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The Cardiovascular System
Blood
• The only fluid Tissue
• Has both living and nonliving components
– Living blood cells
– Elements
– Non living blood plasma
The Composition of Blood
• White blood cells 1%
– Immunity
• Red blood cells 44%
– Lack a nucleus
– Few organelles
– Basically sacs of Hemoglobin (an iron
containing protein that transports oxygen that
is carried in RBCs.)
• Plasma 55%
–
–
–
–
Water
Protein: ph buffers, clotting factors, fat transport
Substances transported by blood
electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)
Formed Elements Table pg. 299
• Red blood cells – transport oxygen
• Leukocytes (WBC) – immunity
– Neutrophil: Phagocytes
– Monocyte: Phagocytes that are long term
– Lymphocyte: Produce antibodies
• Platelets – blood clotting
Anemia
• A decrease in oxygencarrying ability of blood
– Abnormally low RBC
count
– Hemoglobin deficiency
(iron carrying molecule
in blood)
EX. Sickle-Cell Anemia:
abnormal hemoglobin
formed becomes spiky and
sharp when the RBC’s
unload the oxygen.
Polycythemia
• An excessive increase in
the number of RBCs
– Some types of bone
marrow cancer
– Living at high altitudes
with less oxygen
Q: why would this be a bad
thing?
Twin-to-twin transfusion
Blood Slides – Microscope Observation
Slide
Sickle cell
Lymph node
Artery/vein
Artery
Blood
Vain
med
high
oil
Blood Type
Blood Type
• Antigen – a substance that the
body recognizes as foreign; it
stimulates the immune system
to release antibodies
– So we all have antigen proteins on
the membranes of all our cells
that make us unique (all living
things).
– We also have antibodies that fight
substances that don’t look like
our bodies own antigens
Blood Type
• ABO Blood Antigens pg. 306
– AB
–A
–B
–O
Agglutinins
Agglutinogens:
+/- in Blood Type
• + or – indicates the
presence of another
major membrane
protein Rh
• If one parent is +, then
the offspring will be +
Mixing Blood Types
• Erythrocyte destruction
• Agglutination: Clumping
Blood Vs. Plasma
• Plasma is a aqueous part of blood
(55%) that contains all the
clotting factors and dissolved
solutes besides RBCs.
– People can volunteer or get paid to
donate plasma
– Sold plasma cannot be put directly
into another human. It is used to
make other blood products and
medications
The Cardiovascular System
• Basic Overview
• The heart anatomy
• Flow
General Scheme
• Major Organs
– Heart
– Lungs
– Capillaries all over
the body
– Arteries
– Veins
Arteries VS. Veins
• Arteries
– conduct blood away
from the heart under
high pressure
– Thicker and more
organized
• Veins
– Conduct blood to the
heart under lower
pressure
– Thinner and more
stretchy than arteries
– Have valves to prevent
reverse flow
Secondary Organs
• Trachea (wind pipe) – Allow air
in and out of the lungs
• Esophagus – Carry “stuff” from
the mouth to the stomach
• Lungs – providing oxygen to the
blood
• Diaphragm – The main muscle
used in the process of breathing
• Phrenic N. – communicates with
the diaphragm and the
pericardium
• Pericardium – The double
membrane around the heart
Crash Course
Heart Anatomy and Blood flow
Heart Anatomy
• 4 Chambers
– 2 ventricles
– 2 Atria
• Right side blood
travels to the lungs in
what is called the
Pulmonary System
• Left side relates to
the rest of the body
in what is called the
Systemic System
The Details
• Superior and
inferior Vena Cava:
Receive oxygen
depleted blood from
the veins
• Aorta: Carries
oxygenated blood to
the rest of the body
The Details
• Atrioventricular (AV)
Valves: prevent
backflow of blood
when the ventricles
contract
– The right side is the
Tricuspid because it has
3 flaps
– The left side is the
Bicuspid because it has
2 flaps
The Details
• Pulmonary (lungs) and Aortic (rest of body)
Semilunar valves: Guard the two large arteries,
one in each ventricle.
Sheep Heart Dissection
- Part 1
- Part 2
Heart Physiology – Crash Course
• Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction
System (ICCS)
– Sino-Atrial Node (SA) is
made up of Pacemaker Cells.
These cells have leaky
sodium channels that create
a constant action potential
that spread throughout the
ICCS
– Atrial Ventricular Node (AV):
once the cells of this node
receive the signal, they
pause for part of a second to
allow the atria to complete
their contraction before the
ventricle contracts
Heart Physiology
• The Short Version: Your heart is depolarizing
and repolarizing it’s nerve cell (neuron)
membranes continuously all the time
• There is no stimulus that triggers this. The Na+
channels are just open so the concentration
gradient causes diffusion constantly