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Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit The Baroque Era (1600–1750) • Turbulent change in politics, science, arts • Religious wars • Exploration of the New World • Rise of middle-class culture • Music making centered in the home, church, and universities Judith Leyster, The Flute Player The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit Main Currents in Baroque Music Monody: New style featuring solo song with instrumental accompaniment. Florentine Camerata • Vincenzo Galilei • Giulio Caccini • Jacopo Peri Young Woman at a Virgina, Jan Vermeer The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit New Harmonic Structures • Figured bass • Chords created through improvisation • Basso continuo • Major-minor tonality Bach, C.P.E., Trio Sonata in G View of Toledo, El Greco The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit New Harmonic Structures • Equal temperament • J. S. Bach’s The WellTempered Clavier Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I, Prelude and Fugue No. 1 Photo of the grand staircase of the Residenz The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit Baroque Musical Style • Early Baroque rhythm is freer • Late Baroque rhythm is regular and vigorous • Emotions expressed with subtle dynamic changes and use of dissonant chords • Dramatic forte/piano contrasts were also typical The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit The Doctrine of the Affections • Union of text and music • One mood, or affection, per movement or piece Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit The Rise of the Virtuoso Musician • Technical improvements in instrument making • Composers challenging the performers – Domenico Scarlatti – Antonio Vivaldi Sonata in D minor Antonio Vivaldi The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit The Rise of the Virtuoso Musician • Instrumental • Vocal • Castrato • Countertenor or falsettist Caricature of Farinelli, Pier Leone Ghezzi The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit The Rise of the Professional Female Singer Increasingly professional women were singers and instrumentalists • • • • • Francesca Caccini Barbara Strozzi Faustina Bordoni Francesca Cuzzoni Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre Concerto delle donne (Ensemble of the Ladies) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit Internationalism • Free interchange among national cultures • All-European style – George Frideric Handel G. F. Handel The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Prelude 3: The Baroque Spirit Exoticism • Looking to the Near East, the Americas, and elsewhere for ideas The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components The Components of Opera Meredith Hall as Poppea in the opera The Coronation of Poppea Large-scale musical drama combining • Poetry • Acting • Scenery • Costumes • Singing • Instrumental music The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components The Components of Opera Recitative • Secco • Accompagnato Aria • Da capo aria http://www.youtube.com/ watch? v=s3TXSuZ2fgM Monteverdi-Orpheo In un fiorito prato Possente spirto-from Orfeo The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components The Components of Opera • Ensemble numbers: Duet, trio, quartet, etc. • Chorus • Overture/sinfonias • Libretto, librettist The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components Early Opera in Italy • Lavish spectacles • Claudio Monteverdi • Orfeo, Arianna • Coronation of Poppea • arioso Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Listening Guide: “Tu se’ morta” (“You Are Dead”) from Act Two of Monteverdi’s Orfeo • Based on Greek continuo You are dead, my life, and do I breathe? You are gone from me never to return, and do I remain? No, for if my verses can do anything, I will go surely to the deepest abysses, and having softened the heart of the King of Shades, I will bring her back to see again the stars: Oh, if wicked destiny refuses me this, I will stay with you in the company of death. • Non-metric Farewell earth, farewell heaven and sun, farewell. legend of Orpheus • The libretto (literally, “book” or the text) changed from original legend to operatic version to provide happy ending • Homophonic texture • Tenor soloist with recitative from opera The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Listening Guide: CHORUS Ahi, Caso Acerbo from Act Two of Monteverdi’s Orfeo Chorus Ah, bitter mischance, ah, wicked, cruel fate, ah, hurtful stars. ah, envious heaven! Let no mortal man trust happiness that is passing and frail, that soon flies away, and often a precipice is near a great height. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components The Spread of Opera • Italian opera rejected in France • Developing a national style • Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) • Genre won favor with King Louis XIV The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components Opera in England • Masque • Stage plays forbidden during the Commonwealth • Play set to music and Henry Purcell (1659–1695) called “concert” was allowed The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas Henry Purcell (1659–1695) • English singer, organist, and composer • Adopted elements from Italian and French opera • Sacred and secular music The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components Act III: Dido’s Lament (Listening Guide) • Girls’ boarding school • Virgil’s Aeneid • Librettist: Nahum Tate • Plot: Aeneas leaves The Death of Dido, Giovanni Barbieri Dido, who loves him The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Purcell: Dido and Aeneas, Act III Dido’s Lament and Chorus (Listening Guide) • Recitative: “Thy hand, Belinda” • Aria: “When I am laid in earth” • • Five-measure chromatically descending ground bass (ostinato) Chorus: "With drooping wings" • • Polyphonic texture Word painting especially on words "drooping wings" The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Purcell: Dido and Aeneas, Act III Dido’s Lament (Listening Guide) Recitative: “Thy hand, Belinda” Chromaticism “Sigh motive” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Purcell: Dido and Aeneas, Act III Dido’s Lament (Listening Guide) Aria: “When I am laid in earth” Ground bass or ostinato The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 16. Baroque Opera and Its Components Barbara Strozzi and the Baroque Aria • Barbara Strozzi (1619–c. 1677) • Educated in Venice • Worked in a male- dominated field • Prolific composer of Barbara Strozzi, composer madrigals, arias, cantatas, and sacred motets The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Strozzi: Amor dormiglione (Sleepyhead, Cupid!) (Listening Guide) • Lighthearted aria—an invocation to the God of love • Solo soprano with harpsichord or bass lute • Rising opening melody; lines shaped to express the text • Lilting triple meter; brief switch to duple at beginning of second section • Consonant with some chromaticism • Monody (accompanied solo song) • Da capo aria (three parts: A-B-A) • Source of text: anonymous Italian poem The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition performance with lute The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio • Cantata (Italian “to sing”) • Vocal genre for solo singers and instrumental accompaniment • Based on lyric, dramatic, or narrative poetry St. Thomas’s Church, Leipzig The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata • Sacred cantatas for the Lutheran church • Sacred cantatas • Secular cantatas • Multimovement works J.S. Bach, composer The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata Billings: “Chester” Five Wise and Five Foolish Virgins, Godfried Schaicken • Chorale • Martin Luther • Early hymns: in unison • Later hymns: four-part harmony, soprano melody • Unifying thread of the Protestant cantatas The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685– 1750), German composer, organist, educator • Culminating figure of the Baroque style • Career in northern Germany • Musical family • Organist and composer • Devout Lutheran • Secular and church patrons during career The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata Duties at Leipzig • Church • University collegium musicum An evening outdoor concert in 1744 by the collegium musicum of Jena, Germany The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Keyboard Music The Well-Tempered Clavier Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier I, Prelude No. 1 Instrumental Music Sonatas and concertos Bach: Flute Sonata No. 2, “Siciliano” Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II Brandenburg Concertos Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, III Orchestral suites Bach: Orchestral Suite No. 2, “Badinerie” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata • 200-plus church cantatas • Passions • One Catholic Mass Dictionary, J.G. Walther The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata • Musical Offering • The Art of Fugue Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III (fugue) Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue (fugue) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Bach and the Church Cantata • Typically have five to eight movements • Many movements based on chorale tune • Several choral numbers, recitatives, arias The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Handel and the Oratorio George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) • International career • German-born • Studied and composed in Italy • London and the Royal Academy of Music • Italian opera seria, oratorios The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Handel and the Oratorio • Oratorio • • Performed by solo voices, chorus, orchestra No staging or costumes Performance of Handel’s Messiah in 1784 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Handel and the Oratorio • Diatonicism • Tone color • 40-plus operas • Expanded role of chorus George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 17. The Baroque Cantata and Oratorio Handel and the Oratorio • Prolific composer of instrumental music • Orchestral suites • • Water Music Music for the Royal Fireworks The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Handel: Messiah, Nos. 18, 44 (Listening Guide) • Premiered in Dublin in 1742 • Written in 24 days • Libretto: compilation of Old and New Testament The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Handel: Messiah, No. 18 (Listening Guide) Soprano aria “Rejoice greatly” (da capo aria) Melisma The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Handel: Messiah, No. 44 (Listening Guide) Hallelujah Chorus: contrasting textures • “Hallelujah! Hallelujah!” homophonic • “For the Lord God reigneth” monophonic • “The Kingdom for this world is become” homophonic • “And He shall reign for ever and ever” polyphonic • “King of Kings and Lord of Lords” homophonic The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite The Rise of Instrumental Music • The Rise of Instrumental Music • Early- vs. late-Baroque instrumentation Pietro Domenico Oliviero, Detail of orchestra for 1740 concert The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite The Rise of Instrumental Music • Instrument designs were improved • Finest violins in history came from shops of: – Stradivarius – Guarneri A Concert, Leonello Spada – Amati The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite The Rise of Instrumental Music • Violin strings made of gut • Woodwinds made of wood • Horns and trumpets: valveless, called “natural” • Timpani The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite The Baroque Suite Suite: Collection of dance-related movements • Allemande • Courante • Sarabande • Gigue (jig) • Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte, bourrée, passepied • Repeated sections ornamented second time Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite Handel and the Orchestral Suite Two notable suites by Handel • Water Music • Music for the Royal Fireworks The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Water Music, Suite in D major, II (Listening Guide) • Royal party on the Thames River in London, July 17, 1717 • 22 numbers • Performed without continuo • Divided into three suites The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite Music at the French Royal Court • Grand entertainments of Louis XIV and Louis XV • Court composer: JeanBaptiste Lully • Composer at the Palace of Versailles (outside Paris) • Director of the 24 Violons du Roy A French court dancer The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 18. Baroque Instruments and the Suite Music at the French Royal Court Jean-Joseph Mouret (1682–1738) Chambord, a French castle in the Loire valley • Theatrical composer at the court in Paris • Stage works • Divertissements • Instrumental suites • Suite de symphonies The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Mouret: Rondeau, from Suite de symphonies (Listening Guide) • Written for a full Baroque orchestra • Familiar fanfare • used as theme music for television show • Five-part rondo structure (A-B-A-C-A) • A section serves as a refrain • Regular phrasing, with a strong, even beat The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/shorter/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 19. The Baroque Concerto • Contrast and unity • Latin concertare (“to contend with”) • Opposition of different forces The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 19. The Baroque Concerto Two Types of Concerti • Solo concerto • Concerto grosso – Concertino – Ripieno, or tutti Vivaldi: Concerto for piccolo in C, I Handel: Concerto grosso in G, II The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 19. The Baroque Concerto Antonio Vivaldi and the Solo Concerto Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) • Italian violinist and composer • “The red priest” • Conservatorio del’Ospedale della Pietà (Venice) • Prolific composer “Above all, he was possessed by music.” —Marc Pincherle The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Vivaldi: The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide) • Group of four violin concertos • Each concerto accompanied by a poem • Music depicts specific lines of the poem • • • • No. 1: Spring No. 2: Summer (La primavera) (L’estate) No. 3: Autumn No. 4: Winter (L’autunno) (L’inverno) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Vivaldi: The Four Seasons (Le quattro stagioni) (Listening Guide) Spring (La primavera) Solo violin, string orchestra, continuo Three movements: I: Evokes animals and nature Ritornello form II: Largo in triple meter Imagery forms a sleeping goatherd’s poem Ostinato “dog bark” in violas III: Rustic dance, drone of bagpipes The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/shorter/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music Baroque Keyboard Instruments harpsichord • Organ • Harpsichord • Clavichord The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music Keyboard Forms Two basic types • • Based on harmony with strong element of improvisation – Prelude Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier – Chorale prelude Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring Stricter forms based on counterpoint – Fugue Bach: Fugue in D The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music Keyboard Forms Purcell: Come, ye sons of art away • Passacaglia • Chaconne • Toccata The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music The Fugue and Its Devices • Fuga • Contrapuntal, based on imitation • Subject unifies the work • Choral or instrumental • Melodic lines are referred to as voices Fugue, Josef Alber, (1925) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music The Fugue and Its Devices Episodes: interludes between statements of the subject that serve as areas of relaxation. • Modulation to foreign keys • Use of contrapuntal devices • Use of stretto is common • Piece ends in tonic key The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music The Fugue and Its Devices Original: Inversion: Retrograde: Retrograde inversion: Augmentation: Diminution: The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music Form: Opening of Exposition Fugue Exposition (4 voice) Subject Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Contrapuntal line Answer Countersubject I Countersubject 2 Subject Countersubject 1 Answer The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music Form: Exposition and Episode Exposition Episode Subject Episode Subject Episode Subject Entry Entry Entry The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition Bach's Contrapunctus 1, from The Art of Fugue (Listening Guide) • four-voice fugue • Exposition: • • Subject is presented in order: alto-soprano-bass-tenor Episode The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition 20. Other Baroque Instrumental Music Looking ahead to the Classical Era • Rococo • French rocaille, a “shell” • Reaction against Baroque style • François Couperin (1668–1733) • Opera buffa: Italian comic opera developed throughout Europe. La gamme d’amour (The Gamut of Love) Jean-Antoine Watteau The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/shorter/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition