Download Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior

Unit 12:
Abnormal Behavior
Unit 12 - Overview
• Introduction to Psychological Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorders
• Mood Disorders
• Schizophrenia
• Other Disorders
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 65:
Introduction to Psychological
Disorders
Introduction
• How should we define psychological
disorders?
• How should we
understand disorders?
• How should we classify
psychological
disorders?
Defining Psychological
Disorders
Defining Psychological
Disorders
• Psychological disorders
–Disturbed behavior
–Dysfunctional behavior
–Maladaptive behavior
• Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
Understanding Psychological
Disorders
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Medical Model
• Philippe Pinel
• Medical model
–Mental illness (psychopathology)
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach
• Interaction of nature and nurture
• Influence of culture on disorders
Classifying Psychological
Disorders
Classifying Psychological
Disorders
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders (DSM)
–DSM-5
• Diagnostic labels
• Criticisms of the DSM
Labeling Psychological
Disorders
Labeling Psychological
Disorders
• Rosenhan’s study
• Power of labels
–Preconception can stigmatize
• Stereotypes of the
mentally ill
• Insanity
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Rates of Psychological
Disorders
Module 66:
Anxiety Disorders, ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder, and
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorder
–Generalized anxiety
disorder
–Panic disorders
–Phobias
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Generalized anxiety disorder
–2/3 women
–Continual worry,
jittery, agitated and
deprived
–Free floating anxiety
sleep
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
• Panic disorder
–Panic attacks
Phobias
Specific Phobia
• Phobias
–Specific phobia
–Social anxiety
disorder
–Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
Phobias
Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
–An obsession versus a compulsion
–Checkers
–Hand washers
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
Trauma Stressor and Related
Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
–PTSD
–“shellshock” or “battle fatigue”
–Not just due to a war situation
• Post-traumatic
growth
Understanding Anxiety
Disorders, OCD and PTSD
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD
The Learning Perspective
• Classical and operant
conditioning
–Stimulus generalization
–Reinforcement
• Observational
learning
• Cognition
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD
The Biological Perspective
• Natural selection
• Genes
–Anxiety gene
–Glutamate
• The Brain
–Anterior cingulate
cortex
Module 67:
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
• Major depressive disorder
– Problems regulating appetite
– Problems regulating sleep
– Low energy
– Low self-esteem
– Difficulty concentrating and making
decisions
– Feelings of hopelessness
• Persistent depressive disorder
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder
–Mania (manic)
• Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need
for sleep, etc.
–Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
–Bipolar disorder and creativity
Understanding Depressive
and Bipolar Disorders
Understanding Depressive
and Bipolar Disorders
• Many behavioral and cognitive changes
accompany depression
• Depression is widespread
• Women’s risk of major depression is nearly
double men’s
• Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
• Stressful events related to work, marriage and
close relationships often proceed depression
• With each new generation, depression is striking
earlier and affecting more people
Understanding Depressive
and Bipolar Disorders
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• Genetic Influences
–Mood disorders run in families
• Heritability
• Linkage analysis
• The depressed brain
• Biochemical influences
–Norepinephrine and serotonin
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Biological Perspective
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Biological Perspective
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Biological Perspective
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Biological Perspective
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Social-Cognitive
Perspective
• Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact
–Self-defeating beliefs
• Learned helplessness
• Rumination
–Explanatory style
• Stable, global, internal explanations
–Cause versus indictor of depression?
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective:
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Module 68:
Schizophrenia Spectrum
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia (split mind)
–Not multiple
personalities
–Psychosis
(psychotic
disorder)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized Thinking and
Disturbed Perceptions
• Disorganized thinking
–Delusions
• Delusions of persecution (paranoid)
–Word Salad
–Hallucinations
–Breakdown in selective attention
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Diminished and Inappropriate
Emotions
• Inappropriate Emotions
–Flat affect
• Inappropriate Actions
–Catatonia
–Disruptive social behavior
Onset and Development of
Schizophrenia
Onset and Development of
Schizophrenia
•
•
•
•
•
Statistics on schizophrenia
Onset of the disease
Positive versus negative symptoms
Chronic (process) schizophrenia
Acute (reactive) schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities:
Dopamine Overactivity
• Dopamine Overactivity
–Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor
–Dopamine blocking
drugs
• Glutamate
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities:
Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
• Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
–Frontal lobe and core brain activity
–Fluid filled areas of the brain
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities:
Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy
• Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
–Studies on maternal activity and
schizophrenia
–Influence of the flu during pregnancy
Understanding Schizophrenia
Genetic Factors
• Genetic predisposition
• Twin studies
Understanding Schizophrenia
Psychological Factors
• Possible warning signs
– Mother severely schizophrenic
– Birth complications (low weight/oxygen
deprivation)
– Separation from parents
– Short attention span
– Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
– Emotional unpredictability
– Poor peer relations and solo play
Module 69:
Other Disorders
Somatic Symptom and Related
Disorders
Somatic Symptom and Related
Disorders
• Somatic symptom disorder
–Somatic (body)
–Conversion disorder
• Functional neurological symptom
disorder
–Illness anxiety disorder
• Hypochondriasis
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative disorders
–Fugue state
–Dissociate (become separated)
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
–Multiple
personality
disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Understanding Dissociative
Identity Disorder
•
•
•
•
Genuine disorder or not?
DID rates
Therapist’s creation
Differences are too
great
• DID and other
disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
• Eating disorders
–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia nervosa
–Binge
-eating
disorder
Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders
–Cluster A
• Schizoid personality disorder
–Cluster B
• Histrionic personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder
–Cluster C
• Avoidant personality disorder
Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder
–Sociopath or psychopath
• Understanding
antisocial
personality
disorder
The End
Definition
Slides
Psychological Disorder
= a syndrome marked by a clinically
significant disturbance in an individual’s
cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
= a psychological disorder marked by the
appearance by age 7 of one or more of
three key symptoms; extreme inattention,
hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Medical Model
= the concept that diseases, in this case
psychological disorders, have physical
causes that can be diagnosed, treated,
and, in most cases, cured often through
treatment in a hospital.
DSM-5
= the American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely
used system for classifying psychological
disorders.
Anxiety Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by
distressing, persistent anxiety or
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
= an anxiety disorder in which a person is
continually tense, apprehensive, and in a
state of autonomic nervous system
arousal.
Panic Disorder
= an anxiety disorder marked by
unpredictable minutes-long episodes of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensations. Often followed by worry over a
possible next attack.
Phobia
= an anxiety disorder marked by a
persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of
a specific object, activity, or situation.
Social Anxiety Disorder
= intense fear of social situations, leading to
avoidance of such. (Formerly called social
phobia)
Agoraphobia
= fear or avoidance of situations, such as
crowds or wide open spaces, where one
has felt loss of control and panic.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
= a disorder characterized by unwanted
repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or
actions (compulsions).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
= a disorder characterized by haunting
memories, nightmares, social withdrawal,
jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or
insomnia that lingers for four weeks or
more after a traumatic experience.
Post-Traumatic Growth
= positive psychological changes as a result
of struggling with extremely challenging
circumstances and life crises.
Mood Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by
emotional extremes.
Major Depressive Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person
experiences, in the absence of drugs or a
another medical condition, two or more
weeks with five or more symptoms, at
least one of which must be either (1)
depressed mood, or (2) lost of interest or
pleasure.
Mania
= a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,
wildly optimistic state.
Bipolar Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person
alternates between the hopelessness and
lethargy of depression and the overexcited
state of mania. (formerly called manicdepressive disorder.)
Rumination
= compulsive fretting; overthinking about our
problems and their causes.
Schizophrenia
= a group of severe disorders characterized
by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized
speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate
emotional expression.
Psychosis
= a psychological disorder in which a person
loses contact with reality, experiencing
irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
Delusions
= false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany psychotic
disorders.
Hallucinations
= false sensory experience, such as seeing
something in the absence of an external
visual stimulus.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
= psychological disorder in which the
symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form
without apparent physical cause.
Conversion Disorder
= a disorder in which a person experiences
very specific genuine physical symptoms
for which no psychological basis can be
found. (Also called functional neurological
symptom disorder)
Illness Anxiety Disorder
= a disorder in which a person interprets
normal physical sensations as symptoms
of the disease. (Formerly called
hypochondriasis)
Dissociative Disorders
= disorders in which conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated) from
previous memories, thoughts, and
feelings.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
(DID)
= a rare dissociative disorder in which a
person exhibits two or more distinct and
alternating personalities. Formerly called
multiple personality disorder.
Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person
(usually an adolescent female) maintains a
starvation diet despite being significantly
(15 percent or more) underweight.
Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person
alternates binge eating (usually of highcalorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or
laxative use), excessive exercise, or
fasting.
Binge-Eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed
by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without
the compensatory purging, fasting, or
excessive exercise that marks bulimia
nervosa.
Personality Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
= a personality disorder in which a person
(usually a man) exhibits a lack of
conscience for wrongdoing, even toward
friends and family members. May be
aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
artist.