Download PEP 3250 Anatomical Kinesiology

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Flexion/Extension
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Abduction/Adduction
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Rotation
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The point of intersection of all 3 cardinal planes is the body’s center of gravity.
(Approximately in the low back area of the spinal column—this changes when you
change from the anatomical position).
Start thinking about what kinds of movements are in which plane of motion. For
example, which plane of motion does rotation occur?
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2 or 3 planes of movement done in a sequential order.
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There are 206 bones in the body. Bones provide support, protection, movement,
mineral storage, and blood cell formation.
Bones are classified by their shapes into 4 groups.
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Long bones provide the framework for the body and make movement possible. They
have a diaphysis (shaft) and 2 epiphyses (2 large prominences at either end of the
diaphysis). Early in life the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a
cartilaginous structure called an epiphyseal plate (AKA: growth plate). This is where
the bone grows. The plate closes once the bone matures to max length and the
cartilage is replaced with bone tissue which combines the epiphysis & diaphysis.
Around the entire bone is a tissue layer called the periosteum, where bone cells are
produced and what muscle attaches to. Examples: femur, humerus, tibia
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Short bones differ from long bones by having no diaphysis and they are fairly
symmetrical.
Examples: wrist and ankle bones (carpal & tarsal bones)
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Function=protection; they protect vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
Examples: Head bones, thorax, scapula
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Sesamoid bones= free-floating oval bones that are usually found within tendons of
muscles. They act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, so the angle of the
tendon increases, as well as the leverage and power of the muscle.
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Bony landmarks are literally markings on the bone and they are usually the origins
and insertions of the muscles. By learning the bony markings or landmarks, all of the
origins and insertions of all the skeletal muscles can be learned in the next units of
this class.
Condyles=at the end of long bones, bony knobs
Crest=a ridge
Epicondyle=just above the condyles, smaller bony knobs
Foramen=a hole
Fossa=a smooth, hollow surface on the bone
Facet=smaller, flatter smooth surface like the vertebrae that articulate at the top and
bottom (superior & inferior articulating facets)
Notch=area of bone that looks cut out and allows structure like blood vessels and
nerves to pass through
Head=rounded part at the end of a long bone
Neck=just below the head where it narrows
Spine/Processes=long, thin projection of bone
Styloid Process=pointy at the end of the bone
Tubercles, tuberosities, and trochanters=bumps on the bones and depending on the
size of the bump, leads to the name. Tubercle is a smaller bump, tuberosity is a little
bigger, and trochanter is the biggest bump of the 3.
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Know these bones and landmarks for the head. The occipital bones is the most
posterior skull bone. The foramen magnum is where the spinal column exits to go
down the vertebral column and the occipital protuberance is a protruding bump on
the back of your head before the foramen magnum. There are also superior and
inferior nuchal lines which are used for muscle attachments. The frontal bone is the
most anterior cranial bone. The parietal and temporal bones are located on both
sides of the head. The temporal bone has the external auditory meatus which is the
hole for the ear canal and allows sound to enter the inner ear. It is located between
the ramus of the mandible and the mastoid process. The mastoid process is the
protuberance angled down behind your ear and the zygomatic arch connects the
temporal bone and the zygomatic bone.
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Coronal Suture—where the parietal bones meet the frontal bone
Lambdoidal Suture—where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone
Sagittal Suture—where the 2 parietal bones come together
Squamous Suture—where the parietal bones meet the temporal bone
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Refer to webpage by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the CDC
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Depression Fracture—broken fragments driven inward to form a cavity (kind of like
blunt force trauma to the head)
Compression Fracture—bone tissue collapses or is crushed due to excess trauma or
weight
Greenstick Fracture—1 side breaks, other side bends (an incomplete fracture or
break)
Transverse Fracture—broken horizontally across its width
Stress Fracture—series of incomplete breaks parallel to long axis of bone (an
incomplete fracture)
Avulsion Fracture—portion of bone is broken away as a result to direct trauma or
excessive muscle contraction against resistance
Spiral Fracture—break line spirals around bone due to excessive twisting
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Joints are important in the body. A joint connects 2 bones together. There are 3
types of joints based on a structural classification—fibrous (which is made out of
fibrous tissue), cartilaginous (which is made up of cartilage), and synovial (which is
made up of synovial fluid and a capsule).
Ligaments=band of strong fibrous connective tissue that ties the ends of bones
together to facilitate or limit movement between bones.
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The functional classification is classified on motion capabilities or function NOT on
structural organization. The book does not mention amphiarthrosis joints, but I want
you to know them.
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Synarthrodial joints have no separation or joint cavity. There is no detectable
movement. Examples—the sutures of the skull
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There is some controversy here, but I wanted to include it and I want you to know the
term…
Amphiarthrosis joints allow some movement. Symphysis are cartilaginous and an
example would be the symphysis pubis which is where the 2 pelvic bones come
together. In females during childbirth there has to be some movement allowed there
to have the child move through the birth canal. Another example would be
intervertebral discs which are in between the vertebrae.
Syndesmosis are fibrous tissue and an example would be the fibrous tissue
connecting the tibia and fibula which allows for some movement and flexibility
between those 2 bones. (longer fibrous tissue allows limited movement, whereas
there is no movement in sutures)
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1. Ends of the bone are smooth & have cartilage or disk/meniscus
2. Articular capsule with synovial fluid & membrane
3. Ligaments to stabilize the joint
Those are the 3 essential characteristics. There are 6 types of diarthrosis joints:
gliding, hinge, pivot, ball & socket, saddle, and condyloid!
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Synovial joints are where the greatest amount of movement occurs. The articular
capsule contains the fibrous membrane and the synovial membrane. A synovial
membrane lining the joint secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and provides
nutrients to joint structures.
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Synovial joints are classified into 4 categories by the type of movement they permit in
planes and axes.
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AKA: irregular. They consist of irregularly shaped surfaces that are typically either flat
or slightly rounded. Gliding joints are nonaxial because they allow short gliding
movements in many directions, but it’s NOT around an actual axis though. Examples
would be the clavicle with the sternum, your intercarpal and intertarsal joints, as well
as the facets (superior and inferior) of the vertebrae. These joints allow short gliding
movements which is how it got it’s name as gliding joints.
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Hinge joints are uniaxial because they allow movement in 1 plane of motion. Now an
example of a hinge joint would be the elbow and the knee. We know we can do
flexion and extension of those joints so what plane of motion do hinge joints move
in??
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Pivot joints are uniaxial, meaning they can move in one plane of motion. Since they
allow rotation, what plane of movement do they occur in?? An example of a pivot
joint would be the atlas (C1 vertebrae) rotating around the dens of the axis (C2
vertebrae) which is called the atlantoaxial joint. Another example would be the
proximal radioulnar joint. The radius rotates by way of the annular ligament that
wraps around the radial head.
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Examples would be the hip and shoulder. These are the most moveable joints! The
rounded head of 1 bone fits into a cuplike cavity of another bone. These are triaxial
joints because there are able to move in all the planes of movement, including
circumduction.
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These joints are rare. The one true saddle joint in our body is the thumb
(carpometacarpal joint). It is biaxial because it can do all movements except rotation
(meaning flex/ext, abd/add). So it can move in 2 planes of movement…which 2 are
they??
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It is very similar to the saddle joint so it is biaxial as well, meaning it can do flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction. It cannot do rotation. Which 2 planes of
movement can condyloid joints move in?? An example of a condyloid joint would be
the jaw (temporal-mandibular joint) as well as the metacarpal-phalangeal joints.
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