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5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Electrons In Atoms Shown here is a lifesized model of a skier, but not all models are physical. In fact, the current model of the atom is a mathematical model. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model 5.2 Electron Arrangement in Atoms 5.3 Atomic Emission Spectra and the Quantum Mechanical Model Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms 2 Limitations of Rutherford s Atomic Model • It explained only a few simple properties of atoms. What did Bohr propose in his model of the atom? Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms Energy Levels in Atoms 3 & YOU Why do scientists use mathematical models to describe the position of electrons in atoms? Chapter 5 1 CHEMISTRY 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms Limitations of Rutherford s Atomic Model Limitations of Rutherford s Atomic Model • It explained only a few simple properties of atoms. • It explained only a few simple properties of atoms. • It could not explain the chemical properties of elements. • It could not explain the chemical properties of elements. For example, Rutherford s model could not explain why an object such as the iron scroll shown here first glows dull red, then yellow, and then white when heated to higher and higher temperatures. 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms The Bohr Model The Bohr Model In 1913, Niels Bohr (1885–1962), a young Danish physicist and a student of Rutherford, developed a new atomic model. Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus. • He changed Rutherford s model to incorporate newer discoveries about how the energy of an atom changes when the atom absorbs or emits light. 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms The Bohr Model The Bohr Model Each possible electron orbit in Bohr s model has a fixed energy. Each possible electron orbit in Bohr s model has a fixed energy. • The fixed energies an electron can have are called energy levels. 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms 10 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms The Bohr Model The Bohr Model The rungs on this ladder are somewhat like the energy levels in Bohr s model of the atom. Each possible electron orbit in Bohr s model has a fixed energy. • The fixed energies an electron can have are called energy levels. • A person on a ladder cannot stand between the rungs. Similarly, the electrons in an atom cannot exist between energy levels. • A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level. 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Energy Levels in Atoms 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Bohr Model The rungs on this ladder are somewhat like the energy levels in Bohr s model of the atom. How does the Bohr model improve upon the Rutherford model? • The energy levels in atoms are unequally spaced, like the rungs in this unusual ladder. The higher energy levels are closer together. 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 14 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Quantum 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Mechanical Model The Quantum Mechanical Model How does the Bohr model improve upon the Rutherford model? What does the quantum mechanical model determine about the electrons in an atom? The Rutherford model could not explain why elements that have been heated to higher and higher temperatures give off different colors of light. The Bohr model explains how the energy levels of electrons in an atom change when the atom emits light. 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Quantum Mechanical Model 16 Mechanical Model • Like the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical model of the atom restricts the energy of electrons to certain values. • Unlike the Bohr model, however, the quantum mechanical model does not specify an exact path the electron takes around the nucleus. • The modern description of the electrons in atoms, the quantum mechanical model, came from the mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger equation. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Quantum • Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887– 1961) used new theoretical calculations and experimental results to devise and solve a mathematical equation describing the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen atom. 17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Quantum Mechanical Model 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Quantum Mechanical Model Probability describes how likely it is to find an electron in a particular location around the nucleus of an atom. The quantum mechanical model determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus of an atom. 19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > The Quantum Mechanical Model 20 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > How are the quantum mechanical model and the Bohr model alike? How are they different? • In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloudlike region. • The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is high. 21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Electron cloud Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > 22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals Atomic Orbitals How are the quantum mechanical model and the Bohr model alike? How are they different? How do sublevels of principal energy levels differ? Like the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical model restricts the energy of electrons to certain values. Unlike the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical model does not specify an exact path the electron takes around the nucleus. 23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals • Solutions to the Schrödinger equation give the energies, or energy levels, an electron can have. • Solutions to the Schrödinger equation give the energies, or energy levels, an electron can have. • For each energy level, the Schrödinger equation also leads to a mathematical expression, called an atomic orbital. 25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals • The energy levels of electrons in the quantum mechanical model are labeled by principal quantum numbers (n). • Solutions to the Schrödinger equation give the energies, or energy levels, an electron can have. • For each energy level, the Schrödinger equation also leads to a mathematical expression, called an atomic orbital. • An atomic orbital is represented pictorially as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron. 27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals • The energy levels of electrons in the quantum mechanical model are labeled by principal quantum numbers (n). • The energy levels of electrons in the quantum mechanical model are labeled by principal quantum numbers (n). • These numbers are assigned the values n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. • These numbers are assigned the values n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. • For each principal energy level greater than 1, there are several orbitals with different shapes and at different energy levels. 29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals • The energy levels of electrons in the quantum mechanical model are labeled by principal quantum numbers (n). Each energy sublevel corresponds to one or more orbitals of different shapes. The orbitals describe where an electron is likely to be found. • These numbers are assigned the values n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. • For each principal energy level greater than 1, there are several orbitals with different shapes and at different energy levels. • These energy levels within a principal energy level constitute energy sublevels. 31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals Different atomic orbitals are denoted by letters. Different atomic orbitals are denoted by letters. • The s orbitals are spherical. • The s orbitals are spherical. • The p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped. 33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals For a given principal energy level greater than 1, there is one s orbital… For a given principal energy level greater than 1, there is one s orbital, 3 p orbitals... 35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals For a given principal energy level greater than 1, there is one s orbital, 3 p orbitals, and 5 d orbitals. Four of the five d orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space. 37 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 38 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals The numbers and types of atomic orbitals depend on the principal energy level. • The principal quantum number, n, always equals the number of sublevels within that principal energy level. Summary of Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels 39 Maximum number of electrons Principal energy level Number of sublevels n=1 1 1s (1 orbital) 2 n=2 2 2s (1 orbital), 2p (3 orbitals) 8 n=3 3 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3 orbitals), 18 © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 3d (5 Copyright orbitals) n=4 4 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 orbitals), 4d (5 orbitals), 4f (7 orbitals) Type of sublevel Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 32 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals • The principal quantum number, n, always equals the number of sublevels within that principal energy level. • The principal quantum number, n, always equals the number of sublevels within that principal energy level. • The number of orbitals in a principal energy level is equal to n2. • The number of orbitals in a principal energy level is equal to n2. • A maximum of two electrons can occupy an orbital. 41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Atomic Orbitals 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > • The principal quantum number, n, always equals the number of sublevels within that principal energy level. Calculate the maximum number of electrons in the 5th principal energy level (n = 5). • The number of orbitals in a principal energy level is equal to n2. • A maximum of two electrons can occupy an orbital. • Therefore, the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n2. 43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > 44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > CHEMISTRY & YOU Why do scientists no longer use physical models to describe the motion of electrons? Calculate the maximum number of electrons in the 5th principal energy level (n = 5). The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n2. If n = 5, 2n2 = 50. 45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > CHEMISTRY & YOU 46 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Key Concepts Why do scientists no longer use physical models to describe the motion of electrons? Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus. The quantum mechanical model determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus of an atom. • Previous models of the atom were physical models based on the motion of large objects. • Theoretical calculations and experimental results showed that these models did not always correctly describe electron motion. Each energy sublevel corresponds to one or more orbitals of different shapes, which describe where the electron is likely to be found. • Schrödinger devised a mathematical equation describing the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen atom. The quantum mechanical model came from the solutions to the Schrödinger equation. 47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 48 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Glossary Terms 49 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Glossary Terms • energy level: the specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have • quantum mechanical model: the modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons in atoms • quantum: the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another • atomic orbital: a mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations; usually represented by the region of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > BIG IDEA 50 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 5.1 Revising the Atomic Model > Electrons and the Structure of Atoms • The quantum mechanical model of the atom comes from the solutions to the Schrödinger equation. END OF 5.1 • Solutions to the Schrödinger equation give the energies an electron can have and the atomic orbitals, which describe the regions of space where an electron may be found. 51 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 52 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.