Download 06a - Warof1812

Conflict Areas
 The war between Great Britain and France
raged between 1793 and 1815 with few
interruptions.
 As a part of the British Empire, Upper Canada
was unable to escape this broader conflict with
the United States. Geography and country
alliance, however, determined that Upper Canada
would be the primary battleground of the war.
 On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war
on Britain. The war was fought between them was
fought from 1812 to 1815.
Declaration of War
 American declaration of war against Great
Britain happened on June 18, 1812
External Causes of the War
 The long conflict between Britain and France from
the French Revolution through the reign of
Napoleon was fought to a great extent as an
economic war.
 Britain and France attempted to interfere with the
trade of neutrals, including the United States, that
was deemed to benefit the enemy.
Main Causes Of the War of 1812
 1a) Britain issued Orders-in-Council which
forbade trade through European ports under
French control.
 These trade restrictions introduced by Britain to
impede American trade with France, a country with
which Britain was at war; the U.S. contested these
restrictions as illegal under international law
 1b)While France issued the Milan Decrees which
outlawed trade with Britain or its trading partners.
 1c)The trade dispute with Britain was heightened by
the policy of stopping American vessels and
removing any Crewmembers (US Citizens) believed
to be deserters from the Royal Navy
 1d) Third, the British military support for American
Indians who were offering armed resistance to the
expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest
 1e)Many American politicians (The War Hawks) saw war
with Great Britain as an opportunity to expand northward
through the conquest of Upper Canada.
Invasion of Canada
 On July 12, 1812, forces under General Hull crosses
into Canada at Sandwich. The invasion is quickly
stopped, and American forces are forced to
withdraw.
The Leaders
WAR OF 1812
Major General Isaac Brock
Leaders
 Major General Isaac Brock had been in command in
Upper Canada for nearly 10 years when the war began.
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Brock was the senior British officer in Upper Canada when the
war started.
His capture of Detroit, with the support of Tecumseh, boosted
Upper Canadian morale at a critical point in the conflict.
His death at Queenston Heights was an equally potent symbol for
patriotic memories
Important Personalities
 Laura Secord Laura Secord, a resident of Queenston,
provided a warning to Colonel Fitzgibbon of the
American advance on Beaver Dams, leading to the
surrender of the American forces when met by First
Nations, militia and British regulars.
 Tecumseh Shawnee leader, ally to the British. His
support was instrumental in the capture of Detroit from
the United States in the opening months of the war. His
death at the Battle of Moraviantown equalled Brock’s as
a symbol of the defence of Upper Canada.
American Leaders
1) General William Hull
- American officer and veteran of the War of Independence, Hull
surrendered to Brock at Detroit in 1812
- He was the first American officer to lead an assualt on another
country
2) President James Madison
- Madison became President in 1808 and signed the Declaration of War against
Great Britain in June 1812.
- Re-elected that same year, Madison in turn signed the peace treaty that restored
the pre-war situation.
3) War Hawks
- War Hawk is a term originally used to describe a member of the House of
Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated
waging war against Great Britain in the War of 1812.
First Nations
 During the conflict, the United States also faced
First Nation uprisings stretching from Florida to
the Upper Great Lakes
Native Leaders
 Ahyonwaeghs (John Brant) Ahyonwaeghs, a Mohawk
leader, supported the British throughout the War of
1812, participating in the Battle of Queenston Heights
and encouraging other members of the Six Nations from
along Grand River to fight the American invaders.
 Tecumseh Shawnee leader, ally to the British. His
support was instrumental in the capture of Detroit
from the United States in the opening months of
the war. His death at the Battle of Moraviantown
equalled Brock’s as a symbol of the defence of
Upper Canada.
Treaty of Ghent
 On December 24, the
Treaty of Ghent is signed
ending the war. The war
in the field continues
until mid-February
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The War Ends
 Negotiations for a peace treaty had started in 1813 but
dragged on as each side attempted to gain an advantage
that would settle the war in their favour.
 The failure by either side to win a decisive victory led to a
peace treaty signed at Ghent in December 1814 which
restored the status quo.
 The slow communications of the day meant that the bloody
clash at New Orleans was fought after the war ended.
 In the end, this war was called THE WAR THAT NOBODY
WON, The ended with the Treaty of Ghent
War of 1812 Quiz
1. The Treaty of _______was signed on December 24, 1814, officially ending the
War of 1812.
a. Paris
b. London
c. Ghent
d. Brussels
2. British General Isaac ______ tricked the Americans into thinking they were
surrounded at Fort Malden in June of 1812.
a. Brock
b. Cornwallis
c. Gage
d. Clinton
3. The British forcibly took American sailors and pressed them into the Royal Navy.
a. True
b. False
4. The War of 1812 was the third armed conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain.
a. True
b. False
5. The American General who led the first ever invasion of Canada was General
Hull?
a. True
b. False
Place the following names in their correct place
a) Andrew Jackson, b) James Madison, c)Pontiac, d) Impressement Act,
e) Navigation Act, f) Issac Brock, g) Tecumseh, h) Upper Canada,
i) Lower Canada, j) New York
6. President James _________ signed a declaration of war on Britain in 1812.
7. The first battles of the War of 1812 were fought in ________.
8. The American General Andrew ________ defeated the British at the Battle of New
Orleans.
9.The Indian chief _________ aided the British in the War of 1812
10.What tribe was Tecumseh from?
a) Sioux
b) Iroquois
c) Cherokee
d) Shawanee
11. Which British commander led ground troops in battles against the US in Canada?
a) Brock
b) Wolfe
c) Montcalm
d) Hull
12. What treaty ended the War of 1812?
a) Treaty of Versailles
b) Treaty of Paris
c) Congress of Vienna
d) Treaty of Ghent