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Transcript 
In the name of God
Anatomy:
Cardiovascular System
Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
[email protected]
2015
The Cardiovascular System
A closed system of the heart and blood
vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
The function of the cardiovascular
system is to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide
and other waste products
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The Heart
Location
Thorax between the lungs
Pointed apex directed toward left hip
About the size of your fist.
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The Heart
Figure 11.1
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The Heart: Coverings
‫پریکارد‬
)‫فیبروزی (لیفی‬
)‫سروزی (اپی کارد‬
‫جداری‬
‫احشایی‬
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The Heart: Coverings
Pericardium – a double serous
membrane
Visceral pericardium
Next to heart
Parietal pericardium
Outside layer
Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Three layers
Epicardium
Outside layer
This layer is the parietal pericardium
Connective tissue layer
Myocardium
Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Inner layer
Endothelium
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Serous membrane
Continuous with
blood vessels
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The Heart: Heart Wall
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The Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Atria
Receiving chambers
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricles
Discharging chambers
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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Chambers of the heart; valves
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Blood Circulation
Figure 11.3
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The Heart: Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Four valves
Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
Bicuspid valve (left)
Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle and
artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
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The Heart: Valves
Valves open as blood is pumped through
Held in place by chordae tendineae
)“heart strings”(
Close to prevent backflow
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Operation of Heart Valves
Figure 11.4
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Aorta
Leaves left ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Leave right ventricle
Vena cava
Enters right atrium
Pulmonary veins (four)
Enter left atrium
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External Heart Anatomy
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Figure 11.2a
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Slide 11.5
Coronary Circulation
Blood in the heart chambers does not
nourish the myocardium
The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
Coronary arteries
Cardiac veins
Blood empties into the right atrium via the
coronary sinus
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Coronary Arteries
These arteries supply
blood to the heart
85% is supplied by the
left coronary artery
The left coronary
artery divides into the
left anterior
descending and
circumflex arteries
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Coronary Veins
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Heart Contractions
Figure 11.5
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Slide
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Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
Taking blood to the tissues and back
‫ شریان‬/‫سرخرگها‬
Arteries
Arterioles
‫ شریانچه‬/ ‫سرخرگهاي كوچك‬
‫مویرگها‬
Capillaries
Venules
‫ وریدچه‬/ ‫سیاهرگهاي كوچك‬
‫ وریدها‬/ ‫سیاهرگها‬
Veins
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The Vascular System
Figure 11.8b
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Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick to allow for exchanges
between blood and tissue
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Movement of Blood Through Vessels
Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking
action of muscles to
help move blood
Figure 11.9
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See pp. 351359 for all
circuits
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Jugular Vein
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Pacemakers
Assists the heart in generating a perfusing
rhythm.
Can be either a single or dual chamber.
May function constantly or on demand.
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