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Chapter
Section
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Chapter 10
Union in Crisis
Slavery,
States’
The Cold
WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
Section
25 Section 1
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Objectives
•
Contrast the economies, societies, and
political views of the North and the South.
•
Describe the role of the Free-Soil Party in the
election of 1848.
•
Analyze why slavery in the territories was a
divisive issue between North and South and
how Congress tried to settle the issue in 1850.
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Terms and People
•
Wilmot Proviso – outlawed slavery in lands
won from Mexico
•
Free-Soil Party – a political party that
promised free soil, free speech, free labor,
and free men
•
popular sovereignty – followers believed
a territory’s voters should decide themselves
whether to allow slavery
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
secede – to break away, especially from
the Union
•
Compromise of 1850 – legislation designed
to avoid division between North and South
over slavery
•
Fugitive Slave Act – stringent laws that
required citizens to apprehend fugitive slaves
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How did Congress try to resolve the
dispute between North and South
over slavery?
As the nation expanded, the problem of slavery
became a divisive and difficult issue to resolve.
Different economies and viewpoints of the North
and the South hindered compromise.
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The North,
a manufacturing society
The South,
an agricultural society
• Cities and towns were
trade centers
• Cities and towns were
few and far between
• Factories and farms
produced goods
• Large plantations and
small farms were source
of wealth
• Paid labor source,
few slaves
• Many immigrants
• Enslaved labor force of
African Americans
• Few immigrants
Slavery,
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The North and the South
had very different views
of slavery.
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Slavery and the North
Slavery and the South
Few people had slaves and
slavery ended by 1860.
Slavery was an integral part
of life with over 1 million
enslaved African Americans.
Early in the 1800s, some
northerners began to work
for the abolition of slavery.
Many believed God intended
blacks to provide labor
for whites.
Many northern states limited the
rights and migration of free
African Americans, so many white
northerners had little contact
with them.
Southerners claimed that
enslaved people were healthier
and happier than northern
wage earners.
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The North and South had different views
about new territories.
The North wanted the
new territories to be
free states.
The South wanted the
new territories to be
slave states.
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In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso stated that all lands
acquired from Mexico would be free territories.
It was defeated, but it brought the slavery issue
into public debate.
Keeping a balance between free and slave states
became the focus of Congress.
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In the election of 1848, the
two political parties, the
Democrats and the Whigs,
split over the issue of
slavery and a third party
was formed, the Free-Soil
Party.
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The Free-Soil party lost the election but had a large
influence on politics before the Civil War.
Platform
Impact
“Free soil, free speech,
free labor, and free men.”
It won 10 percent
of the vote
Keep slavery out of the
western territories.
It raised the question as to who
would decide the slavery issue.
A national platform
of “freedom.”
Tensions increased when
California sought to join the
Union as a free state.
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The Democrats and Whigs were forced to address
the slavery issue.
Both parties supported popular sovereignty,
having voters in a territory decide whether their
territory would be free or slave.
Having voters decide had wide appeal since it
seemed to keep with the tradition of American
democracy. It would also remove Congress from
the controversy.
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Once again, the slavery issue was debated
in the Senate by three political leaders.
Henry Clay
from the West
Daniel
Webster
from the
North
John Calhoun from
the South
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Henry Clay proposed a compromise
balancing the number of free states
and slave states in Congress known
as the Compromise of 1850.
Slavery,
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Calhoun and Webster’s positions on Clay’s
compromise during Senate debate:
Calhoun
Webster
• Clay’s compromise did not give
the South enough protection.
• The states should rally to the
cause of unity.
• The South would break away
from the Union if it did not get
its demands on the slavery
issue.
• Sectional compromise was
needed in order to preserve
the Union.
• Any state had the right to
secede if it disagreed with
national laws.
• Webster supported popular
sovereignty.
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The Compromise of 1850 finally became a law
stating that:
The North
The South
California would be admitted to
the Union as a free state.
Congress would pass a stricter
fugitive slave law.
The territories of New Mexico
and Utah would decide on slavery
by a vote.
Slavery would be enforced in
Wash., DC, although the slave
trade would be abolished.
The compromise brought calm to the nation, but
larger crises loomed.
Slavery,
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WarRights,
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Slavery,
States’
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WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
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Section 2
Slavery,
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Objectives
•
Analyze why the Fugitive Slave Act increased
tensions between the North and South.
•
Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen
differently by the North and South.
•
Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas and
the effects of that conflict.
Slavery,
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Terms and People
•
personal liberty laws – laws passed in the
North that nullified the Fugitive Slave Act
•
Underground Railroad – a secret network of
people who helped slaves escape the South
•
Harriet Tubman – a woman who led slaves into
freedom through the Underground Railroad
•
Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote a best-selling
novel that condemned slavery
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
Kansas-Nebraska Act – divided Nebraska region
into two territories, giving voters in each area the
right to decide whether or not to allow slavery
•
John Brown – a New York abolitionist who used
violence
•
“Bleeding Kansas”– term used to describe
Kansas, where there was violence between
proslavery and antislavery supporters
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How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions
between the North and the South?
The Compromise of 1850 resolved the slavery
issues only for a short time.
The slavery issue turned violent with the passage
of the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska
Act.
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By the mid-1800s, the
issue of slavery was a
national issue in which
every American - North,
South, and West, had
an opinion.
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The Fugitive
Slave Act,
part of the
Compromise
of 1850,
required all
citizens to
catch and
return runaway
slaves.
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Some
Northern
states passed
personal
liberty laws.
These laws:
•
nullified the Fugitive
Slave Act.
•
enabled state officials to
arrest slave catchers for
kidnapping free African
Americans.
•
increased northern
white support of
abolitionism.
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Free blacks and
Northern abolitionists
organized an escape
network called the
Underground
Railroad.
The map shows the routes “conductors”
used to lead enslaved blacks to freedom.
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A fugitive slave from
Maryland, Harriet
Tubman, was called the
“Black Moses” because
she led so many people
to freedom on the
Underground Railroad.
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Popular novels condemned slavery, gaining
northern support for abolition and infuriating
the South.
• White abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin that gave readers
compassion for the nonviolent enslaved Tom.
• Black abolitionist Martin Delany wrote Blake in
which the enslaved Blake chooses to rebel
violently against slavery.
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Tensions greatly increased between the
North and the South as:
•
African Americans increased their resistance.
•
the abolitionist movement grew stronger in the
North and West.
•
the question of whether a new territory should
become a slave or free state arose again.
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KansasNebraska
Act
was enacted
in the spring
of 1854.
• The legislation divided
Nebraska territory into two
separate areas.
• Residents of both Kansas and
Nebraska voted to allow or
outlaw slavery.
• Congress assumed Kansas
would become a slave state
and Nebraska a free state.
• Northerners and Southerners
went to Kansas to influence
the vote.
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Passage
of the Act
set off
violence
between
Northerners
and
Southerners.
• Pro-slavery Southern Border
Ruffians from Missouri
attacked the anti-slavery
town of Lawrence, Kansas.
• Northern abolitionist
John Brown
responded by killing
five pro-slavery settlers.
• Both sides armed and
readied for battle.
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Describing the violence
in Kansas, reporters
called the territory
“Bleeding Kansas.”
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The dispute over Kansas:
The South wanted Kansas to be a slave state.
The North wanted Kansas to be a free state.
In 1861, after the
Civil War started,
Kansas joined the
Union as a free state.
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Violence over the
slavery issue broke out
in the U.S. Senate.
Southern Representative
Brooks badly beat
Northern Senator
Sumner.
The national tension over slavery grew wider and
deeper, with violence spreading even to Congress.
Slavery,
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The Cold
WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
Section
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Slavery,
States’
The Cold
WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
Section
25 Section 1
1
Section 3
Slavery,
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Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
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Objectives
•
Analyze how deepening sectional distrust affected
the nation’s politics.
•
Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and
Stephen A. Douglas on the issue of slavery.
•
Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on
the slavery debate.
Slavery,
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Beginsand Western Expansion
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Terms and People
•
Know-Nothings – members of anti-immigrant
movement
•
Republican Party – political party founded in
1854 that opposed slavery
•
Dred Scott – a Missouri slave who sued for his
freedom
•
Roger B. Taney – chief justice of Supreme Court
that ruled against Scott
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from
Illinois who opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act
•
Stephan A. Douglas – an Illinois politician, rival
to Lincoln, who supported Kansas-Nebraska Act
•
Harper’s Ferry – Location of federal arsenal that
John Brown tried to seize and start a revolution
that would destroy slavery
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What developments deepened the
divisions between the North and South?
By the mid-1850s, events caused a deep divide
between sections of the nation that seemed unable
to be resolved through negotiation and
compromise.
As the westward expansion continued, these deep
sectional differences threatened to tear the nation
apart.
Slavery,
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In the presidential election of 1856 there
were 5 political parties.
Whig Party
Failed to nominate a candidate
Republican Party
Won one-third of the popular vote and
11 northern states
Know-Nothings
Put up a candidate but dissolved over
the slavery issue
Democrats
Won with James Buchanan promising to stop
the “agitation of the slavery issue”
Free-Soil Party
Absorbed into the Republican Party
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Within a year of the election, another event
intensified the divisions in the nation over slavery.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled on the case of
Dred Scott, an enslaved man who had lived in a
free state and sued for his freedom.
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Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney handed down the
controversial decision in
March, 1857.
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The
Dred Scott
decision:
• ruled against Scott.
• said slaves were
property and not
allowed to sue in
court.
• said the Missouri
Compromise was
unconstitutional.
• pleased the South.
• angered the North and
abolitionists.
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In 1858, in a race for the
Illinois senate seat,
Stephen A. Douglas and
Abraham Lincoln debated
the issue of slavery.
The seven debates got
national attention.
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On the issue of slavery:
Lincoln
Douglas
Spoke with direct and deliberate
tone focusing on how slavery
was a struggle between right
and wrong.
Had an energetic, commanding
voice and spoke of the political
issues.
Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska
Act, popular sovereignty, and the
Scott decision.
Supported the Kansas-Nebraska
Act and popular sovereignty.
Opposed the annexation of
Texas.
Supported the annexation of
Texas.
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Both candidates believed the issue of slavery
had to be resolved peacefully, within the
framework of laws.
Douglas won the Senate seat by a slim margin.
The debates gave Abraham Lincoln national
recognition that was important in the 1860
presidential election.
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John Brown
organized
a small party
of men
and attacked
a federal arsenal
at Harper’s Ferry
in Virginia.
His goal was to
inspire local slaves to
join a revolution that
would defeat slavery.
Slavery,
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Most abolitionists
(black and white)
refused to join Brown
although a few sent
money for guns.
Brown was arrested,
tried, and executed.
Lincoln and other
Republicans condemned
Brown.
The South was on
alert and many
prepared for war.
Slavery,
States’
The Cold
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John
Brown’s raid
failed but
intensified
national
division.
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Near the end of the 1850s,
attempts at compromise over slavery had failed.
The possibility of war between the
North and South loomed.
Slavery,
States’
The Cold
WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
Section
25 Section 1
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Slavery,
States’
The Cold
WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
Section
25 Section 1
1
Section 4
Slavery,
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Chapter
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Objectives
•
Compare the candidates in the election
of 1860, and analyze the results.
•
Analyze why southern states seceded from
the Union.
•
Assess the events that led to the outbreak
of war.
Slavery,
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Terms and People
•
Jefferson Davis – Mississippi senator who became
president of the Confederacy
•
John C. Breckinridge –Southern Democrat
nominated for president in the 1860 election
•
Confederate States of America – formed in
February 1861 by seven states that left the Union
•
Crittenden Compromise – proposed constitutional
amendment allowing slavery in all territories south of
the Missouri Compromise line
•
Fort Sumter – federal fort in Charleston, South
Carolina, where first shots of Civil War were fired
Slavery,
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How did the Union finally collapse into
a civil war?
Disagreement between the North and South over
slavery continued, despite last-minute attempts such as
the Crittenden Compromise.
With the election of Lincoln to the presidency, the crisis
came to a head.
Slavery,
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The election of 1860 had four candidates.
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A Democrat, John C. Breckinridge
was from Kentucky.
He believed the federal
government must protect
slavery.
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A Democrat, Stephen A. Douglas was
from Illinois.
He believed popular
sovereignty should decide
the slavery issue when
territories became states.
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A Republican, Abraham Lincoln was from
Illinois.
He believed
slavery should not be
allowed in the
territories.
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Constitutional Unionist John Bell was
from Tennessee.
He believed the
federal government
should support slavery
and defend the Union.
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With no national
candidate
dominating the
campaign,
Lincoln won with
just over half of
the electoral
votes needed
and 40 percent
of the popular
vote.
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The vote for
Abraham Lincoln
was mostly a vote
for moderation
toward the issue
of slavery and a
vote for the Union.
However, the
South felt it no
longer had a voice
in the national
government and
did not see how it
could remain in
the Union.
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South Carolina was the
first southern state to
leave the Union.
X
At a state convention
held six weeks after
Election Day,
legislators voted
to secede. It was a
unanimous vote.
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Outgoing President Buchanan publicly
condemned South Carolina’s action.
However, he did not use force to prevent it.
Within weeks, six other Southern states
followed South Carolina.
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The states with the largest enslaved populations seceded.
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The constitution of the
Confederate States of America:
•
closely resembled the U.S. Constitution.
•
stressed the independence of each
state.
•
implied that states had the right to
secede.
•
forbid importing new slaves from other
countries.
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Jefferson Davis, former
senator from Mississippi,
became president of the
Confederate States of
America.
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When Lincoln took office:
• he urged peace between the
Confederacy and the Union.
• he decided to try to hold on to
the Union forts the Confederacy
claimed, such as Fort Sumter.
However, Confederate forces attacked and
captured the fort in defiance of Lincoln.
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After
Fort Sumter
fell, Lincoln
declared that
insurrection
existed.
Four more southern
states immediately
joined the Confederacy.
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A Nation Divided by Civil War
The issue of slavery had
long divided the nation,
even at the Constitutional
Convention in 1787.
The economic sectional differences in the mid1800s also greatly contributed to the national
division.
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Predictions
were the Civil
War would be
short, but it
lasted for four
terrible years.
Slavery,
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WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion
Chapter
Section
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Section Review
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Slavery,
States’
The Cold
WarRights,
Beginsand Western Expansion