Download Chapter 17 Classification

17-1 Finding Diversity in Order
A. Why Classify?
B. Assigning Scientific Names
Chapter 17
1. Early Efforts at Naming Organisms
1. Aristotle
2. Binomial Nomenclature
Classification
1. Panthera leo
C. Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Linnaeus’s System of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
???
Human
???
Kingdom Animalia
Lion
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Carnivora Primates
Family
Felidae
Felidae
Hominidae
Homo
Grizzly bear Black bear
Genus
Panthera
Felis
species
leo
domesticus sapiens
Giant
panda
Red fox
Coral Sea star
Abert
squirrel snake
KINGDOM Animalia
Carnivora
PHYLUM Chordata
Ursidae
CLASS Mammalia
Ursus
ORDER Carnivora
arctos
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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17-1 Section Assessment
• How are living things organized for study?
• Describe the system for naming species that
Linnaeus developed.
• What are the seven taxonomic categories of
Linnaeus’s classification system? Rank these
taxa in hierarchical order, beginning with the
largest level and ending with the smallest.
• Why do scientists avoid using common names
when discussing organisms?
• What is binomial nomenclature?
17-2 Modern Evolutionary
Classification
A. Which Similarities Are Most Important?
B. Evolutionary Classification
C. Classification Using Cladograms
D. Similarities in DNA and RNA
E. Molecular Clocks
Comparison of Diagrams
Appendages
Crab
Conical Shells
Barnacle
Limpet
Crustaceans
Crab
Gastropod
Limpet
Barnacle
Molted
exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
17-2 Section Assessment
• How is information about evolutionary, or
phylogenetic, relationships useful in
classification?
• How are genes used to help scientists classify
organisms?
• What is the principle behind cladistic analysis?
• What gene indicates that yeasts and humans
share a common ancestor?
• Describe the relationship between evolutionary
time and the similarity of genes in two species.
17-3 Kingdoms and Domains
A. The Tree of Life Evolves
B. The Three-Domain System
C. Domain Bacteria
D. Domain Archaea
E. Domain Eukarya
1.
2.
3.
4.
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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History of Classification
Living
Things
are characterized by
Eukaryotic
cells
have differing
Important
characteristics
which place them in
Cell wall
structures
such as
Prokaryotic cells
Domain
Eukarya
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
which coincides
with
which coincides with
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Animalia
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
17-3 Section Assessment
• What are the six kingdoms of life as they are
now identified?
• What are the three domains of life?
• Why was the kingdom Monera divided into two
separate kingdoms?
• Why might kingdom Protista be thought of as the
“odds and ends” kingdom?
• How are members of the kingdom Fungi
different from members of the kingdom Plantae?
How are members of the two kingdoms similar?
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