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Big bang galaxies stars Name: 1. Date: The diagram below represents a side view of the Milky Way Galaxy. 3. With respect to one another, galaxies have been found to be A. moving closer together B. moving farther apart C. moving in random directions D. stationary At approximately which position is Earth's solar system located? A. A B. B C. C D. D 4. 2. The accumulation of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in Earth's early atmosphere approximately 4 billion years ago resulted mainly from A. outgassing from Earth's interior B. radioactive decay C. photosynthesis by the earliest land plants In a Doppler red shift, the observed wavelengths of light from distant celestial objects appear closer to the red end of the spectrum than light from similar nearby celestial objects. The explanation for the red shift is that the universe is presently A. contracting, only B. expanding, only C. remaining constant in size D. alternating between contracting and expanding D. convection currents in Earth's outer core page 1 5. The accompanying diagram illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe. 7. Which statement best illustrates a classi cation system? A. A glacier melts at the rate of one meter per year. B. Ocean depths are measured by using sonar. C. Snowfall predictions for winter storms vary. D. Stars are grouped according to their color. A major piece of scienti c evidence supporting this theory is the fact that wavelengths of light from galaxies moving away from Earth in stage 3 are observed to be A. shorter than normal (a red shift) B. shorter than normal (a blue shift) C. longer than normal (a red shift) 8. D. longer than normal (a blue shift) 9. 6. Which object forms by the contraction of a large sphere of gases causing the nuclear fusion of lighter elements into heavier elements? A. comet B. planet C. star D. moon Which star color indicates the hottest star surface temperature? A. blue B. white C. yellow D. red The Sun's position in space is best described as the approximate center of A. a constellation B. the universe C. the Milky Way galaxy D. our solar system page 2 Big bang galaxies stars 10. According to the Big Bang theory, which graph best represents the relationship between time and the size of the universe from the beginning of the universe to the present? 11. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below, which shows two possible sequences in the life cycle of stars, beginning with their formation from nebular gas clouds in space. A. B. According to the diagram, a star like Earth's Sun will eventually C. D. A. explode in a supernova B. become a black hole C. change into a white dwarf D. become a neutron star page 3 Big bang galaxies stars 12. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the graph below, which shows changes in the Sun's magnetic activity and changes in the number of sunspots over a period of approximately 100 years. Sunspots are dark, cooler areas within the Sun's photosphere that can be seen from Earth. 14. The graph indicates that years having the greatest number of sunspots occur A. randomly and unpredictably B. precisely at the beginning of each decade C. in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 6 years List the following astronomical features, in order of relative size, from smallest to largest. Sun Jupiter Milky Way Galaxy Universe Our solar system D. in a cyclic pattern, repeating approximately every 11 years 13. A blue shift of the light from a star indicates that the star A. will soon become a main sequence star B. will soon become a giant star C. is moving closer to Earth Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the present position of our solar system in a side view of the Milky Way Galaxy. The distance across the Milky Way Galaxy is measured in light-years. 15. What is the inferred age of our solar system, in millions of years? A. 544 B. 1300 C. 4600 D. 10,000 D. is moving away from Earth page 4 Big bang galaxies stars 16. Most scientists believe the Milky Way Galaxy is A. spherical in shape B. 4.6 billion years old C. 19. Which information best supports the inference that the universe began with an explosion? A. measurements of rates of decay using carbon-14 composed of stars revolving around Earth B. measurements of cosmic background radiation D. one of billions of galaxies in the universe C. calculations of the distance from the Sun to each asteroid in the asteroid belt D. calculations of the temperature and luminosity of stars 17. Compared to Earth's solar system, the universe is inferred to be A. younger and larger B. younger and smaller C. older and larger 20. The accompanying graph represents the brightness and temperature of stars visible from Earth. D. older and smaller 18. The theory that the universe is expanding is supported by the A. blue shift of light from distant galaxies B. red shift of light from distant galaxies C. nuclear fusion occurring in the Sun Which location on the graph best represents a star with average brightness and temperature? A. A B. B C. C D. D D. radioactive decay occurring in the Sun page 5 Big bang galaxies stars 21. The Milky Way galaxy is best described as A. a type of solar system B. a constellation visible to everyone on Earth C. a region in space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter 23. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's discovery of a pattern in the red shift of light from galaxies moving away from Earth led to the theory of an expanding universe. This expansion implies that the universe was smaller, denser, and hotter in the past. In the 1940s, scientists predicted that heat (identi ed as cosmic microwave background radiation) left over from the Big Bang would ll the universe. In the 1960s, satellite probes found that cosmic microwave background radiation lls the universe uniformly in every direction, and indicated a temperature of about 3 kelvins (K). This radiation has been cooling as the universe has been expanding. D. a spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of stars Scientists infer that the universe began approximately 22. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the calendar model shown below of the inferred history of the universe and on your knowledge of Earth science. The 12-month time line begins with the Big Bang on January 1 and continues to the present time, which is represented by midnight on December 31. Several inferred events and the relative times of their occurrence have been placed in the appropriate locations on the time line. A. 1.0 billion years ago B. 3.3 billion years ago C. 8.2 billion years ago D. 13.7 billion years ago 24. State one piece of evidence used by scientists to support the theory that the Big Bang event occurred. Which event occurred approximately 4.6 billion years ago? A. evolution of the earliest sh B. evolution of stromatolites C. formation of the oldest known Earth rocks D. formation of Earth and our solar system page 6 Big bang galaxies stars 25. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below, which shows two possible sequences in the life cycle of stars, beginning with their formation from nebular gas clouds in space. 27. Which conclusion can be made by comparing the standard spectrum to the spectrum produced from this distant star? According to the diagram, the life-cycle path followed by a star is determined by the star's initial A. mass and size B. temperature and origin C. luminosity and color The diagram below shows a standard spectrum compared to a spectrum produced from a distant star. D. luminosity and structure A. The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star is moving toward Earth. B. The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum and the star is moving away from Earth. C. The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the infrared end of the spectrum and the star is moving toward Earth. D. The star's spectral lines have shifted toward the infrared end of the spectrum and the star is moving away from Earth. 26. Stars like Earth's Sun most likely formed directly from a A. nebula B. C. red giant D. black dwarf 28. supernova page 7 Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation are given o by stars using energy released during A. nuclear fusion B. conduction C. convection D. radioactive decay Big bang galaxies stars 29. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the owchart below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The owchart shows the evolution of stars. 30. In the accompanying diagram, the spectral lines of hydrogen gas from three galaxies, A, B, and C, are compared to the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory. Identify the force responsible for the contraction of a nebula (a gas cloud of molecules) to form a protostar. What is the best inference that can be made concerning the movement of galaxies A, B, and C? A. Galaxy A is moving away from Earth, but galaxies B and C are moving toward Earth. B. Galaxy B is moving away from Earth, but galaxies A and C are moving toward Earth. C. Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving toward Earth. D. Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving away from Earth. page 8 Big bang galaxies stars