable students to acquire skills and knowledge that are of immediate relevance and use in daily life; 5.3 Enable students to develop their analytical abilities and problemsolving skills; 5.4 Inculcate in students safety consciousness and safe working habits; 5.5 Enable students to understand the applications of technology in our living environment; and 5.6 Develop in students an interest in a post-secondary engineeringbased education. 2 electrical IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) III ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES 6 The assessment objectives are classified into THREE categories. 6.1 Practical Skills (36%) Students should be able to: 6.2 6.1.1 Follow a sequence of instructions or test procedures; 6.1.2 Draw and read circuit diagrams; 6.1.3 Use correct tools and systematic techniques; 6.1.4 Connect electrical components and circuits with reference to diagrams and drawings; 6.1.5 Evaluate and test operation of electrical components, equipment and circuits; 6.1.6 Obtain, record and/or interpret observations, measurements and test results; and 6.1.7 Adopt safe working habit and practices in handling of equipment and tools and when working with electricity. Knowledge with Understanding (24%) Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of electricity, electric circuits and technology, including: 6.3 6.2.1 Facts, principles, natural laws and concepts, theories; 6.2.2 Electrical terminology, formulae, conventions (including symbols, quantities, units of measurement); and 6.2.3 Electrical measuring and test instruments and tools (including techniques of operation, safety aspects, care and use). Analytical and Problem-Solving Skills (40%) Students should be able to: 6.3.1 Interpret, evaluate and manipulate data and values available to calculate electrical quantities or solve problems; 6.3.2 Apply knowledge acquired in the subject to analyse requirements of engineering problem or application; and 6.3.3 Recommend and virtually construct and test, with the aid of a computer-based control circuit design software, control circuit for engineering problem or application. 3 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) IV SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT 7 Assessment would be through a combination of knowledge and understanding, practical skills as well as analytical and problem-solving skills. Students will sit for all 4 papers. 7.1 Paper 1 - Written Exam (1 hour) 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.2 - Section A contains 24 multiple-choice questions with a total of 24 marks. - Section B contains 5 structured questions of equal or varying marks, with a total of 16 marks. All questions are compulsory. Paper 21 - Practical Assessment 1 (1 hour 40 minutes) 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.3 This paper contains two sections. This paper contains two parts. - Part A (25 minutes) requires students to complete a lighting circuit diagram. Candidates must complete this part before starting Part B. - Part B (75 minutes) requires students to wire up the lighting circuit in accordance with a given lighting circuit diagram. Candidates must observe all workshop safety rules and take all necessary safety precautions when connecting the circuit. Candidates who do not fulfill this requirement would fail the test. All questions are compulsory. Paper 22 - Practical Assessment 2 (1 hour 20 minutes) 7.3.1 7.3.2 This paper contains two parts. - Part A (25 minutes) requires students to complete the circuit diagram of an electrical appliance. Candidates must complete this part before starting Part B. - Part B (55 minutes) requires students to measure analyse and interpret electrical readings and hence identify the conditions and/or faults in the appliance. A terminal box will be used to represent the appliance and the circuit diagram of the appliance will be provided. All questions are compulsory. 4 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 7.4 Paper 3 - Control Circuit Design Assessment (1 hour 45 minutes) 7.4.1 7.4.2 8 This paper contains two parts. - Part A (45 minutes) requires students to design a control circuit to solve engineering problem or meet the needs of the application. Candidates must complete this part before starting Part B. - Part B (60 minutes) requires students to construct and test the control circuit using computer-based circuit design software in accordance with a given control circuit diagram. All questions are compulsory. The assessment grid is reflected in Table 1. The percentages relating to the weighting for each topic covered in the written exam serve as a guide; the actual weighting for each topic may vary slightly. Table 1: Overview of Practical Assessments, Control Circuit Design Assessment and Written Exam Assessment Objectives and Weighting Practical Skills (36%) Analytical and ProblemSolving Skills (40%) Topic Paper 21 and Paper 22 Electrical Principles Electrical Safety, Installation and Protection Electrical Appliances Control Circuit Design Total Paper 3 Knowledge with Understanding (24%) Paper 1 Structured Questions MultipleChoice Questions - - - 6% 8% 18% - - 5% 7% - 18% - 3% 5% - - 24% 2% 4% 24% 16% 24% 36% 5 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) Timeline of Assessment 9 The timeline showing the recommended schedule for the conduct of the assessments are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Timeline of Assessment Paper Date Paper 21 Practical Assessment 1 Sep/Oct of Year 1 Paper 22 Practical Assessment 2 Apr/May of Year 2 Paper 3 Control Circuit Design Assessment Aug/Sep of Year 2 Paper 1 Written Exam Sep/Oct of Year 2 Assessment of Practicals (Paper 21 and Paper 22) and Control Circuit Design (Paper 3) 10 The two practical assessments and control circuit design assessment shall be conducted under examination conditions. Students are not allowed to communicate with their classmates or to seek guidance and advice from their teachers, except for the control circuit design assessment. Marking will take the assistance provided into consideration. 11 Table 3 shows the details of the assessments. Table 3: Details of Practical Assessments and Circuit Control Design Assessment S/N Description Duration Weighting Paper 21 (Practical Assessment 1) Electrical Safety, Installation and Protection in The Home - Draw and connect a lighting circuit 1 hour 40 minutes 18% Paper 22 (Practical Assessment 2) Electrical Appliances - Trace and identify faults in electrical appliance 1 hour 20 minutes 18% Paper 3 (Control Circuit Design Assessment) Design of Control Circuits - Devise, construct and test control circuit for engineering problem and/or application using computerbased control circuit design software 1 hour 45 minutes 24% 4 hours 45 minutes Total 6 60% IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 12 13 The main criteria for assessment can be summarized as follows: 12.1 Parts and components in circuit diagrams drawn must be labeled correctly and in accordance with instructions; 12.2 The colour codes for cables and circuit connections must comply with approved standards; 12.3 All connections must be correct, and also electrically and mechanically sound; 12.4 The ability to analyse and interpret circuit readings correctly; 12.5 The ability to apply knowledge to devise solution for engineering problems or application; and 12.6 Observation and/or adherence to safety rules and precautions. Task specific assessment rubric will be used for awarding raw marks of practical and control circuit design assessments. Criticality value (1, 2, 3) will be factored on the raw score based on the relative importance of the element being assessed in terms of safety and risk of damage or loss of life, equipment or property in the event of a mishap caused as result of failure to meet requirement or standard of performance. Elements which would have a serious impact in all of these aspects are pegged at 3; those with little or no impact would be pegged at 1. Criticality factor 2 is assigned to elements that are rated between 1 and 3. Difficulty value (1, 2, 3) will be factored on the raw score based how difficult the task / requirement is. Written Examination (Paper 1) 14 The written exam for the subject is of 1 hour duration, constitutes 40% of the total marks for the subject, and shall be conducted at the end of Year 2. 15 The written exam has two sections: 15.1 Section A, worth 24 marks, contains 24 multiple-choice questions (all compulsory) 15.2 Section B, worth 16 marks, contains 5 structured questions, with equal or varying marks (all compulsory). V USE OF CALCULATOR 16 An approved calculator may be used for Paper 1, 21, 22 and 3. 7 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) VI SUBJECT CONTENT 17 This subject has a strong emphasis on practical-oriented training. In terms of training hours, the proportion of theory and practical training is 40:60. 18 There are FOUR topics in the subject: 18.1 Electrical Principles 18.2 Electrical Safety, Installations and Protection 18.3 Electrical Appliances 18.4 Control Circuit Design 18.1 Electrical Principles The contents of this section are as follows: (a) Electrical safety (b) Electric circuits (c) Electric circuits laws (d) Electric circuit connections (e) Electricity consumption and energy conservation (f) Electric power sources 18.2 Electrical Safety, Installations and Protection The contents of this section are as follows: (a) Electrical supply system (b) Electrical hazards and protection (c) Electrical accessories (d) Electrical cables (e) Electrical test instruments (f) Electrical final circuits 18.3 Electrical Appliances The contents of this section are as follows: (a) Electrical appliances (b) Identification of electrical faults (c) Tools and techniques for fault identification 18.4 Control Circuit Design The contents of this section are as follows: (a) Modern approach to solving engineering problems (b) Building blocks of control circuits (c) Logic circuits (d) Use of control circuit design software 8 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) VII LEARNING OUTCOMES 18.1 Electrical Principles This section covers the basic principles of electricity, connection of simple electrical circuits and the use of measuring instruments to measure and monitor electrical quantities. Upon completion of this section, students would be able to: Electrical Safety 18.1.1 Explain the 2 types of electric shock: – Direct contact – Indirect contact 18.1.2 Explain the potential dangers in electrical work 18.1.3 Understand the danger of hazardous work practices 18.1.4 Explain the precautions and procedures for safe electrical work 18.1.5 Explain the benefits of good housekeeping in electrical work 18.1.6 Recommend measures to protect against electrical hazards Electric Circuits 18.1.7 Explain how an electric circuit works 18.1.8 State the 3 basic electrical quantities: voltage, current and resistance 18.1.9 Draw the symbols for the 3 basic electrical quantities 18.1.10 State the units of measurement for voltage, current and resistance 18.1.11 Describe the use of a voltmeter for measuring voltage 18.1.12 Describe the use of an ammeter for measuring current 18.1.13 Describe the use of an ohmmeter for measuring resistance 18.1.14 State the different uses of a multimeter 18.1.15 Exercise safety precautions when handling and using measuring instruments 18.1.16 Measure, with the use of the appropriate measuring instruments, voltage, current and resistance 18.1.17 Understand how to read the correct value of meter reading for different meter ranges Electric Circuit Laws 18.1.18 Understand the relationship between current, resistance and voltage for simple circuit analysis 18.1.19 Understand the relationship between current, resistance and voltage (Ohm’s Law): V = I x R 18.1.20 Apply Ohm's Law to determine current, resistance or voltage in an electric circuit 18.1.21 Connect a simple electric circuit comprising ammeter, voltmeter, load and power supply to verify Ohm’s Law Electric Circuit Connections 18.1.22 Identify the three methods of connecting electrical loads: series, parallel and series-parallel 18.1.23 State the characteristics of a series circuit: – One path for current flow – Supply voltage equals to sum of individual voltages – Total resistance is larger than the largest individual resistance 9 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 18.1.24 18.1.25 18.1.26 18.1.27 18.1.28 18.1.29 18.1.30 18.1.31 State the characteristics of a parallel circuit – Supply voltage is the same as all branch voltages – Supply or total current is equal to the sum of individual branch currents – Total resistance is smaller than the smallest individual resistance Apply Ohm’s Law to determine currents, voltages and resistances in a series circuit of 2 resistors Apply Ohm’s Law to determine currents, voltages and resistances in a parallel circuit of 2 resistors Determine the total resistance of series circuit comprising 2 resistors using the formula: RT = R1 + R2 Determine the total resistance of a parallel circuit comprising 2 resistors using the formula: 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 Connect series circuit comprising 2 resistors, voltmeters and ammeters for the purpose of verifying the characteristics of series circuit Connect parallel circuit comprising 2 resistors, voltmeters and ammeters for the purpose of verifying the characteristics of parallel circuit Recognise that a series-parallel circuit has a combination of series and parallel circuits Electricity Consumption and Energy Conservation 18.1.32 Define the terms 'power' and 'energy' in electric circuits 18.1.33 State the units of measurement for power (watt) and energy (joule) 18.1.34 State the formulae to determine power of an electric circuit comprising one electrical load: P = V x I 18.1.35 State the formulae to determine energy of an electric circuit comprising one electrical load: W = P x t 18.1.36 Apply the formulae to determine power and energy of an electric circuit comprising one electrical load 18.1.37 Interpret the power rating of an electrical load 18.1.38 State the practical unit of energy consumption in household - kWh 18.1.39 Calculate the energy consumption of an electrical load in kilo-watthour 18.1.40 Calculate the cost of energy consumption 18.1.41 Read and interpret electricity bills 18.1.42 Compare and/or contrast the energy requirement of different electrical appliances (eg: refrigerator, water heater, computer, hifi set, iron, washing machine, oven, clothes dryer) 18.1.43 Recommend strategies to reduce energy consumption Electric Power Sources 18.1.44 State that supply sources can be alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) 18.1.45 Distinguish the differences between AC and DC 18.1.46 Distinguish the differences between a single-phase and a threephase supply 18.1.47 Identify the common source of AC 18.1.48 State the sources for DC 18.1.49 Define the function of a cell 18.1.50 Draw the symbol for a cell 18.1.51 Explain the difference between a cell and a battery 10 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 18.1.52 18.1.53 18.1.54 18.1.55 18.1.56 Outline the differences between a primary and a secondary cell List cells that are commonly used in modern gadgets today: – Dry cells – Alkaline cells – Mercury cells – Lead-acid cells – Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) – Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) – Lithium Ion (Li-Ion) – Emerging and future types State one application of cells Identify the type of cells by visual examination Explain the proper care and proper method of disposal for rechargeable cells and batteries 11 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 18.2 Electrical Safety, Installations and Protection This section covers the wiring of simple lighting and power circuits in residential premises in compliance with relevant local standards, regulations and codes of practice. Upon completion of this section, students would be able to: Electrical Supply System 18.2.1 List the common types of power stations (thermal coal or oil-fired, hydroelectric, nuclear-powered) 18.2.2 List emerging and promising new renewable energy sources (wind, wave, solar, fuel cells) 18.2.3 State the stages of energy conversion in a power station 18.2.4 Identify the major parts of a typical thermal power station 18.2.5 Explain how electricity is generated in a thermal power station in terms of conversions in energy 18.2.6 Explain how electricity is transmitted from power station to consumers 18.2.7 Explain how electricity is distributed in residential, commercial and industrial premises 18.2.8 Explain the function of transformers in transmission and distribution of electricity 18.2.9 State the voltages for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Singapore 18.2.10 Explain the two main methods of transmission and distribution of electricity: overhead or underground Electrical Hazards and Protection 18.2.11 Explain the electrical hazards due to overcurrent 18.2.12 Explain the electrical hazards due to an earth fault 18.2.13 Understand the need to protect people and properties against electrical hazards 18.2.14 Explain the importance of earthing to avoid the risk of electric shock 18.2.15 Describe the application and selection of different electrical protective devices for residential, commercial and industrial applications (fuses, circuit breakers, residual current operated circuit breakers) 18.2.16 Explain how protective devices can protect against electrical hazards 18.2.17 List workshop safety rules and main precautions to be taken when dealing with electricity 12 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) Electrical Accessories 18.2.18 Define the term ‘Accessory’ 18.2.19 Identify the following electrical accessories by visual examination: Switch – One-way switch – Two-way switch – Intermediate switch – Ceiling switch – Dimmer switch Lamp-holder – Bayonet-cap – Edison screw Socket outlet and plug 18.2.20 State the applications of the common accessories 18.2.21 Explain the reason why single-pole switches must be connected to the phase conductor 18.2.22 Wire an extension cord with 13A plug and socket-outlet 18.2.23 Explain the tests to establish whether an extension cord can be used safely 18.2.24 Analyse test results to identify the type of faults in an extension cord 18.2.25 Recommend corrective measures for fault(s) in an extension cord Electric Cables 18.2.26 State the function of a cable 18.2.27 State the 3 main parts of a cable 18.2.28 Describe the specific role of the three main parts of a cable 18.2.29 State the common materials used as conductor 18.2.30 State the common materials used as insulator 18.2.31 Identify the common type of cable used in residential premises 18.2.32 Explain the purpose of stranding conductors in a cable 18.2.33 Understand the 2 ways of specifying cable size 18.2.34 State the common sizes of cable 18.2.35 State the standard colour codes for cables Electrical Test Instruments 18.2.36 Explain the purpose of test instrument in electrical work 18.2.37 Explain the uses of a continuity tester, multimeter, insulation resistance tester and socket-outlet polarity tester 18.2.38 Explain the functions of the test instruments 18.2.39 Explain the use of a continuity tester and multimeter to test for continuity in an electric circuit 18.2.40 Explain the method to measure insulation resistance in electrical equipment 18.2.41 Explain the method to test for correct polarity of a socket outlet 18.2.42 Recommend corrective measure to rectify wrong polarity Electrical Final Circuits 18.2.43 Define the term ‘final circuit’ 18.2.44 Analyse the design and characteristics of common final circuits: – Lighting final circuit – Power final circuit with 13A socket outlets – Final circuit using 15A socket outlet – Cooker final circuits in household premises 13 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 18.2.45 18.2.46 18.2.47 18.2.48 18.2.49 18.2.50 18.2.51 18.2.52 18.2.53 18.2.54 18.2.55 18.2.56 Understand the 2 methods of wiring socket-outlet final circuit: – Radial final circuit – Ring final circuit State the cable sizes commonly used for lighting and power final circuits State the protective device sizes commonly used for lighting and power final circuits Wire up lighting circuit with one-way control Wire up lighting circuit with two-way control Wire up lighting circuit with dimmer control Wire up fluorescent lighting circuit with tubular and circular lamps Wire up 13A radial power final circuit Test and service lighting and power circuits Explain the method for testing wiring circuits for safe use Analyse test results to identify the type of faults Recommend corrective measures for fault(s) 14 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 18.3 Electrical Appliances This section covers the troubleshooting of common electrical appliances and equipment. Upon completion of this section, students would be able to: Electrical Appliances 18.3.1 Distinguish the main parts of the three common electrical appliances: – Electric iron – Electric toaster – Electric cooker 18.3.2 Understand the working principles of the common electrical appliances in 18.3.1 Identification of Electrical Faults 18.3.3 Describe the different type of electrical faults that can occur in electrical appliances – Open circuit – Short circuit – Earth fault – Poor insulation 18.3.4 Investigate and interpret the tell-tale signs for different types of faults 18.3.5 Inspect visually the tell-tale signs of defective appliances – Blown fuse – Broken power cords – Broken heating elements – Broken thermostat – Damaged appliance Tools and Techniques for Fault Identification 18.3.6 Explain the use of continuity tester, multimeter and insulation resistance tester for troubleshooting faults in common electrical appliances 18.3.7 Troubleshoot faults with help of test instruments 18.3.8 Analyse test results to identify the type of faults 18.3.9 Recommend corrective measures for fault(s) 15 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 18.4 Control Circuit Design The main purpose of this section is to introduce to students the concept of virtual engineering that is widely practised in the industry today. Virtual engineering involves the use of a computer-based control circuit design software to design, construct and perform simulation tests of control circuits to solve a given engineering problem or application. Upon completion of this section, students would be able to: Modern Approach to Solving Engineering Problems 18.4.1 Understand the modern industry practice of using computer-based control circuit design software to represent circuits, engineering problems and applications Building Blocks of Control Circuits 18.4.2 Identify the three main building blocks of a control circuit (input, control and output sections) 18.4.3 List a few examples of and explain the operation of input devices (push buttons, switches, sensors) 18.4.4 Identify common types of control elements and/or devices (timers, counters) Logic Circuits 18.4.5 Explain the common types, operation and application of logic circuits 18.4.6 Draw standard symbols of the following basic logic gate circuits: AND, OR and NOT 18.4.7 Describe the operation of basic logic gate circuits: AND, OR and NOT in terms of their truth table 18.4.8 Derive the truth table for basic logic circuits Use of Control Circuit Design Software 18.4.9 Set up input function block 18.4.10 Set up logic gate, timer and counter function blocks 18.4.11 Set up output function block 18.4.12 Connect and test input, logic gate, timer, counter and output function blocks 18.4.13 Analyse a given engineering problem or application in terms of control requirements (input, control and output) 18.4.14 Recommend and devise control circuit to solve engineering problem or meet the needs of the application 18.4.15 Construct and save control circuit on a computer using control circuit design software 18.4.16 Understand the basic operation of a simple programmable logic controller (PLC) 18.4.17 Download control circuit program from computer to PLC 18.4.18 Test functionality of control circuit on the PLC 16 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) VIII GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED This glossary is to provide candidates with a clear understanding of the meaning, intent and expectations relating to the requirements of learning outcomes and/or questions in test papers. 1 Analyse refers to the ability to consider, in detail, results, data and/or information available to deduce or discover essential features, the possible causes or the correct answer or solutions to a problem at hand. 2 Apply refers to the ability to put one’s knowledge of natural laws, principles or formulae to some practical or specific use. 3 Calculate refers to the use of mathematical methods to determine a result. 4 Compare would require students to give the similarities and differences between items, concepts, ideas etc. 5 Connect refers to the joining or fastening together, physically or by wires, two or more circuit components and devices. 6 Construct means to draw and form, on a display screen, a circuit diagram comprising parts or elements in a systematic manner so as to meet specified requirements. 7 Define would require a formal statement or declaration of the meaning of a given term or phrase. 8 Describe would require students to state in words (with diagrams or drawings as appropriate) the component, condition, type of operation etc. 9 Determine means to establish or ascertain the value, answer or result by means of calculation, investigation, experiment, survey or study. 10 Distinguish refers to the ability to perceive or identify the differences between given systems and/or equipment. 11 Explain would require an answer that which could include the definition of the term(s), some relevant comments and/or reference to theory. 12 Identify as applied to a component, device, drawing symbol etc refers to the recognition and giving the correct term, phrase and/or cause or reason. 13 Interpret refers to the ability to conceive the significance of a problem or event, offer an explanation and/or explain the meaning of the problem or event. 14 Investigate means to observe or inquire into in detail on the operation or operational performance of an equipment or system. 15 List means a series of words, items etc. 17 IT05 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS (2017) 16 Measure refers to the use of a measuring or test instrument to determine the value of an electrical quantity in a circuit or equipment. 17 Outline refers to a listing or summary of the main points and/or differences between two or more devices or equipment items. 18 Read as applied to the use of measuring instruments refers to the ability to derive the true value of the electrical quantity being measured. 19 Recognise means to know, accept or remember something that is true of a concept, idea or fact. 20 Recommend refers to the ability to come up with a correct solution or solutions to solve a given problem or restore a circuit or equipment to its normal condition based on a understanding of the underlying causes of the problem. 21 State would require a straight forward and direct answer with little or no supporting comments or reference to theory or concepts. 22 Test refers to the process of verifying whether a component, circuit, appliance, equipment and/or system works or performs as per requirements and specifications 23 Troubleshoot calls for the ability to determine, by means of testing and observation, the causes and solutions to a problem. It also means the ability to restore an equipment or system to normal operation by means of replacement of a part(s) or removing the cause of the abnormal operation. 24 Understand means the ability to perceive and comprehend the meaning, nature and significance of a/an concept, equipment or system. 25 Wire is the act of connecting wires between circuit components and devices. 18