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Parallel Structure in Sentences Parallel structure in a sentence involves using the same form of words to show that two or more ideas are similar or have the same degree of importance. 1. With words and phrases • with the ‘ing’ form of words: Parallel: The mixture required stirring, titrating, and measuring. • with the ‘to’ form of the verb (the infinitive): Parallel: It was necessary to remove the embryos from the capsules, to transfer them to sea water and to estimate the degree of stress. Note: you can either use the preposition ‘to’ before all the verbs, or you can put it before the first verb only: It was necessary to remove the embryos from the capsules, transfer them to sea water and estimate the degree of stress. • with the ‘...ed’ form of the verb (the past participle): Parallel: The data were collated, analysed and then compared with previous data. YOU MUST NOT MIX THE FORMS Not Parallel: *The specimens began drying out and to lose elasticity. Parallel: OR The specimens began to dry out and to lose elasticity. The specimens began drying out and losing elasticity. 2. With Clauses Not Parallel: *Smith’s (1998) research indicates that young animals require high protein diets, and not to release them too soon after weaning. Parallel: Smith’s (1998) research indicates that young animals require high protein diets and that they should not be released too soon after weaning. Not Parallel: *The study recommends adopting the primary intervention and that the secondary intervention be revised. Parallel: The study recommends that the primary intervention be adopted and that the secondary intervention be revised. 3. When making Lists This is one of the most common areas where writers make mistakes. You need to make sure that all of the listed items read on from the head phrase. Not Parallel: *Ploughing has several purposes: it buries surface weeds; facilitates the breakdown of organic matter; and soil aeration is improved. Parallel: Ploughing has several purposes: it buries surface weeds; it facilitates the breakdown of organic matter; and it improves soil aeration.