Download KEY - 1st Semester Final Study Guide

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1st Semester World History Final Study Guide
Directions and Requirements
Review the assigned pages in the Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction text. Answer the questions on
a separate sheet of paper. All answers should be arrived at independently, written completely in your own
words, and be written in terms you understand. Make sure your answers are labeled and numbered the same
as the study guide and are hand-written. Note: You will lose points if you do not follow directions.
Directions for Each Component of the Study Guide
1. Review Terms: Step 1: Explain each term in your own words. Copying from the textbook, internet,
your notes, and so on is considered plagiarism. Step 2: Explain its significance. Describe why the
term is important and how it connects to other main ideas and concepts.
2. Review Questions: Thoroughly answer each question with at least 2 complete sentences and in your
own words. Answers must make sense when read alone, without re-reading the questions.
3. The Treatment: before you turn in your study guide, highlight the main ideas:
• Choose at least 2-3 colors of highlighters or colored pencils to use on your notes.
• Suggestions: 1 color for important dates, 1 color for historically important vocabulary
terms, 1 color for important people/places, 1 color for important concepts
• Be sure NOT to highlight everything on your page
Unit 1: Origins of the Modern World
I. Roots of Democracy (pg. 5-15)
A. Review Terms
1. Greek contributions to democracy
-created first democracy even though it was limited, believed that people could reason
2. Roman contributions to democracy
-created a representative democracy known as a republic, had the first written set of laws
known as the Twelve Tables
3. Judeo-Christian Contributions to democracy
-believed all people (even kings) were equal in the eyes of God, Ten Commandments applied to
all people
B. Review Questions
1. How is a republic different from direct democracy? Where did each of these ideas originate?
-a republic has representatives that vote on the citizens’ behalf, direct democracies have direct
votes
-Rome had a republic, Athens, Greece had a direct democracy
2. What ideas crucial to the shaping of democracy did Judaism and Christianity share?
-all people were equal in the eyes of God and even kings had to obey the laws of the Ten
Commandments
II. The Italian and Northern Renaissance (pg. 37-51)
A. Review Terms
1. Renaissance
-The Renaissance brought back the classical styles of art and literature of Ancient Greece and
Rome, art became more realistic, there was a focus on the individual, etc.
2. Humanism
-Renaissance idea celebrating the individual and his/her ability to reason, think, create, etc.
3. Secular
-non-religious; though people were still religious in the Renaissance, there was an emphasis
on secular things too
4. Johann Gutenberg and the printing press
-Gutenberg’s printing press sped up the time it took to print a book, leading to many
consequences (see Review Question #1)
B. Review Questions
1. Why was the invention of the printing press so important?
-Short Term Effects: printing was faster, more books were printed, books were cheaper and
more available, more Bibles were printed
-“Medium” Term Effects: more people read the Bible in the vernacular (their own language),
causing them to question the Catholic church and causing the Reformation and spreading new
ideas about religion
-Long Term Effects: increase in literacy and education, arguably leads to nearly every
invention afterward
2. In what ways did literature and the arts change during the Renaissance?
-Although there were still religious (Catholic) subjects in literature and especially art (i.e.
Sistine Chapel, Last Supper, etc.), literature focused on everyday life and criticized having a
king or powerful person control people and art was drawn much more realistic with proper
proportions and dimensions
III. The Religious Reformation (pg. 54-66)
A. Review Terms
1. Protestant Reformation
-Religious movement in which groups broke from the Catholic church and started their own
Protestant religions. The Catholics responded with their own Counter-Reformation, AKA the
Catholic Reformation.
2. Martin Luther and Lutheranism
-Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses on the doors of a Catholic church. He was angered by the
corruptions in the church, especially the sale of indulgences. He started the Lutheran church.
3. Henry VIII and the Church of England
-Henry VIII started the Church of England (Anglican Church) to take away the influence the
Pope had on England. The Pope wouldn’t let Henry VIII get a divorce either. This became the
official church of England/GB.
B. Review Questions
1. What were the causes of the Reformation?
-Corruptions in the Catholic church, sale of indulgences to “save” people, close relationship
kings had with church officials, the printing press, the Bible vs. what the church was actually
doing/preaching
2. How did the Reformation indirectly contribute to the growth of democracy?
-Mostly indirectly through the idea of challenging authority
IV. The Enlightenment (pg. 195-205)
A. Review Terms
1. Characteristics of Enlightenment movement
-Enlightenment philosophes generally believed in limited government, people’s rights, equality,
etc.
2. Political philosophy and famous written works
-answers will vary; there are many works to choose from
3. Hobbes
-Wrote The Leviathan, supported absolutism (strong rulers), thought men were innately evil
and needed to give up their rights/freedoms to have a stronger leader to be taken care of and
that they agreed to be ruled like this through a “social contract”
4. Locke
-Wrote Second Treatise on Government among other things, supported a more limited
government, believed in tabula rasa or that people were born a blank slate, said all men were
created equal, believed in natural rights (life, liberty, property), inspired Thomas Jefferson’s
Declaration of Independence
5. Rousseau
-Wrote The Social Contract, supported a social contract in which men wouldn’t have to give up
rights, believed men were born free
6. Montesquieu
-Came up with the idea of three branches of government and checks and balances
7. Voltaire
-Huge proponent of religious tolerance and free speech
8. Wollstonecraft
-Female philosophe, believed women should be educated
B. Review Questions
1. How did the ideas of Hobbes and Locke differ?
-Hobbes thought men were innately evil and supported stronger governments, and Locke
believed people were born a blank slate and supported limited government
2. How did the Enlightenment contribute to the growth of democracy?
-Brought ideas of equality, people’s ability to reason, etc.
-Severely influenced future democracies and shaped the democratic form of government
Unit 2: The Age of Revolutions
I. England’s Glorious Revolution (pg. 180-183)
A. Review Terms
1. Magna Carta
-Earliest British document limiting the monarchy and giving some nobles rights
2. Petition of Right
-Document that tried to limit GB’s monarchy, but the king largely ignored it
3. English Bill of Rights
-Gave people rights after the Glorious Revolution, inspired American Bill of Rights
4. Glorious Revolution
-Catholic King James II was ousted and replaced with Protestants William and Mary, who
adhered to the idea of a constitutional monarchy
B. Review Questions
1. How does a constitutional monarchy differ from an absolute monarchy?
-Constitutional monarchies limit the monarchy and have a legislative branch
2. How was the Glorious Revolution different from other revolutions?
-The Glorious Revolution was relatively bloodless
II. American Revolution (pg. 206-211)
A. Review Terms
1. Declaration of Independence
-US declared independence from GB, Thomas Jefferson borrowed from ideas of John Locke
2. US Constitution and the Bill of Rights
-Borrowed ideas from British documents like Petition of Right and English Bill of Rights and
borrowed ideas from the Enlightenment
3. Effects of the American Revolution
-Inspired other revolutions
B. Review Questions
1. How did John Locke’s idea of the social contract influence the American colonists?
-Colonists used this idea to realize that they could overthrow the British government, which
was no longer respecting their rights
2. What Enlightenment ideas were used when developing the American government structure?
-Three branches, free speech, checks and balances, no cruel and unusual punishment, natural
rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness), etc.
III. French Revolution (pg. 217-228)
A. Review Terms
1. Causes of Revolution
-Estate system, exploiting Third Estate, poor leadership of Louis XVI, excessive taxes, country
in debt, Enlightenment inspired educated part of Third Estate, etc.
2. The Old Regime and the estates
-First estate was clergy, second estate was nobility, third estate was peasants, bourgeoisie,
educated people, etc. Third Estate was the largest but had the least amount of power.
3. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
-Louis XVI was a weak leader whose spending on the American Revolution and other wars led
France into debt, Marie Antoinette spent lavishly and people resented her for her Austrian
heritage
4. National Assembly
-representatives of the Third Estate created the National Assembly, which tried to work a new
constitution
5. Legislative Assembly
-The Legislature of France after the onset of the French Revolution
6. National Convention
-Government body in France meant to debate changes to the Constitution
7. Directory
-Temporary government after the Reign of Terror
8. Tennis Court Oath
-Promise made on a tennis court by the Third Estate reps in the National Assembly to create a
constitution
9. Storming of the Bastille
-First action of the French Revolution
10. Women’s March on Versailles
-Women protested the nobility and high bread prices
11. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
-Important document listing rights of French people
12. Execution of Louis XVI
-Louis XVI was declared guilty of treason and executed by guillotine, really marking the
beginning of the Reign of Terror, Marie Antoinette would also later be executed by guillotine
13. Reign of Terror and Robespierre
-Robespierre’s Reign of Terror was meant to rid France of any “threats” and instead executed
mostly former members of the Third Estate by guillotine
14. The guillotine
-Method used for execution, meant to be humane but really symbolized fear and terror for
French people
15. Committee of Public Safety
-Committee who was supposed to find “threats” during the Reign of Terror
B. Review Questions
1. Why were the members of the Third Estate dissatisfied with their way of life under the Old Regime?
-many were poor and had no rights, largely underrepresented in government, educated
members read Enlightenment works and saw how unfairly they were treated
2. What political reforms resulted from the French Revolution?
-abolishment of estate system, (initially) less power given to church, more representation of
poorer classes in government
IV. Napoleonic Era (pg. 229-241)
A. Review Terms
1. Concordat of 1801
-Napoleon gave power back to the church, gaining more supporters
2. Napoleonic Code
-Napoleon’s set of laws, many of which were inclusive
3. Economic reforms
-created a fair tax system, lifted the country out of debt
4. Napoleonic Wars
-Napoleon’s wars that led to his creation of a French Empire
5. Continental System
-One of Napoleon’s costly mistakes in which he tried to unsuccessfully keep countries from
trading with the British, Britain retaliated and made their own blockade
6. Russian Campaign
-Napoleon’s failed invasion of Russia, led to him being exiled
7. Congress of Vienna
-Meetings in Europe trying to regain peace in Europe
B. Review Questions
1. What steps did Napoleon take to create an empire in Europe?
-Coup d’état, crowned himself emperor, used military power to conquer lands in the
Napoleonic Wars, placed allies in charge of European countries, etc.
2. What events and major mistakes contributed to Napoleon’s downfall?
-Continental System, Peninsular War, Invasion of Russia/Russian Campaign
-After 100 Days when Napoleon came back from his exile, his final defeat was at Waterloo
3. What were Metternich’s three goals at the Congress of Vienna?
-Strengthen countries surrounding France, balance of power, legitimacy (restoring monarchs
to the throne)
Unit 3: The Industrial Revolution
I. The Industrial Revolution (pg. 283-299)
A. Review Terms
1. Characteristics of Industrial Revolution
-Country needs natural resources, labor, capital, etc (factors of production) to industrialize
2. Effects of agricultural revolution
-Better and more plentiful food, higher populations, helps cause the IR
3. Reasons for industrial revolution starting in Britain
-GB had the factors of production and was largely unaffected by the Napoleonic Wars
4. Steam engine
-This invention helped make a lot of other inventions possible and was used in steamboats and
early trains
5. Railroads
-Spread industrialization, improved trade and transportation
6. Urbanization
-Rise of cities, movement of people from rural to urban areas, etc.
B. Review Questions
1. What was life like for factory workers in industrialized countries?
-Long hours, hard and dangerous work, harsh conditions
2. What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution?
-Cons: overuse of natural resources, causes imperialism, workers treated poorly, huge wealth
gap between right and poor, child labor, etc.
-Pros: leads to more modernized societies, causes more inventions to spread, better living
conditions in the long-term, more goods and services for consumers at cheaper prices
II. Reforming the Industrial World (pg. 300-306)
A. Review Terms
1. Adam Smith and capitalism
-Smith wrote Wealth of Nations, supported business, believed government shouldn’t regulate
businesses, laissez-faire (hands off)
2. Criticism of capitalism
-Exploited the poorer classes, rich people got too rich, etc.
3. Marxist philosophy
-Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto, believed that the poor working class, the proletariat,
would overthrow their employers, the bourgeoisie, and eventually have a classless society
B. Review Questions
1. What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of economics?
-self-interest, competition, supply and demand
2. What were the two warring classes that Marx and Engels outlined in The Communist Manifesto?
-Poor working classes (the proletariat), and the wealthier factory owners (bourgeoisie)
Unit 4: The Age of Imperialism
I. Imperialism
A. Review Terms
1. Imperialism
-Wealthy industrialized country takes over a less advantaged country, usually with the intention
of economic gains
2. Causes of Imperialism
-The IR since industrialized countries needed more resources and ideas like Social Darwinism
II. Imperialism in Africa (pg. 339-350)
A. Review Terms
1. Scramble for Africa
-European countries fought for control of Africa
2. Berlin Conference
-Conference in which European countries divided up Africa without Africa present
3. Social Darwinism
-Applied Darwin’s theories of natural selection and survival of the fittest to explain why some
countries or cultures were “superior”
B. Review Questions
1. How did Europeans use Social Darwinism to justify empire building in Africa?
-Europeans claimed to be “superior” based on this philosophy and said that it was their
responsibility to help poorer countries that were “inferior”
2. Why were African resistance movements usually unsuccessful?
-Europeans had better technology and Africans were too diverse to unite against Europeans
III. Imperialism in India and China (pg. 357-361,371-375)
A. Review Terms
1. “jewel of the crown”
-India was GB’s brightest “jewel of the crown” because of its vast resources and large
population, making it great for resources and selling products
2. Sepoy Rebellion
-Mutiny in North India caused by British control and disregard for Indian culture, clashes
over religion, etc.
3. Sphere of Influence and Open Door Policy
-Sphere of Influence - Rather than having colonies, Western European countries, Japan, and
the US had “spheres of influence” in which they had economic dominance in an area of China
-Open Door Policy - US declared that China’s doors were open to trade with anyone
4. Boxer Rebellion
B. Review Questions
1. How was the economy of India transformed by the British?
-GB completely controlled the Indian economy. They took resources from the Indians, used
the Indians for labor, and forced Indians to buy GB goods
2. Why did the Chinese have little interest in trading with the West? What importance did the spheres of
influence have for China?
-China wanted to avoid Western influence but became hooked on opium
-The spheres of influence forced China to go along with whatever the European (and Japanese
and American) powers wanted without having any say in their economic lives
Finished with your study guide? It is time for The Treatment!