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Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Chapter 10 Union in Crisis Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Objectives • Contrast the economies, societies, and political views of the North and the South. • Describe the role of the Free-Soil Party in the election of 1848. • Analyze why slavery in the territories was a divisive issue between North and South and how Congress tried to settle the issue in 1850. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People • Wilmot Proviso – outlawed slavery in lands won from Mexico • Free-Soil Party – a political party that promised free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men • popular sovereignty – followers believed a territory’s voters should decide themselves whether to allow slavery Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People (continued) • secede – to break away, especially from the Union • Compromise of 1850 – legislation designed to avoid division between North and South over slavery • Fugitive Slave Act – stringent laws that required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over slavery? As the nation expanded, the problem of slavery became a divisive and difficult issue to resolve. Different economies and viewpoints of the North and the South hindered compromise. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The North, a manufacturing society The South, an agricultural society • Cities and towns were trade centers • Cities and towns were few and far between • Factories and farms produced goods • Large plantations and small farms were source of wealth • Paid labor source, few slaves • Many immigrants • Enslaved labor force of African Americans • Few immigrants Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The North and the South had very different views of slavery. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Slavery and the North Slavery and the South Few people had slaves and slavery ended by 1860. Slavery was an integral part of life with over 1 million enslaved African Americans. Early in the 1800s, some northerners began to work for the abolition of slavery. Many believed God intended blacks to provide labor for whites. Many northern states limited the rights and migration of free African Americans, so many white northerners had little contact with them. Southerners claimed that enslaved people were healthier and happier than northern wage earners. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The North and South had different views about new territories. The North wanted the new territories to be free states. The South wanted the new territories to be slave states. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso stated that all lands acquired from Mexico would be free territories. It was defeated, but it brought the slavery issue into public debate. Keeping a balance between free and slave states became the focus of Congress. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 In the election of 1848, the two political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, split over the issue of slavery and a third party was formed, the Free-Soil Party. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The Free-Soil party lost the election but had a large influence on politics before the Civil War. Platform Impact “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” It won 10 percent of the vote Keep slavery out of the western territories. It raised the question as to who would decide the slavery issue. A national platform of “freedom.” Tensions increased when California sought to join the Union as a free state. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The Democrats and Whigs were forced to address the slavery issue. Both parties supported popular sovereignty, having voters in a territory decide whether their territory would be free or slave. Having voters decide had wide appeal since it seemed to keep with the tradition of American democracy. It would also remove Congress from the controversy. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Once again, the slavery issue was debated in the Senate by three political leaders. Henry Clay from the West Daniel Webster from the North John Calhoun from the South Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Henry Clay proposed a compromise balancing the number of free states and slave states in Congress known as the Compromise of 1850. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Calhoun and Webster’s positions on Clay’s compromise during Senate debate: Calhoun Webster • Clay’s compromise did not give the South enough protection. • The states should rally to the cause of unity. • The South would break away from the Union if it did not get its demands on the slavery issue. • Sectional compromise was needed in order to preserve the Union. • Any state had the right to secede if it disagreed with national laws. • Webster supported popular sovereignty. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The Compromise of 1850 finally became a law stating that: The North The South California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. Congress would pass a stricter fugitive slave law. The territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide on slavery by a vote. Slavery would be enforced in Wash., DC, although the slave trade would be abolished. The compromise brought calm to the nation, but larger crises loomed. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section 2 Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Objectives • Analyze why the Fugitive Slave Act increased tensions between the North and South. • Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen differently by the North and South. • Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas and the effects of that conflict. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People • personal liberty laws – laws passed in the North that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act • Underground Railroad – a secret network of people who helped slaves escape the South • Harriet Tubman – a woman who led slaves into freedom through the Underground Railroad • Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote a best-selling novel that condemned slavery Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People (continued) • Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided Nebraska region into two territories, giving voters in each area the right to decide whether or not to allow slavery • John Brown – a New York abolitionist who used violence • “Bleeding Kansas”– term used to describe Kansas, where there was violence between proslavery and antislavery supporters Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South? The Compromise of 1850 resolved the slavery issues only for a short time. The slavery issue turned violent with the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 By the mid-1800s, the issue of slavery was a national issue in which every American - North, South, and West, had an opinion. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The Fugitive Slave Act, part of the Compromise of 1850, required all citizens to catch and return runaway slaves. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Some Northern states passed personal liberty laws. These laws: • nullified the Fugitive Slave Act. • enabled state officials to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping free African Americans. • increased northern white support of abolitionism. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Free blacks and Northern abolitionists organized an escape network called the Underground Railroad. The map shows the routes “conductors” used to lead enslaved blacks to freedom. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 A fugitive slave from Maryland, Harriet Tubman, was called the “Black Moses” because she led so many people to freedom on the Underground Railroad. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Popular novels condemned slavery, gaining northern support for abolition and infuriating the South. • White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin that gave readers compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom. • Black abolitionist Martin Delany wrote Blake in which the enslaved Blake chooses to rebel violently against slavery. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Tensions greatly increased between the North and the South as: • African Americans increased their resistance. • the abolitionist movement grew stronger in the North and West. • the question of whether a new territory should become a slave or free state arose again. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 KansasNebraska Act was enacted in the spring of 1854. • The legislation divided Nebraska territory into two separate areas. • Residents of both Kansas and Nebraska voted to allow or outlaw slavery. • Congress assumed Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska a free state. • Northerners and Southerners went to Kansas to influence the vote. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Passage of the Act set off violence between Northerners and Southerners. • Pro-slavery Southern Border Ruffians from Missouri attacked the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas. • Northern abolitionist John Brown responded by killing five pro-slavery settlers. • Both sides armed and readied for battle. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Describing the violence in Kansas, reporters called the territory “Bleeding Kansas.” Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The dispute over Kansas: The South wanted Kansas to be a slave state. The North wanted Kansas to be a free state. In 1861, after the Civil War started, Kansas joined the Union as a free state. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Violence over the slavery issue broke out in the U.S. Senate. Southern Representative Brooks badly beat Northern Senator Sumner. The national tension over slavery grew wider and deeper, with violence spreading even to Congress. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section 3 Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Objectives • Analyze how deepening sectional distrust affected the nation’s politics. • Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery. • Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on the slavery debate. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People • Know-Nothings – members of anti-immigrant movement • Republican Party – political party founded in 1854 that opposed slavery • Dred Scott – a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom • Roger B. Taney – chief justice of Supreme Court that ruled against Scott Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People (continued) • Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from Illinois who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephan A. Douglas – an Illinois politician, rival to Lincoln, who supported Kansas-Nebraska Act • Harper’s Ferry – Location of federal arsenal that John Brown tried to seize and start a revolution that would destroy slavery Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 What developments deepened the divisions between the North and South? By the mid-1850s, events caused a deep divide between sections of the nation that seemed unable to be resolved through negotiation and compromise. As the westward expansion continued, these deep sectional differences threatened to tear the nation apart. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 In the presidential election of 1856 there were 5 political parties. Whig Party Failed to nominate a candidate Republican Party Won one-third of the popular vote and 11 northern states Know-Nothings Put up a candidate but dissolved over the slavery issue Democrats Won with James Buchanan promising to stop the “agitation of the slavery issue” Free-Soil Party Absorbed into the Republican Party Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Within a year of the election, another event intensified the divisions in the nation over slavery. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case of Dred Scott, an enslaved man who had lived in a free state and sued for his freedom. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney handed down the controversial decision in March, 1857. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The Dred Scott decision: • ruled against Scott. • said slaves were property and not allowed to sue in court. • said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. • pleased the South. • angered the North and abolitionists. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 In 1858, in a race for the Illinois senate seat, Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln debated the issue of slavery. The seven debates got national attention. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 On the issue of slavery: Lincoln Douglas Spoke with direct and deliberate tone focusing on how slavery was a struggle between right and wrong. Had an energetic, commanding voice and spoke of the political issues. Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty, and the Scott decision. Supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty. Opposed the annexation of Texas. Supported the annexation of Texas. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Both candidates believed the issue of slavery had to be resolved peacefully, within the framework of laws. Douglas won the Senate seat by a slim margin. The debates gave Abraham Lincoln national recognition that was important in the 1860 presidential election. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 John Brown organized a small party of men and attacked a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in Virginia. His goal was to inspire local slaves to join a revolution that would defeat slavery. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Most abolitionists (black and white) refused to join Brown although a few sent money for guns. Brown was arrested, tried, and executed. Lincoln and other Republicans condemned Brown. The South was on alert and many prepared for war. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion John Brown’s raid failed but intensified national division. Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Near the end of the 1850s, attempts at compromise over slavery had failed. The possibility of war between the North and South loomed. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section 4 Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Objectives • Compare the candidates in the election of 1860, and analyze the results. • Analyze why southern states seceded from the Union. • Assess the events that led to the outbreak of war. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Terms and People • Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who became president of the Confederacy • John C. Breckinridge –Southern Democrat nominated for president in the 1860 election • Confederate States of America – formed in February 1861 by seven states that left the Union • Crittenden Compromise – proposed constitutional amendment allowing slavery in all territories south of the Missouri Compromise line • Fort Sumter – federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where first shots of Civil War were fired Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war? Disagreement between the North and South over slavery continued, despite last-minute attempts such as the Crittenden Compromise. With the election of Lincoln to the presidency, the crisis came to a head. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The election of 1860 had four candidates. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 A Democrat, John C. Breckinridge was from Kentucky. He believed the federal government must protect slavery. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 A Democrat, Stephen A. Douglas was from Illinois. He believed popular sovereignty should decide the slavery issue when territories became states. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 A Republican, Abraham Lincoln was from Illinois. He believed slavery should not be allowed in the territories. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Constitutional Unionist John Bell was from Tennessee. He believed the federal government should support slavery and defend the Union. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 With no national candidate dominating the campaign, Lincoln won with just over half of the electoral votes needed and 40 percent of the popular vote. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The vote for Abraham Lincoln was mostly a vote for moderation toward the issue of slavery and a vote for the Union. However, the South felt it no longer had a voice in the national government and did not see how it could remain in the Union. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 South Carolina was the first southern state to leave the Union. X At a state convention held six weeks after Election Day, legislators voted to secede. It was a unanimous vote. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Outgoing President Buchanan publicly condemned South Carolina’s action. However, he did not use force to prevent it. Within weeks, six other Southern states followed South Carolina. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The states with the largest enslaved populations seceded. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 The constitution of the Confederate States of America: • closely resembled the U.S. Constitution. • stressed the independence of each state. • implied that states had the right to secede. • forbid importing new slaves from other countries. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Jefferson Davis, former senator from Mississippi, became president of the Confederate States of America. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 When Lincoln took office: • he urged peace between the Confederacy and the Union. • he decided to try to hold on to the Union forts the Confederacy claimed, such as Fort Sumter. However, Confederate forces attacked and captured the fort in defiance of Lincoln. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 After Fort Sumter fell, Lincoln declared that insurrection existed. Four more southern states immediately joined the Confederacy. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 A Nation Divided by Civil War The issue of slavery had long divided the nation, even at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The economic sectional differences in the mid1800s also greatly contributed to the national division. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Predictions were the Civil War would be short, but it lasted for four terrible years. Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion Chapter Section 25 Section 1 1 Section Review QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz Slavery, States’ The Cold WarRights, Beginsand Western Expansion