Download B.5ABCD Cell Differentiation

B.5ABCD Cell Differentiation
Picture Vocabulary
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gene
A segment of DNA nucleotides that codes
for a specific protein to be produced and
leads to the expression of a hereditary trait
or characteristic
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cell cycle
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The phases of a cell’s life cycle
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The biomolecule classified as a nucleic acid
and composed of nucleotides; genetic
material shaped like a double helix
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mitosis
A phase of the cell cycle in which cell
division occurs
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interphase
The longest phase of the cell cycle in which
the cell will grow larger and replicate its
DNA in order to prepare for cell division
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prophase
The first phase of mitosis in which chromosomes
condense becoming visible, the nuclear membrane
dissolves, the centrosomes move to opposite ends
of the nucleus, and spindle fibers form
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metaphase
The phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers attach
to the centromeres of the sister chromatids
(chromosomes), and the chromosomes migrate to
the center of the cell
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anaphase
The phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers begin
to shorten separating the sister chromatids and
pulling them to opposite ends of the cell
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telophase
The phase of mitosis in which the genetic material
has been separated and the nuclear membrane
begins to reform to create two separate but
identical nuclei
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cytokinesis
The phase of the cell cycle in which the plasma
membrane begins to cleave the cytoplasm into two
separate but identical cells
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cell differentiation
The process by which less specialized cells
become more specialized
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DNA replication
The process in which the DNA sequence is
copied to form an additional DNA molecule
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roots
The specialized part of a plant that grows down
into the soil to anchor the plant and absorb
nutrients
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stem
The specialized part of a plant that grows in the
opposite direction of the roots and supports the
flower, leaves, or fruit of the plant
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leaf (leaves)
The specialized part of a plant that is mainly used
for gas exchange; comes in various forms and is
often the primary form of adaptation in plants
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blood cells, red
The cells in the blood that transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide
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blood cells, white
The cells in the blood that help to
fight infections
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epithelium cells
A specialized animal cell that is found in the
skin and functions as a part of the
integumentary system; various types
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muscle cells
A specialized animal cell that is found in
muscle tissue and functions as a part of the
muscular system
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operon
A cluster of genes that are under the control
of the same promoter. For example, if the
promoter is activated all the genes in the
operon are expressed
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
The biomolecule classified as a nucleic
acid and composed of nucleotides; genetic
material in a single helix form
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mutation
Any change in the sequence of DNA; may result in
the production of incorrect proteins and lead to
malfunctions in the processes of the organism
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cancer
A disease that occurs as a result of
uncontrolled cell growth and
division
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tumor
The formation of tissue that is a
result of uncontrolled cell growth
and division
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radiation
Energy sent out as particles or
waves; used in the treatment of
cancerous tumors
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chemotherapy
The treatment of disease by use of
chemicals; can selectively destroy
cancerous tissue
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binary fission
Asexual reproduction in singlecelled organisms
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carcinogen
A substance that causes cancer
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centriole
A cylindrical organelle used by
eukaryotic cells to pull the chromatids
apart during mitosis
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centromere
Narrowed part of a chromosome
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chromatid
A replicated chromosome
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daughter cell
One of the resulting cells from
mitosis
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diploid
A cell that contains pairs of all of the
homologous chromosomes; 2n
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microtubules
Cylindrical organelles that give the
cell its shape
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neuron
A cell that makes up the nervous
system
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somatic cell
A body cell that can differentiate
into various tissues
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stem cell
A “blank” cell that can be turned into a
variety of different types of cells found in the
body
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metabolism
All of the physical and chemical
processes that occur within an
organism
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