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O I W : T H E W O O D L A N D C A R I B O U IndependentStudy
ComparingWoodlandCaribouandMoose
Synopsis
LinktotheOntarioCurriculum:
•
Grade9AcademicScience(B1.1,1.2)
o
o
•
Grade11AcademicBiology(B1.1)
o
•
B1.1:analyzesomeoftherisksandbenefitsofhumanintervention
tothebiodiversityofaquaticorterrestrialecosystems
F3:demonstrateanunderstandingofconceptsrelatedto
populationgrowth,andexplainthefactorsthataffectthegrowth
ofvariouspopulationsofspecies
Grade11EnvironmentalScienceWorkplacePrep(B1.2)
o
Grade12AcademicBiology(F3)
o
•
B1.1:assess,onthebasisofresearch,theimpactofafactorrelated
tohumanactivitythatthreatensthesustainabilityofaterrestrialor
aquaticeco-system
B1.2:evaluatetheeffectivenessofgovernmentinitiativesin
Canada(federal,provincial,municipal),and/ortheeffortsof
societalgroupsornon-governmentalorganizations,suchas
Aboriginalcommunities,environmentalgroups,orstudent
organizations,withrespecttoanenvironmentalissuethataffects
thesustainabilityofterrestrialoraquaticecosystems
Thislessonisdesignedtobe
completedindependently,with
verylittlerequirementfor
teacherinput.Thislessoncanbe
usedasaculminatingactivityor
independentstudyproject.
Studentswillcollectinformation
aboutWoodlandcariboufrom
watchingthesixepisodesofthe
Woodlandcaribouseries.They
willcomparethisinformation
withmaterialtheygatherfrom
textonmoose.Theywillusethis
tomakeacomparisonbetween
thesetwospeciesandmake
suggestionsonhowmoose
managementcanhelptoguide
Woodlandcariboumanagement.
B1.2:analysewaysinwhichsocietalneedsordemandshave
influencedscientificendeavoursrelatedtotheenvironment
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
ComparingWoodlandCaribouandMoose
ThislessonallowsstudentstosummarizeinformationaboutWoodlandcaribouandmoose
andresultsinacomparisonofthetwospecies.
TeacherPreparation
•
•
Provideacomputerandheadphonesforthestudenttowatchthevideos
ProvidepapercopyorlinktoMooseinformationsheet
Afterwatching
episodes1-6
Duration
Materials
•
Timing
170minutes
Paperordigitalcopyof“Moose”
Location
Introduction
Classroom,
Library,or
Home
Grouping
Throughouttheseries,FrankieandTannerlearnaboutthebiologyandecologyof
Individuallyor
Woodlandcaribou.Theylearnabouttheimpactshumanactionshaveonthe
inGroups
caribouandthespecies’relationshipwithAboriginalpeoples.Theinvestigators
learnaboutthemacroandmicropredatorsthatimpactcariboupopulations.
Finally,theylearnaboutthevarioustechnologiesusedtostudythe
caribouandtheirpredators,sotheycanlearnaboutpopulation
KeyCo
dynamicsandstrategiestoaidrecovery.
ncepts
•
Studentswillusethisinformationandcompareittowhattheyread
Findin
g
aboutmoose.Theywillthenmakelargerconclusionsabouthowthey
anddi similarities
ffe
betwe rences
mightbemanaged.
en
northe two
rnmam
mals
ScreeningtheEpisode
WatchthesixepisodesoftheWoodlandCaribouSeries.Whilewatching,answerthe
followingquestions:
1. Whatdocariboulooklike?
2. Whataretheirmovementpatterns(eg.dotheymigrate)?
3. Whatdotheyeat?
4. Describetheirhabitat?
5. Whataretheirpredators?Aretheyaffectedbyanymicropredators?
6. Howdotheyaffectpeople?Howtopeopleaffectthem?
7. WhatistheirrelationshipwithAboriginalpeople?
8. Howmanyarethere?Howdoscientiststracktheirnumbers?
9. Aretheirnumbersincreasingordecreasing?Why?
10. Whatconservationeffortsarebeingdone?Whattechniquesdoscientistsuse?
Read“Moose”.Answerthesamequestionsbutthistimeformoose.Seeendofdocumentforteacher
answerstothequestions.
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
Activity
1. StudentsaretousetheiranswerstothepreviousquestionstocreateaVenndiagramshowingthe
similaritiesanddifferencesbetweenmooseandWoodlandcaribou.
AdditionalResources:
https://www.ontario.ca/page/moose-population-management[page1-3]
http://www.hww.ca/en/wildlife/mammals/moose.html
http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=636
http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/species-at-risk/251755.pdf[page33-46]
Discussion
1. Arethereanylessonsortechniquesusedforonespeciesthatcouldbeusedfortheother?
2. Basedonwhatthey’velearned,askstudentstorecommendastrategyforcaribourecoverybasedon
techniquesusedandlessonslearnedfrommooseexamples.
ResearchanddiscusstheprosandconsofcullingpredatorsasarecoverystrategyforWoodlandcaribou
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Moose
CommonName:Moose
ScientificName:Alcesalces
OtherNames:Elk(inEuropeandAsia),swampdonkey,andtwigeater
GeneralAppearance:Themoose’suniquelookcombinesanumberofphysiologicaladaptationsforlife
inthenorthernforest.Mooseareaboutthesizeofahorse,withalongbrownish-blackheadandsnout,
largeears,andapendantoffurcoveredskin,calledabell,hangingfromthethroat.Moosehavelong,
slimlegsthatareabout2meterslongthatendincloven,ordivided,hooves.Theirbodyismassively
muscledatitshumpedshoulders,graduallyslimmingouttoashortstubbytail.Moosearethelargest
memberofthedeerfamily,whoseNorthAmericanmembersalsoincludeelk,white-taileddeer,mule
deer,andcaribou.
Malesandfemalescanbetoldapartduringthesummermonthsbytheexistenceofantlersontheheads
ofmales(calledbulls)andthelackofantlersonfemales(calledcows).Duringthewindermonths,after
antlersareshed,femalescanberecognizedbythecolourofthesnout,whichislightbrown,andawhite
patchofhairontheirrumpcalledthevulvapatch.
Amalemoosegrowsandthenshedsitsantlerseachyear(unlikehornswhichremainthroughoutan
animal’slife).Mooseantlersarethefastesttypeofgrowingboneknownontheplanet.Amoosemay
growasetofantlersweighingupto25kilogramsinjustfivemonths!
Malemooseweighanaverageof500kilograms,andfemalesaverage425kilograms.
Migration:Moosedonotmigrate.Theyareyear-roundresidentstothenorthernforestandstayalocal
residenttooneareaiftheyfindenoughnutrition.HugepartsoftheNorthAmericanmoosepopulation
haveahomerangeofbetween5and40km2.
FoodSources:Mooseareherbivoresandfeedonaquaticvegetation,assortedgroundplants,leaves,
andtwigsofbothconifersanddeciduoustreesandshrubs.Moosehavebeenrecordedtoeatupto20kg
oftwigsinjustonewinter,andanamazing50kgofgreenvegetationinonesummer’sday!
Beforehumansettlement,thelargesuppliesofwoodytwigsneededbymoosewereprovidedbyyoung
forestregrowthinthewakeofforestfires.Nowthatwildfiremanagementhasbeenlargelycontrolled,
themoose’ssourceoffoodisoftenareasthataregrowingagainafterlogging.
Habitat:MoosearefoundintheborealforestcoveringmuchofCanada,fromthePacificcoast,eastto
NewfoundlandandLabrador,northtothetreeline.MoosecanalsobefoundinthenorthernUnited
States,andsouththroughtothenorthcentralRockyMountains.Moosearebiologicallyrecent
immigrantstoNorthAmerica.BiologistsbelievethatmoosetravelledtoNorthAmericafromEurasiato
present-dayAlaskaduringthelastglaciationabout11,000yearsago.Moosecanbefoundstilllivingin
theborealforestofEuropeandAsia.Moosearecommonlyfoundinspringalonghighwaycorridors
wheretheyfeedonthesalt-richwatersthatcollectinroadsideditchesfromwinterroadmaintenance.
Assoonasaquaticvegetationgrows,moosecanbefoundfeedingonaquaticvegetationinbeaverponds,
rivers,andshallowareasoflakes.Infallandwinter,moosefeedonleaves(whenavailable)andthe
youngesttwigsandtreesandshrubs,andwilloftenspendtimeindenseconiferousforestsduringthe
coldestwintermonths.
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MajorPredators:Wolvesandbearsconstitutethetwomainpredatorsofmoose.Healthyadultmoose
arerelativelysafefrompredationastheirsizeandstrengthmakesthemaformidableopponent.Theold,
sick,injured,orveryyoungmaybepreyedonbywolves,butthemajorityofMooseeatenbywolveshave
diedofothercauses.
Blackbearswillpreyonmoosecalvesintheearlysummerwhentheyarethemostvulnerable.Despite
thisvulnerability,amothermoosewillaggressivelywardoffanyattacktohercalf.
AparasitecalledBrainworm,whichliveswithnoeffectsinWhite-taileddeer,candrasticallyeffectmoose
populations.Thewormispassedfromdeeroutthroughtheirfeces.Snailsfeedingonthefecesingestthe
worm,andthenareaccidentlyeatenbybrowsingmoose.This8cmlongroundwormeventuallykillsthe
moosethatateit.Sinceitiscarriedbydeer,asthedeerpopulationsfluctuate,sodothenumbersof
BrainwormsintheenvironmentandthusinthenumberofMoose.
TheWinterTickisanotherparasitethataffectsmoose.Aboutthesizeofagrainofsand,theyclimbonto
vegetationandwithfrontlegsoutstretched,theyclimbaboardapassingmoose.Theseticksburrow
throughtheirthickfurandintomoose’sskintoseekawarm,food-richplacetospendthewinter.
Throughoutthewinter,theycanfeedonenoughofthemoose’sbloodtogrowtothesizeofagrape.The
tickitselfdoesnotharmthemoose.Theticksirritatethemoosewhiletheyareattached,whichcausethe
moosetorubagainstthingsandcanleadtolargepatchesofhairtoberemovedaroundtheirshoulders
andsides.Thiscanresultinthemoosegettinghypothermiaduringthecold,rainy,springconditions.
HumanInteractions:Mooseareamajorelementinthecomplexofwildlifeattractionsthatdrawvisitors
toparksandotherwildlandstoviewandstudynature.Moosehuntinggeneratesover$500millionin
economicactivityannuallyandprovideslargeamountsoffoodforaboriginalandotherruralpeople.For
thousandsofyearsAboriginalpeoplehavelivedwith,andhuntedmooseforfood,clothingandmany
otheruses.
Mooserespondwelltomanagementoftheirhabitatbyloggingorcontrolledburningaslongasthese
activitiesmaintainadiversityofopenareasandpatchesoflargertreesforcover.Whilehuman
disturbanceshavecontributedtoWoodlandcariboulosingprobablymorethanhalftheirtraditional
rangeinOntario,moosehaveadaptedwelltohumanactivities,andwithappropriatemanagement,they
willalwaysbepartoftheCanadianwilderness.
PopulationStudies:InNorthAmerica,themostcommonmethodtoestimatemoosenumbersis
countingindividualsfromanaircraftwhentheyareontheirwinterrange.Itisarelativelysimpleand
effectivewaytoestimatethepopulationofmanyspeciespresentduringthewintermonths.Observers
typicallyspenddaytimehoursflyingmultiplepasses(transects)throughdifferentsurveyareas.
Observersinthehelicopterareconstantlyonthelookoutforbothmooseandtheirtracks.Shouldthe
pilotflyoverfreshmoosetracks,thepilot,withhelpofthekeen-eyedobservers,followthetrackstothe
animal(s).Whenthemoosearelocated,thenumberofanimalsiscounted,bullsareagedbasedontheir
antlersize,andsexisnoted(bull,cow,orcalf).Surveyingcanlastuptotwomonthsuntilthereisenough
landareacoveredtoestimatethepopulation.TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandForestry(MNRF)
alsotracksmoosepopulationtrendsthroughhuntersuccessratesandestimatedtrendsinotherfactors,
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
suchaswinterticksandbrainworm.Thecombinedresultsofthesemeasurementsareusedtosetthe
numberofadultmoosetagsavailabletohuntersintheannualmoosedraw.
MoosepopulationsarenotatriskinCanada.Moosepopulationnumbersmostlyfluctuateinrelationto
foodavailability,disease,huntingpressure.Wherepredationandhuntingarelimited,moosenumbers
mayincreasetothepointwherefoodisinadequate.Undertheseconditions,manyanimalsstarvewhile
allaremalnourishedandmorelikelytobekilledbypredatorsordisease.
MNRFalsotracksarangeofenvironmentalfactorsandtheirlong-termeffectsonmoosenumbers,for
examplehowclimatechangemaybeimpactingthecomplexrelationshipbetweenweather,habitatand
theprevalenceofparasitesanddiseases.
Theministryusesmodelingaswellasresearchandmonitoringprojectstoassesstheimpactofthewide
rangeoffactorsthatareputtingpressureonmoose.
Populationsmustbekeptwithinthelimitssetbytheirfoodsupplytopreventstarvation,disease,and
seriousdamagetovegetation.Foresters,inareasthatareoverpopulatedbymoose,findthatthe
regenerationoftreesisharmedsignificantlybymoose.Thismayseriouslyreducefuturetimbercropsas
wellasthebreedinghabitatofsongbirdsthatnestindeciduousshrubs.
Adaptedfrom“TheScienceBehindAlgonquin’sAnimals-Researchprojects-Moose”
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SpeciesComparisonSheet
WoodlandCaribou
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
INDEPENDENTSTUDY
Both
Moose
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
TeacherAnswers
WoodlandCaribou
1.WhatdoWoodlandcariboulooklike?
• Woodlandcaribouareamedium-sizedmemberofthedeerfamily.Bothmalesandfemalescan
growantlersandlosethemeveryyear.Infact,caribouaretheonlymembersofthedeerfamily
whosefemalescangrowantlers
• Cariboualsohavelargehoovesthathelpthempaddle
• Theirhairishollow,sortoflikeastraw,whichhelpstokeepthemafloatinthewater
2.Whataretheirmovementpatterns?
• Thereare2distinctpopulationsofWoodlandcaribou
o Theforest-dwellingWoodlandcaribouliveintheforestallyearround.Inwinterthey
sometimesgatherinsmallgroups;inthesummertheyarewidelyscatteredthroughout
theirhabitatwiththefemalesmovingtosummerrangetohavetheiroffspring.
o ThemigratoryWoodlandcaribouliveinthetundraduringspringandsummerandmove
intotheborealforestinwinter.
3.Whatdotheyeat?
• Forest-dwellingWoodlandcariboulikegroundplantsinthesummer,buttheirfavoritefoodis
lichen,whichislowinprotein,buthighincarbohydrates.Lichenhelpprovidecaribouwiththe
energytheyneedtosurvivelong,coldwinters.
4.Describeforest-dwellingWoodlandcaribouhabitat
• Theyneedlargetractsofintactmatureforestforshelter,food,raisingtheiroffspringand
avoidanceofpredators.
• Asinglecariboumightneedasmuchas4000sqkilometerstomeetallofitssummerandwinter
rangeneeds.
5.Whataretheirpredators?Anymicropredators?
• Wolvesandbears.
• Mosquitoes,blackflies,horseanddeerflies,meningealbrainworm
6.Howdotheyaffectpeople?
• AccordingtoCreeelderThomasCoon,"Everyspeciesincreationisimportant.Allthebiggame
andthesmallgame,andtheplants,andtheenvironment,andthewaterandtheair,andpeople
arelikeafamily,afamilyofpeople.Andcaribouareoneoftheimportantspecies.Ifthewoodland
caribougodown,itaffectstheotherspecies."
• Caribouareanindicatorspeciesforthehealthoftheborealforest.Theborealinturnis
importantforprovidingpeoplewithcleanairandsequesteringcarbondioxide.
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
7.Howdopeopleaffectthem?
• Humandisturbanceslikerailways,highways,landclearing,andvariousindustriesreducethe
amountofhabitatavailabletocaribou.
• CaribouhavelostprobablymorethanhalftheirrangenowinOntario,they'vebeenpushedthat
farnorth.
• People'sactivities,likeforestry,changethetypeofforestandmakeitmoresuitableforother
specieslikemooseanddeerandcreatemoreopportunitiesforpredators.
8.WhatistheirrelationshiptoAboriginalpeople?
• ForthousandsofyearsAboriginalpeoplelivedwithWoodlandcaribouandhuntedthemforfood,
clothingandthemakingoftoolsetc.
• TodaysomeAboriginalgroupshavestoppedhuntingandareworkingwithgovernmentagencies
tohelpintherecoveryeffort.
9.Aretheirnumbersincreasingordecreasing?Why?
• TheborealWoodlandcaribounumbersaredecreasingdueto
o Lossofhabitat
o Increasedpredation
10.Whatconservationeffortsarebeingdone?Whattechniquesdoscientistsuse?
• Studiesarebeingdoneontheimpactthatroads,forestry,constructionandotherhumanactivities
intheborealforesthaveoncaribousurvivalandrecruitment.Scientistswanttounderstandthe
cumulativeeffectofallthehumanactivitiesintheborealforestandfigureoutthethresholdof
activitythatwillstillallowcaribouherdstosurviveovertime.Thegoalistofindwaysforpeople
tomanagetheborealforestinawaythatallowspeopleandcaribouandalltheotherspeciesto
coexist.
• Theyusetrackingdevicesandcamerastolearnhowcaribouusetheirhabitat-whattheyeat,
wheretheysleep,howfartheymovebetweensummerandwinterhabitat,howmanycalvesthey
haveetc.
• TheyaregatheringcariboupelletsandusingDNAsamplingtogeneticallyprofileindividual
caribou.
• Theyarecollaringwolvesforthepurposeofstudyingtheimpactofwolvesoncaribouinrelation
todifferentlevelsofhumandisturbanceandthesubsequentincreaseofmooseanddeerinthe
area.
• Withdatafromthesestudies,computermodelsarebeingcreatedtohelpforecasttheimpactsof
differentmanagementstrategiesintheborealforest.Theseinturnaremeanttohelppolicy
makersandborealforestmanagersmakegooddecisionsthatensurethesustainabilityof
Woodlandcaribouandalltheotherspeciesthatlivethere.
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
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Moose
1.Whatdomooselooklike?
• Moosearethelargestmemberofthedeerfamily,whoseNorthAmericanmembersalsoinclude
elk,white-taileddeer,muledeer,andcaribou.
• Moosehavelong,slimlegsthatendincloven,ordivided,hooves.Thebodyisdeepandmassively
muscledattheshoulders,givingtheanimalahumpedappearance.
• Theheadisheavyandcompact.Mostmoosehaveapendantoffur-coveredskin,about30cm
long,calledabell,hangingfromthethroat.
• Malesandfemalescanbetoldapartduringthesummerandfallmonthsbythepresence(bulls)
orabsence(cows)ofantlers.
2.Whataretheirmovementpatterns?
• Moosedonotmigrate;theystaywithinahomerangeaslongasthereisenoughfoodavailable;
homeranges.
• HugepartsoftheNorthAmericanmoosepopulationhaveahome-rangeofbetween5-40km2.
3.Whatdotheyeat?
• Mooseareherbivoresandfeedonaquaticvegetation,assortedgroundplants,leaves,andtwigsof
bothconifersanddeciduoustreesandshrubs.
• Beforesettlement,thelargesuppliesofwoodytwigsneededbymoosewereprovidedbyyoung
forestregrowthinthewakeofforestfires.Nowthatwildfiremanagementhasbeenlargely
controlled,themoose’ssourceoffoodisoftenareasthataregrowingagainafterlogging.
4.Describemoosehabitat
• Duringspringandsummer,mooseliveonthemarginsoflakes,pondsandstreamsoftheboreal
forest.
• Inthewintertheyseekshelterindenseconiferforests.
5.Whataretheirpredators?
• Theold,sick,injured,orveryyoungmaybepreyedonbywolves.
• Blackbearsalsopreyonmoosecalvesinthespring.
• Brainwormisaparasiteofwhite-taileddeer,whichareadaptedtoit.However,inmooseitis
deadly,andthereisalonghistoryofmoosedyinginregionswherethetwospeciesoverlap.
• TheWinterTickisanothermicropredatorthatcausesdeathsinmoosepopulations.Theydonot
killthemoosedirectlybutratherscratchingleadingtolossofhairandthentoillness.
6.Howdotheyaffectpeople?
• Moosehuntinggeneratesover$500millionineconomicactivityannuallyandprovideslarge
amountsoffoodforaboriginalandotherruralpeople.
• Mooseareamajorelementinthecomplexofwildlifeattractionsthatdrawvisitorstoparksand
otherwildlandstoviewandstudynature.
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INDEPENDENTSTUDY
•
OIW:THEWOODLANDCARIBOU
Populationsmustbekeptwithinthelimitssetbytheirfoodsupplytopreventstarvation,disease,
andseriousdamagetovegetation.Forestersinareasthatareoverpopulatedbymoosefindthat
theregenerationofforesttreesisharmedsignificantly.Thismayseriouslyreducefuturetimber
cropsaswellasthebreedinghabitatofsongbirdsthatnestindeciduousshrubs.
7.Howdopeopleaffectthem?
• Mooserespondwelltomanagementoftheirhabitatbyloggingorcontrolledburningifthese
activitiesmaintainadiversityofopenareasandpatchesoflargertreesforcover.Caribouhave
lostprobablymorethanhalftheirrangenowinOntario,they'vebeenpushedthatfarnorth.
• Moosehaveadaptedwelltohumanactivities,andwithappropriatemanagement,theywillalways
bepartoftheCanadianscene.
8.WhatistheirrelationshiptoAboriginalpeople?
• ForthousandsofyearsAboriginalpeoplelivedwithmooseandhuntedthemforfood,clothing
andthemakingoftoolsetc.
9.Aretheirnumbersincreasingordecreasing?Why
• MoosepopulationsarenotatriskinCanada
• Moosepopulationnumbersfluctuateinrelationtofoodavailability,disease,huntingpressure.
• Wherepredationandhuntingarelimited,moosenumbersmayincreasetothepointwherefoodis
inadequate.Undertheseconditions,manyanimalsstarvewhileallaremalnourishedandmore
likelytobekilledbypredatorsordisease.
10.Whatconservationeffortsarebeingdone?Whattechniquesdoscientistsuse?
• TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesandForestry(MNRF)tracksmoosepopulationtrendsthrough:
• winteraerialinventorysurveys
• huntersuccessrates
• estimatedtrendsinotherfactors,suchaswinterticksandbrainworm
• Thecombinedresultsofthesemeasurementsareusedtosetthenumberofadultmoosetags
availabletohuntersintheannualmoosedraw.
• MNRFtrackingofmoosepopulationtrendshasalsocenteredonevaluatingarangeof
environmentalfactorsandtheirlong-termeffectsonmoose.Thisincludeslookingathowclimate
changemaybechangingtheinterplayofelementswithinecologicalsystemsincludingweather,
habitatandtheprevalenceofparasitesanddiseases.
• Theministryusesmodelingaswellasresearchandmonitoringprojectstoassesstheimpactofthe
widerangeoffactorsthatareputtingpressureonmoose.
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