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CHAPTER 17 ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Road to Civil War 1850–1860 SETTING THE SCENE Focus Until the mid-1800s the North and South handled their differences peaceably. The disagreements focused on one main question: What would be the status of slavery in new western states? A series of compromises kept an uneasy truce through the 1850s. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, however, the South believed it had no choice but to leave the Union. Concepts to Understand ★ How expansion was influenced by geography and the s Journal Note g the Events durin influenced 1850s were of outby a number litical standing po ou figures. As y e men hes encounter t make a , and women names note of their t impresand your firs ersonalir p sions of the tivations. ities and mo United States environment ★ How conflict and cooperation over slavery led to secession Read to Discover . . . ★ the major differences between the North and the South. ★ the events that led seven Southern states to secede from the Union. Chapter Overview Visit the American History: The Early Years to 1877 Web site at ey.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 17—Chapter Overviews to preview chapter information. 1848 Zachary Taylor elected President 1848 Free-Soil party formed 1846–1849 World 538 HISTORY UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 1850 Compromise of 1850 passed 1850–1853 1852 The South African Republic is established 1853 The Crimean War begins between Turkey and Russia History AND ART View of Harpers Ferry by Ferdinand Richardt, 1858 John Brown, an abolitionist, targeted the armory at Harpers Ferry for his attack. Yet Danish painter Ferdinand Richardt depicts a peaceful view of the town. LINCOLN CAMPAIGN POSTER 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act passed 1857 Supreme Court makes Dred Scott decision 1859 John Brown raids Harpers Ferry 1860 Abraham Lincoln elected President 1860 South Carolina secedes 1854–1857 1857 Indian soldiers revolt against British rule in the Sepoy Rebellion 1858–1861 1861 Czar Alexander II abolishes serfdom in Russia CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 539 SECTION 1 ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Settling Differences GUIDE TO READING Main Idea As they grew farther apart, Northerners and Southerners sought compromise on the issue of slavery. Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read about growing sectionalism, use a diagram like the one shown here to describe the result of the debate over slavery in the territories. Debate over Slavery Result Read to Learn . . . ★ why the Mexican Cession divided the North and the South. ★ how Northerners and Southerners tried to settle their differences. Terms to Know ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ sectionalism popular sovereignty Free-Soil party secede Compromise of 1850 SLAVE TAGS D “ aniel Webster fixed his dark gaze on the other senators as he began his speech on March 7, 1850: I wish to speak today, not as a Massachusetts man, nor as a Northern man, but as an American. . . . I speak today for the preservation of the Union. . . . [F]or the restoration to the country of that quiet and that harmony which make the blessings of this Union so rich and so dear to us all. . . . ★ Regions Grow Further Apart ” Many of Webster’s listeners shared his anxiety about the country’s future, but the Senate was as divided as the rest of the 540 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 nation. What developments had robbed the country of harmony and threatened the Union? While the addition of new territories gave the country room to grow and expand, it also raised questions that brought deep divisions. In the mid-1800s, the United States gained vast new territories in the West. Eventually, those territories would become states. Would they be slave or free states? The issue of slavery in the West would set the North against the South. The issue of slavery in new states was not new. You read in Chapter 12 that the Missouri Compromise of 1820 kept the number of slave states and free states equal. The Missouri Compromise applied only to those states carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. The Mexican Cession in 1848 added a vast stretch of western lands not covered by the Missouri Compromise. Once again, the question of slavery in the territories became an issue. Dispute Over Slavery in the West Even before the war with Mexico had ended, growing antislavery feelings in the North led the House of Representatives, with its Northern majority, to pass the Wilmot Proviso. An antislavery Democrat, David Wilmot, introduced this measure. It would outlaw slavery in all territory acquired from Mexico. The bill was defeated in the Senate, where the North and South were equally represented. The debate over slavery in the territories strengthened feelings of sectionalism. Sectionalism means that people are more loyal to their state or region than to the country as a whole. Southerners united in their support for slavery and accused the North of threatening their way of life. Northern abolitionists believed slavery to be morally wrong and demanded that the national government outlaw it. Some politicians suggested other ways to settle the question of slavery in the territories. Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan recommended that the voters who lived in a territory should decide whether the states they formed would be slave or free. This idea supported popular sovereignty, or the notion that people should have the right to rule themselves. new territories. In the election of 1848, both Northerners and Southerners tried to play down any discussion of slavery. The Democrats, although controlled by their Southern wing, nominated Northern Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan as their presidential candidate. The Whigs, who enjoyed strong support in the North, nominated Zachary Taylor, a hero of the Mexican War who owned a plantation in Louisiana with more than 100 slaves. His running mate, Millard Fillmore, was a moderate New York politician. The Free-Soil Party Many Northern Whigs backed Taylor because he seemed a sure winner, but “conscience Whigs” rebelled. They refused to back a slaveholder or risk opening the West to slavery. They broke with the Whigs and united with Northern Democrats to form their own party. The Free-Soil party chose former President Martin Van Buren as their candidate and campaigned with the slogan, “Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” Although Taylor became President, the Free-Soil party received an impressive number of votes. Clearly, the slavery issue hurt both major parties. ★ The Election of 1848 There seemed to be no way of reconciling the opposing views on slavery in the ZACHARY TAYLOR CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 541 Admission of California would tip the balance of power in the Senate in favor of free states, which already held a majority in the House. Southern leaders threatened to leave the Union if it admitted California as a free state. ★ Threats to the Union Picturing H istory SENATE DEBATE An intense debate raged in the Senate over the admission of California as a free state. What bill did Congress pass to help resolve the problem? ★ The California Question The California Gold Rush in 1848 intensified questions about slavery in the new territories. By the end of 1849, an estimated 95,000 forty-niners from all over the world had settled in California. Along with this tremendous growth came an urgent need for government. President Taylor believed statehood could become a solution to the issue of slavery in the territories. As long as lands remained territories, the federal government decided the issue of slavery. Once the territories became states, their own governments could settle the slavery question. At the suggestion of President Taylor, a convention met in Monterey, California, in the fall of 1849 and adopted a constitution that prohibited slavery. The newly created government immediately applied for admission to the Union as a free state. California’s application for statehood touched off a long and bitter debate. 542 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 In January 1849, South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun acted against what he saw as a threat to the Southern way of life. Calling a caucus, or private meeting, of the Southern members of Congress, he denounced the Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 as attacks on the South. Calhoun claimed that any more similar Northern-sponsored measures would bring an end to slavery, start a race war, and lead to rule by African Americans. Calhoun warned that the South would secede, or leave the United States. Calhoun’s views seemed too extreme for many people. Even slaveholding senators, including Sam Houston of Texas and Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri, opposed him. Many Southern newspapers also declared their loyalty to the Union. Some Southern members of Congress, however, agreed with Calhoun. In the Southern states, some state legislatures, local conventions, and newspaper editors adopted his ideas. In Congress debate over California’s statehood dragged on for a year. When Calhoun first talked of seceding, Representative Robert Toombs of Georgia loudly opposed any such move. Before 1849 ended, however, Toombs stood in the House and declared, “I am for disunion.” ★ Compromise of 1850 To resolve the crisis, Congress turned to Senator Henry Clay. Clay had earned the nickname the “Great Compromiser” for working out the details of the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Now, 30 years later, the 73-year-old Clay used all his charm and eloquence to persuade Congress to compromise one more time. Clay’s Proposal In January 1850 Clay presented a bill in Congress with the following provisions: (1) admission of California as a free state; (2) organization of New Mexico and Utah as territories with popular sovereignty; (3) payment to Texas for giving up some territory in New Mexico; (4) an end to the slave trade, but not slavery, in the District of Columbia; and (5) passage of a strict federal law enforcing the return of runaway, or fugitive, slaves. Clay designed the proposals to give both sides some of their demands. Eventually the proposals would become the Compromise of 1850. Opposition and Support Senator Calhoun—so ill that he had to sit grimly in his seat while another senator read his speech for him—rejected any compromise as unfair to the South. His speech stated that some of “the cords which bind these states together in one common Union” had already been broken or weakened by the North’s hostility. He warned that continued unrest over slavery “will snap every cord” so that “nothing will be left to hold the states together except force.” Three days later, Senator Daniel Webster delivered a speech in favor of the compromise. Although he had been Clay’s rival for decades, Webster supported Clay’s attempt to save the Union. Like many Northerners he disagreed with the institution of slavery. Breaking up the Union, however, seemed even worse. Linking Past and Present ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Paper Bags The world seemed a different place without the common paper bag. It was once a challenge to carry home groceries, and people could not “brown-bag” lunches, either. Then Baskets and Boxes In 1852 shoppers in West Dennis, on Massachusetts’s Cape Cod, SHOPPING IN THE 1800S smiled in delight as they made their rounds of the shops. Instead of carrying a clumsy shopping basket or juggling many small parcels, they added purchase after purchase to the same brown paper bag. Inventor Luther C. Crowell had come up with a bag of stiff brown paper folded and sealed at one end. It could be made in many handy sizes. Now SHOPPING IN THE 1990S Not Just Brown Anymore Shoppers today use billions of paper bags, not only brown but many different colors—sometimes prettier than the items they hold! Many bags are printed with store symbols. No matter what hue, however, each is still folded and sealed at one end, much like Crowell’s original design. ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 543 August Clay realized his five proposals would have a better chance of passing separately. At this point Stephen A. Douglas, a young senator from Illinois, hammered five bills out of Clay’s proposal. Douglas guided each bill through and won Senate approval for all of them. The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise Is Passed ed Utah Terr. iz an org err. T Calif. 1850 Iowa Wisc. 1846 1848 Mich. 1837 Minn. Terr. Un Oreg. Terr. N. Mex. Terr. In September 1850 Congress passed the bills. Together, they closely resembled Clay’s original compromise proposals. President Taylor—who might have vetoed them—had died in July. His successor, Millard Fillmore, signed the bills into law. Webster wrote a friend shortly after passage of the bills: Texas 1845 MEXICO Free states Slave states Territory closed to slaveholding Territory open to slaveholding Indian Territory 0 0 350 miles 350 kilometers “ Place In 1850 members of Congress agreed on where slaveholding would be allowed or not allowed in the western territories. Which territories were closed to slaveholding? Webster was willing to compromise and support the South’s demand that fugitive slaves be returned if doing so would save the Union. The angry debates continued. Even with Webster’s support, Clay had to plead for his compromise again and again. By I can now sleep of nights. We have gone through the most important crisis that has occurred since the founding of the government, and whatever party may prevail, hereafter the Union stands firm. ” For a time, the compromise patched up the North-South quarrel. Yet basic differences persisted. Many Southerners agreed with Calhoun’s charges that the North had wronged the South. They also remembered his remedy—secession. Assessment★ ★ Section SECTION1 1★ASSESSMENT ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Checking for Understanding 1. Define sectionalism, popular sovereignty, Free-Soil party, secede, Compromise of 1850. 2. Why did Northern Whigs form the Free-Soil party? Critical Thinking 3. Drawing Conclusions Do you think the Compromise of 1850 was fair to both sides? Why or why not? 544 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 4. Summarizing Re-create the chart shown here, and describe what the North and South each gained from the Compromise of 1850. Compromise of 1850 Southern Gains Northern Gains INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY 5. Citizenship Create a campaign poster for one of the candidates in the 1848 election. Include slogans or symbols to gain support. SECTION 2 ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Moving Closer to Conflict GUIDE TO READING Read to Learn . . . Main Idea The slavery issue continued to drive the North and South further apart during the 1850s. Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read about how the North and South moved toward conflict, use a diagram such as the one shown here to trace the steps that led to bloodshed in Kansas. step step ★ how Northerners reacted to the Fugitive Slave Act. ★ why the Kansas-Nebraska Act caused bloodshed. ★ how the Dred Scott decision affected slavery in the territories. Terms to Know ★ Fugitive Slave Act ★ Kansas-Nebraska Act step HARRIET BEECHER STOWE’S UNCLE TOM’S CABIN T he crowd in Syracuse, New York, fell silent as Reverend J. W. Loguen stood to speak. Years before, Loguen had escaped to freedom on his master’s horse. He had gone to college and become a minister. Now his audience waited to hear what he had to say about the Fugitive Slave Act: “ The time has come to change the tones of submission into tones of defiance—and to tell Mr. Fillmore and Mr. Webster, if they propose to execute this measure upon us, to send on their bloodhounds. . . . I don’t respect this law—I don’t fear it— I won’t obey it! It outlaws me, and I outlaw it. ” Although the Compromise of 1850 kept peace for a few years, the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act aroused deep anger in the North. It aroused new calls for an end to slavery. ★ Growing Support for Abolition A Fugitive Slave Act had been in effect since 1793, making it a crime to help runaway enslaved persons. The new Fugitive Slave Act, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, however, set up harsher punishments. Now anyone caught aiding fugitive slaves could be fined $1,000 and be jailed for six months. CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 545 With the new law, slaveholders hunted fiercely for runaways, whom they thought of as valuable lost property. They sent agents, offered rewards, or traveled north themselves to hunt down those who had run away. Agents even caught free African Americans and claimed they were fugitives. Free or enslaved African Americans could not testify in their own defense to prove that they were not fugitives. Abolitionist Protests Watching fugitives being brutally seized and driven back into slavery convinced more people of the evils of slavery. Despite the penalties, many Northerners openly assisted runaways. Former slaves and free-born African Americans worked harder than ever to help their people. Harriet Tubman, one of the best-known conductors on the Underground Railroad, began guiding runaway slaves all the way to Canada. In Ohio Elijah Anderson led more than 1,000 enslaved African Americans to freedom between 1850 and 1855. To win support for the abolitionist movement, Frederick Douglass and others who had gained freedom spoke at meetings and church services. Some wrote their life stories, known as “slave narratives.” One of these books, Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave, was published in 1850 by the well-known abolitionist editor William Lloyd Garrison. The book depicted the effects of slavery in the North. Biography ★★★★ Sojourner Truth, Striving for Truth “I was born a slave in Ulster County, New York,” Isabella Baumfree began when she told her story to audiences. Called “Belle,” she lived in the cellar of her master’s mansion house. Born around 1797 Belle’s life changed drastically when she became free in 1828 under a New York law that banned slavery. In 1843 Belle chose a new name. “Sojourner Truth is my name,” she said, “because from this day I will walk in the light of [God’s] truth.” She began to work in the movements both for abolition and for women’s rights. Sojourner Truth had never been taught to read or write, but she spoke with wit and wisdom. In 1852 at a gathering SOJOURNER TRUTH Footnotes to History Freedom Packages Many Northerners defied the Fugitive Slave Act and helped slaves escape. Henry Brown, a slave in Richmond, Virginia, had a friend build a box to send through the mail. Brown poked three breathing holes in it and placed himself inside. The trip to freedom was rough. At one point the box was thrown so hard that Brown’s neck was almost broken. Brown reached Philadelphia, though, and when his Northern friends opened the box, the former slave stood up and fainted. 546 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 of Ohioans, a rowdy farmer challenged her: The Constitution did not oppose slavery. Was she against the Constitution? In answer, Sojourner used an example the farmer could understand. She knew that insects called weevils had eaten that year’s wheat crop in Ohio. So she described walking near a wheat field and touching the tall, healthy-looking stalks but finding no grain there. “I says, ‘God, what’s the matter with this wheat?’ And he says to me, ‘Sojourner, there’s a little weevil in it.’” The farmer started to interrupt but she went on: “I hears talk about the Constitution and rights of man. I come up and I takes hold of this Constitution. It looks mighty big. And I feels for my rights. But they not there. Then I says, ‘God, what ails this Constitution?’ And you know what he says to me? . . . ‘Sojourner, there’s a little weevil in it.’” ★★★ A New Picture of Slavery Many of the people who read slave narratives and listened to the stories told by freed African Americans already believed in abolition. A new novel published in 1852, though, brought the cruel story of slavery to a wider audience, moving them to tears and anger. Harriet Beecher Stowe came from a family of well-known educators and clergy. After moving from Connecticut to Ohio, she heard stories about slavery from those escaping by the Underground Railroad. She also visited plantations in nearby Kentucky. After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, Stowe used her experiences to write the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin—portraying a kindly plantation family, the brutal overseer Simon Legree, and a saintly enslaved man, Uncle Tom. First printed as a series in an abolitionist newspaper, Uncle Tom’s Cabin came out as a book in 1852. In the first week, it sold 10,000 copies. Later it was reprinted in 37 languages, sold more than 1 million WARNING TO AFRICAN AMERICANS copies in the British Empire, and became a hit play. While Stowe portrayed some Southerners sympathetically, her descriptions of a suffering slave and heartless slaveholder swayed more Northerners than ever against slavery. Uncle Tom’s Cabin also turned Southerners against the North. In South Carolina, Mary Chesnut spoke for many slaveholders when she complained in her diary about Stowe and other Northern abolitionists. She believed that they did not know what they were talking about. Their antislavery opinions, she said, were an “obsession with other decent people’s customs” and a “self-serving” way to make money. ★ Kansas-Nebraska Act In 1854 the political truce over slavery ended with the passage of the KansasNebraska Act. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois proposed the act to set up CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 547 territorial governments in the Nebraska Territory and to encourage rapid settlement of the region. Douglas and other Northern leaders also hoped to build a transcontinental railroad through their states rather than through the Southern part of the country. The Nebraska Territory stretched from Texas to Canada and from Missouri west to the Rocky Mountains. Douglas knew that the South did not want to add another free state to the Union. He, therefore, proposed dividing the region into two territories, Nebraska and Kansas. In each territory settlers would decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty. Leaders throughout the South supported the proposal. They believed slaveholders in Missouri would move across the border into Kansas. Eventually, Kansas would become a slave state. President Franklin Pierce, a Democrat elected in 1852, also supported Douglas’s proposal. With the President’s help, Douglas pushed the bill through Congress. Northerners became outraged. They felt betrayed. Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, in effect, canceled the Missouri Compromise. The KansasNebraska Act opened the possibility of new slave states in the West—an area that had been free for more than 30 years. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Nebraska Territory into separate territories, and repealed the prohibition of slavery north of the Missouri Compromise line. The citizens of each territory would be able to determine by vote whether their state would be slave or free. Washington Territory Minnesota Oregon Nebraska Territory Territory Territory Utah Territory Kansas Territory New Mexico Territory Free states Slave states Territory closed to slavery Territory open to slavery Indian territory Region The Compromise of 1850 had closed the area of Kansas and Nebraska territories to slaveholding. How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act affect the agreement reached in the Compromise of 1850? 548 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 KANSAS FREE-SOIL POSTER Bleeding Kansas The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act started a race to win Kansas for one side or the other. Backers of slavery from Missouri and other slave states moved to the territory. Under popular sovereignty, they could vote for Kansas to enter the Union as a slave state. To counter the proslavery groups, the New England Emigrant Aid Society helped Free-Soilers, members of the FreeSoil party, to migrate to Kansas and “vote to make it free.” The settlers built the town of Lawrence, Kansas, which became a Free-Soil stronghold. Other emigrant aid societies in Free-Soil states also sent settlers and weapons. Antislavery settlers soon outnumbered proslavery ones. In 1855 Kansas held elections to choose its lawmakers. Hundreds of drifters known as border ruffians crossed the border from Missouri. They harassed antislavery settlers in Kansas and voted illegally for a proslavery government. As a result, Kansas elected a proslavery legislature. Its members passed what the Free-Soilers called “black laws.” One law punished antislavery talk with 5 years in prison. Another law gave 10 years in jail to anyone caught helping escaped slaves. Antislavery forces refused to obey the new government in Kansas. They drafted a free-state constitution and elected their own representative to Congress. Violence increased. Shootings and barn-burnings became common. On April 23, 1856, a proslavery sheriff was shot outside the town of Lawrence. Proslavery newspapers blamed the town’s Free-Soilers and cried for war. In May an army of border ruffians and proslavery Kansans looted and burned Lawrence, killing five abolitionists in the process. John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist from the Northeast, had come to Kansas with his 5 sons to join the antislavery forces. When Brown heard of the murders at Lawrence, he decided he had to avenge the crime. On the night of May 24, Brown and some followers murdered 5 proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. More fighting and killing followed. By late 1856, more than 200 people had been killed. Americans began to call the territory Bleeding Kansas. ★ Violence in the Senate The violence extended to the nation’s capital, where anger over the issue of slavery exploded in the Senate. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts made a long speech viciously denouncing Southern slaveholders and Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina as supporters of the crime of slavery in Kansas. The speech enraged Butler’s nephew, South Carolina representative Preston Brooks. Two days later—the day after the burning of Lawrence, Kansas—Brooks approached Sumner at his desk on the Senate floor and beat him with a heavy cane, splintering the wood. Bleeding and half-conscious, Sumner was helped out of the Senate. Shocked Northerners viewed Sumner as a martyr and held protest meetings against the violence. For some Southerners, however, Brooks became a hero. Admirers sent him more canes. One cane bore the inscription “Hit him again.” Meanwhile in Kansas the struggle over slavery continued. Antislavery settlers eventually won the fight because of their great numbers. In 1861 Kansas entered the Union as a free state. ★ The Dred Scott Decision During the 1850s Southerners often criticized the federal government for treating them unfairly. In 1857, however, the Supreme Court took their side on the question of slavery and pushed the North and South further apart. CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 549 DRED SCOTT The Supreme Court ruled that as an African American, Dred Scott could not sue for his freedom because he was not a citizen. What did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case? Picturing H istory In the 1830s an army doctor in Missouri bought an enslaved man, Dred Scott. The doctor then moved with his household to Illinois, a free state, and next to Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was banned by the Missouri Compromise. Later the family returned to Missouri, where the doctor died. In 1846 Dred Scott decided to sue for freedom for himself and his family. He claimed that living in free territory had made him a free person. With the help of antislavery lawyers, Scott’s case eventually reached the Supreme Court. Many of the justices, however, favored slavery. The Court voted 7 to 2 against him. On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (TAW•nee) delivered an opinion that upheld the Southern view that Scott had no right to sue in a federal court. The Court ruled against Scott because the founders of the United States did not intend for African Americans to be citizens. In addition, Scott’s travels to free territory had not affected his status as a slave. Slaves were property, said Taney, and the Fifth Amendment prohibited Congress from taking property without “due process of law.” He also said that the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery north of the 36°30´ line was unconstitutional because Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in the territories. In effect, the decision meant that the Constitution protected slavery. Abolishing slavery would require a constitutional amendment. Rather than settling the issue, the Dred Scott decision aroused bitterness among the abolitionists and increased tensions between the North and South. Many Southerners now happily considered all territories open to slavery. Stunned Northerners vowed to fight the decision. Assessment★ ★ Section SECTION1 2★ASSESSMENT ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Checking for Understanding 1. Define Fugitive Slave Act, Kansas-Nebraska Act. 2. How did the Fugitive Slave Act affect the abolitionist movement? Critical Thinking 3. Making Comparisons Uncle Tom’s Cabin sparked high tensions between the North and South. How was it similar to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense? 550 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 4. Analyzing Issues Re-create the diagram shown here, and list the reasons the Dred Scott decision outraged Northern abolitionists. Dred Scott Decision INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY 5. The Arts Find a slave narrative at the library and choose one incident in it. Turn the incident into a brief first-person monologue that you can present in class. History AND MATH THE ARTS GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS SCIENCE King Cotton COTTON PICKERS, BY ETHEL MAGAFAN, 1940 How did cotton become the “king” crop in the southern United States? Europeans and Americans of the 1700s and 1800s called cotton a miracle fiber. It was light, cool, soft, durable, and easy to dye, sew, and care for. Cotton had been one of the first products brought from India by British explorers and merchants in the late 1600s. Employees of the British East India Company, suffering in India’s hot climate, thankfully exchanged their heavy woolen clothes for light cotton clothing. They also began sending supplies of the wondrous fabric back to England. The material quickly became immensely popular. Planters in the southern American colonies found that cotton would thrive in the hot, humid climate, though it took the hard work of many people. The South’s growing season was long enough for a cotton crop to ripen each year. With the invention of the cotton gin in the 1790s, cotton production and exports increased astoundingly. By 1840 the United States produced more than 60 percent of the world’s cotton. By 1860 Southern plantations produced more COTTON CARDING than 1 billion pounds PADDLES (454,000,000 kg) yearly. The greatest amount was still being shipped to England. At the same time, however, new American textile factories began to increase the demand for cotton. Making the Geography Connection 1. How did cotton growing become a part of the British and American way of life? 2. What geographic factors made it possible for Southern states to base their economy on cotton? ACTIVITY 3. Using an encyclopedia, make a list of products using cotton or cottonseed (for example, clothing, towels, oils). Make a list of ways you use cotton, in as many different categories as possible. 551 SECTION 3 ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ A New Political Party GUIDE TO READING Read to Learn . . . Main Idea A new political party that sought to stop the spread of slavery arose. ★ how the Republican party formed. ★ the issues and results of the LincolnDouglas debates. Reading Strategy Terms to Know Organizing Information As you read about the formation of the Republican party, use the diagram shown here to list what groups formed the party and what its main views were. ★ Republicans ★ debate ★ Freeport Doctrine Republican Party Groups Views JOHN C. FRÉMONT D isagreement over the KansasNebraska Act split the old Whig party and brought about new political alliances. The Whigs had refused to take a stand on slavery in the territories. As a result, proslavery Whigs drifted into the Democratic party. Meanwhile Whigs and Democrats opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act joined Free-Soilers in loosely organized anti-Nebraska groups. Gradually, the anti-Nebraska groups united. They organized first on the state level. In Wisconsin they met in the town of Ripon on February 24, 1854. The chairman suggested that they call themselves Republicans. Eventually the Republicans became a new national party. The first national convention of the Republican party took place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in February 1856. It 552 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 brought together fragmented groups of state-level Republicans, abolitionists, Free-Soilers, and anti-Nebraska Whigs and Democrats. Members of the new party accused Southerners of forcing slavery on the territories. Some thought that the institution of slavery kept wages low for white workers. Others considered slavery immoral. All Republicans agreed that Congress should keep slavery out of the western territories. Most Republicans did not expect to eliminate slavery in the South. ★ The Election of 1856 Members of the new Republican party met in June in Philadelphia to nominate a presidential candidate. They chose John C. Frémont, a western explorer and leader of the California uprising against Mexico in 1846. Republicans rallied around their candidate with the cry “Free Men, Free Soil, Frémont.” By 1856 the Democratic party was made up mostly of Southerners. Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, they nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, an experienced diplomat and former member of Congress. They endorsed the notion of popular sovereignty. The American party, or Know-Nothing party, had grown quickly between 1853 and 1856 by attacking immigrants and promoting temperance. The Know-Nothings nominated former President Millard Fillmore. This new party lost support quickly because it ignored the issue of slavery in the territories. Due to large support in the South, Buchanan won the election. With only a minority of the popular vote, he won all of the Southern states except Maryland and received 174 electoral votes against 114 for Frémont and 8 for Fillmore. Frémont carried 11 of the 16 free states. The election of 1856 made it quite clear that sectionalism now played a critical role in American politics. ★ Abraham Lincoln Becomes a National Figure As a young man Abraham Lincoln moved to New Salem, Illinois, where he purchased a country store. He entered JAMES BUCHANAN James Buchanan defeated John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore in the election of 1856. What helped Buchanan win the election? Picturing H istory politics in 1832, losing the race for state legislator. In 1834 he again ran for the legislature and won. During this time he began studying law and received his attorney license in 1836. Lincoln had belonged to the Whig party for more than 20 years. From 1834 to 1841 he served in the Illinois state legislature and in 1846 voters elected him to the House of Representatives. Republicans and not Whigs, though, addressed the spread of slavery—one of Lincoln’s Footnotes to History A Humble Start Two Presidents, Millard Fillmore and Andrew Johnson, were once indentured servants. An indentured servant, unlike a slave, was under a contract to a master for a certain length of time. Like slaves, though, indentured servants did not have many rights. Andrew Johnson ran away from his master. Fillmore served his master for several years and then bought his freedom for $30. CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 553 AD FOR LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES ★ The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign ABRAHAM LINCOLN concerns. After the Whig party collapsed, he joined the Republicans. Lincoln campaigned vigorously for Frémont. As Illinois voters listened to him speak, they enjoyed the way he made complex arguments easy to understand. People admired Lincoln’s honesty, wit, and soft-spoken manner. He served one term in the United States House of Representatives. Ten years later, in 1858, he decided to challenge Senator Stephen A. Douglas for his seat in the Senate. When accepting the nomination, Lincoln delivered a stirring speech to a cheering crowd at the Illinois Republican convention. As he began to speak, he seemed afraid and stiff, but soon he energetically swung his long arms and rose up on his toes to stress each point: “ 554 A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. . . . UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 ” The next month, Douglas kicked off his campaign in Chicago. He exclaimed to a throng of excited Democrats that Lincoln’s “house divided” speech called for war between the North and South. Douglas attacked the idea of African American equality. The American government, Douglas claimed, “was made by the white man, for the benefit of the white man, to be administered by white men.” Speaking the following night, Lincoln denied Douglas’s charge of wanting war. Whereas Douglas thought of slavery as a political concern, Lincoln raised the moral question of slavery. Lincoln considered slavery an evil that must be limited so that it would die out. “Let us discard all this quibbling about . . . this race and that race and the other race being inferior.” He urged his listeners to “once more stand up declaring that all men are created equal.” Lincoln knew he could not attract the large crowds that Douglas did. Therefore, he followed Douglas across the state, often traveling on the same train. Douglas relaxed in a private car while Lincoln rode in a public coach. The Great Debates In late July Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates, or public discussions, on slavery. After some hesitation, Douglas accepted the challenge. During the campaign, the men debated seven times. The debates centered on the extension of slavery into the free territories. Lincoln and Douglas held their first debate in Ottawa, Illinois, before a crowd of 10,000 people. The two rivals sat side by side on the speakers’ platform. Douglas—short but powerfully built, with a large head—looked the part of his nickname, “Little Giant.” He dressed smartly, sometimes wearing a ruffled shirt and broad-brimmed plantation hat. Tall, thin Lincoln, on the other hand, wore a baggy suit and kept his carpetbag of notes beside him. Douglas spoke in a deep voice and gestured with clenched fists. Knowing that many voters disliked abolitionists, he labeled Lincoln and his party “Black Republicans.” In a shrill but forceful voice, Lincoln accused Douglas of having a “don’t care” attitude toward the spread of slavery into the territories. Douglas often ridiculed Lincoln for declaring African Americans equal to whites. As the debates continued, Lincoln devised a way to discredit Douglas within his own party. During the debate at Freeport, Illinois, Lincoln asked Douglas if the people of a territory could exclude slavery prior to the formation of a state constitution. In other words, was popular sovereignty still workable despite the Dred Scott decision? Lincoln had trapped Douglas. If he answered “yes,” Douglas would appear to support popular sovereignty, thereby opposing the Dred Scott decision. Such an answer would improve his chances for reelection as a senator but cost him Southern support for the presidential race in 1860. A “no” answer would make it seem as if he had abandoned popular sovereignty, on which he had based his political career. This answer would be welcomed in the South, but it might cost him the senatorial election. To solve the dilemma, Douglas stated that the decision did not necessarily void popular sovereignty in the territories. Yes, he admitted that the Supreme Court had said that neither Congress nor the governments of the territories could prohibit slavery by law. On the other hand, in places where Free-Soilers made up the majority, they could destroy slavery simply by refusing to pass laws that protected it. Douglas’s explanation later became known as the Freeport Doctrine. Lincoln continued to stress this fundamental difference between himself and Douglas. Douglas ignored the moral question of slavery, while Lincoln regarded it as morally, socially, and politically evil. An End . . . and a Beginning Douglas won the 1858 election by a narrow margin and kept his place in the Senate. Still, he lost the support of many Democrats outside Illinois. Lincoln won an impressive popular vote in the state, and the election debates made him a national figure. At the time, however, a disappointed Lincoln predicted that he would “now sink out of view.” Assessment★ ★ Section SECTION1 3★ASSESSMENT ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Checking for Understanding 1. Define Republicans, debate, Freeport Doctrine. 2. How did Abraham Lincoln become a national figure in politics? 4. Analyzing Issues Re-create the chart shown here, and describe the position taken by Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in their debates. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln’s Position Douglas’s Position Critical Thinking 3. Interpreting Primary Sources Why did Douglas and other Democrats charge that Lincoln’s “house divided” speech was a call for war between the North and South? INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY 5. Citizenship Choose an idea from one of Lincoln’s speeches and design a bulletin board display around it. CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 555 SECTION 4 ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Election of 1860 and Secession GUIDE TO READING Read to Learn . . . Main Idea In 1860 Abraham Lincoln captured the presidency, which prompted Southern states to begin seceding from the union. ★ why John Brown invaded Harpers Ferry. ★ how Southern states tried to form a separate nation. Reading Strategy Terms to Know Sequencing Information As you read about how the nation broke apart, create a time line of events that led to the secession of Southern states. Use the dates provided as a guide. ★ homestead act ★ armory ★ Crittenden Plan November 1860 October 1859 February 1861 December 1860 LINCOLN-HAMLIN T CAMPAIGN FLAG he people of Springfield, Illinois, began to jump in the streets, singing and shouting. Some threw their hats in the air. Still others climbed to their rooftops to cheer. In the statehouse, dignified politicians rolled on the carpet. Everywhere, people sang: “ Ain’t I glad I joined the Republicans, Joined the Republicans, Joined the Republicans, Ain’t I glad I joined the Republicans, Down in Illinois. ” The wild election-night celebration of Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election echoed in other 556 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 places in the North. In the South, however, the news brought confusion, anger, and despair. ★ An Uneasy Decade The United States had little to celebrate during the 1850s. Year after year, relations between the North and South grew worse. A serious depression, or economic downturn, hit the North in 1857. To help businesses and poor farmers, Northerners pressed for higher tariffs and free land. Southerners in Congress would not act to raise tariffs, however. Congress passed a homestead act offering free land to settlers, but President Buchanan vetoed it. Violence over slavery continued to rage in Kansas. Then in October 1859, abolitionist John Brown brought his war against slavery into Virginia, not far from the nation’s capital. John Brown’s Raid Now almost 60 years old, with a long white beard, Brown thought of himself as an avenging angel doing God’s will by destroying slavery, even if it meant killing people. Brown had formed a small army of 18 followers. On the night of October 16, 1859, Brown and his men invaded Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). They occupied a federal armory, or storehouse for weapons. Then they seized a nearby rifle factory and took several hostages. They hoped to use captured guns and rifles to arm all the enslaved persons in the area and ignite a slave revolt that would end in freedom for all enslaved African Americans. By morning, local farmers and militia had rushed to town in a panic, fearing a slave rebellion. Brown and his followers probably could have escaped, but Brown refused. No others tried to escape until it was too late. By the time Brown tried to negotiate with the militia, they had trapped him. Rumors spread in Washington of a huge slave rebellion. President Buchanan sent in army troops and a company of United States Marines, commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee. On the second morning, the marines—plus a huge crowd—surrounded Brown. When Brown refused to surrender, the soldiers battered down the door and attacked with bayonets. One of the officers wounded and captured Brown. John Brown’s raid on the arsenal had lasted 36 hours. No local people had joined his cause. Ten of Brown’s men, including two of his sons, had been killed. Brown’s raiders had killed 4 civilians, 1 marine, and 2 slaves. Reactions in the North and South Northerners had mixed reactions to the raid. Was John Brown a courageous martyr to the cause of freedom or a madman? At his trial, Brown testified in a moving and dignified manner. Northern abolitionists especially admired his hatred for slavery, and many believed that his execution would give their cause JOHN BROWN a martyr and hero. In the South people’s reactions to the raid consisted of fear, anger, and hatred. Southerners became convinced that they could not live safely in the Union. Northern support for Brown horrified Southerners as much as the raid itself. Many Southerners feared the possibility of a slave rebellion, and they became convinced that the North hoped to produce one. Southern towns organized militias and declared martial law. Rumors of plots and revolts spread like wildfire. Planters enforced harsh discipline, threatening to whip or hang any enslaved persons who acted at all rebellious. Government authorities convicted John Brown of treason and murder and sentenced him to hang on December 2, 1859. ★ The Election of 1860 John Brown’s raid became a major theme in the presidential election campaigns of HISTORY Student Web Activity Visit the American History: The Early Years to 1877 Web site at ey.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 17—Student Web Activities for an activity on John Brown’s raid. CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 557 Election of 1860 Vt. Oreg. Minn. Wis. Nonvoting Territories Calif. Texas N.H. Maine Mass. Mich. Iowa N.Y. Pa. Ohio Ill. Ind. Mo. Va. Ky. N.C. Ark. Tenn. S.C. Miss. Ga. Ala. La. Fla. R.I. Conn. N.J. Del. Md. Popular vote: Electoral vote: 4,689,568 303 180 Lincoln 1,865,593 Republican Breckinridge 848,356 72 Southern Democrat Bell Douglas 592,906 39 Constitutional Union 1,382,713 12 Northern Democrat Location Lincoln found support in the Northern and Western states. Which states supported Douglas? 1860. Democrats grabbed the chance to hurt Republicans. They branded the raid a “Black Republican” plot and accused party leaders of plotting with Brown. The issue distressed Republicans. Many admired Brown’s ideals but not his actions, which they saw as crimes. “John Brown was no Republican,” Lincoln protested. Still, Southerners remained suspicious of Republicans and anyone who refused to support slavery. Parties and Their Candidates The issue that splintered the nation also broke apart parties. In 1860 Stephen A. Douglas tried to hold onto his leadership in the Democratic party. However, he insisted that as President he would not annul laws that discouraged slavery in the territories. 558 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 This stand lost Douglas the support of Southern delegates at the Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina. It split the Democratic party. Northern Democrats nominated Douglas for President and supported popular sovereignty. Southern Democrats chose John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, supporting the ideals of the Dred Scott decision. Alarmed by sectional divisions, a group of former Whigs put together the Constitutional Union party. They nominated Senator John Bell of Tennessee and championed the Union and the Constitution, attempting to avoid the slavery issue. Before John Brown’s raid, Republicans considered William H. Seward their first choice for President. Many voters, however, considered Seward’s views against slavery too extreme. Democrats blamed him for inspiring the raid on Harpers Ferry. Abraham Lincoln, who had fewer enemies and remained popular outside the Northeast, seemed a safer choice. Although he opposed extending slavery into the territories, he conceded Southerners’ right to have slavery in the South. Republican Platform The Republican platform also called for a homestead act, a transcontinental railroad, and a protective tariff. These goals appealed to farmers, Westerners, and manufacturers. Southerners, however, detested the Republicans’ platform and their candidate. Many Southerners thought of Lincoln as an abolitionist and believed the Republicans wanted to make war upon the South. They feared that if Lincoln became President, they would lose their voice in the national government. Lincoln’s name did not even appear on the ballot in 10 Southern states. A newspaper in Atlanta, Georgia, insisted that the South “would never submit to . . . the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln.” It predicted the South would secede rather than accept Lincoln as President. Election Results On November 6, 1860—Election Day— telegraph wires flashed the results from the nation’s polls to Springfield, Illinois. Lincoln and his friends celebrated victories in New England, the Northwest, and Pennsylvania. Then the news came that New York voted Republican. Those votes won Lincoln the presidency. The final tally showed Lincoln carried every free state except New Jersey. This gave him a majority of the electoral votes. Yet, because of the three-way race, he received only 40 percent—less than a majority—of the popular vote. ★ Moving Toward Secession Southerners reacted differently to Lincoln’s election. In Charleston, South Carolina, people set off fireworks and fired cannons to salute the South Carolina flag. Southerners were certain that a new nation would be born in South Carolina. A Charleston newspaper editorial proclaimed, “The tea has been thrown overboard, the revolution of 1860 has been initiated.” A few days later, the United States senators from South Carolina resigned from Congress, and the state Seceding States, 1860–1861 130° W 110° W 120° W 100° W 90° W 80° W 70° W Wash. Territory N.H. 40° N Wis. Nevada Territory Calif. PACIFIC OCEAN Minn. Dakota Territory Oregon Vt. Nebraska Territory Utah Colorado Terr. Territory New Mexico Territory 30° N 60° W Maine Mass. N.Y. Mich. Pa. Iowa Ohio Ill. Ind. W. Va.* Va. Kansas Mo. Ky. N.C. Indian Tenn. Terr. Ark. S.C. Miss. Ala. Ga. Texas La. R.I. Conn. N.J. Del. Md. ATLANTIC OCEAN Fla. *West Virginia seceded from Virginia in 1861 and was admitted to the Union in 1863. 20° N Union free state Union slave state Slave state seceding before Ft. Sumter, April 1861 Slave state seceding after Ft. Sumter, April 1861 Confederate states 0 0 200 200 400 miles 400 kilometers Region After the attack on Fort Sumter, four more Southern states joined the seven that had already seceded from the Union. Which slave states remained in the Union? CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 559 legislature called a convention to decide what steps to take. For South Carolina, the time to secede had come. no meat—the principle all sucked out.” Republicans voted down the plan. Secession! Dissenting Southerners Not all Southerners seemed as eager to leave the Union as the people in Charleston. Alexander H. Stephens implored the Georgia legislature not to act unless the federal government moved against the South. He thought the South could defend its rights better within the Union. Stephens said, however, that if Georgians decided to secede, he would support his state: “Their cause is my cause, and their destiny is my destiny.” Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky also tried to save the Union by proposing his Crittenden Plan, which involved several amendments to the Constitution. One would guarantee the existence of slavery in the states where it already existed. Another would bring back the old Missouri Compromise line prohibiting slavery in the territories but allowing a popular vote at the time of statehood. Although not yet in office, Lincoln wielded power as head of his party. He advised Republicans in Congress to oppose the Crittenden Plan. Otherwise, he said, the Republican party would become “a mere sucked egg, all shell and On December 20, 1860, before Lincoln was sworn in as President, delegates at the South Carolina convention voted unanimously to secede from the United States. By February 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had also voted to leave the Union. These states based their right to secede on the theory of states’ rights. They defined the Constitution as a contract among sovereign states. The Northern states had broken that contract by refusing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and by denying the Southern states their equal rights in the territories. On February 4, delegates met in Alabama to form a new nation. They named it the Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy. They elected Jefferson Davis, a former member of Congress and the cabinet, as president. Word of the Confederacy spread fast. In Galena, Illinois, a man ran into a leather goods store owned by a former army officer Ulysses S. Grant. As he blurted out the news, Grant turned to him and said, “Davis and the whole gang of them ought to be hung!” Assessment★ ★ Section SECTION1 4★ASSESSMENT ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ Checking for Understanding 1. Define homestead act, armory, Crittenden Plan. 2. What was the goal of John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry? 3. Why were there four parties and candidates in the presidential election of 1860? Critical Thinking 4. Making Comparisons Re-create the diagram shown here, and describe how people 560 UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 in the North and the South reacted to John Brown’s raid. North John Brown’s Raid South INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITY 5. Citizenship Make up a campaign slogan or song for one of the candidates in the 1860 presidential election. BUILDING SKILLS Social Studies Skills Interpreting an Election Map The 1848 Presidential Election, Electoral Votes N.H. 6 Vt. 6 Wis. 4 Mich. 5 Iowa 4 Nonvoting Territories Mo. 7 Texas 4 La. 6 Pa. 26 Ohio 23 Ind. 12 Ill. 9 Ark. 3 N.Y. 36 Ky. 12 Tenn. 13 Maine 9 Mass. 12 R.I. 4 Conn. 6 N.J. 7 Del. 3 Va. 17 Md. 8 N.C. 11 S.C. Ga. 9 10 Miss. Ala. 9 6 Fla. 3 Popular vote: Electoral vote: 163 Zachary Taylor 1,360,967 Whig Lewis Cass Martin Van Buren 1,222,342 127 291,263 0 Learning the Skill An election map shows the support for candidates in different areas. For example, a presidential candidate might win many votes in western states but very few in the East. A presidential election has two kinds of results: the popular vote and the electoral vote. The candidate with the most popular votes in a state wins all that state’s electoral votes. (The number of electors from each state equals the combined number of its senators and representatives in Congress.) Democratic Free-soil Practicing the Skill 1. What color is the Democratic party? 2. What was the popular vote for Cass? How many electoral votes did he win? Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook, Level 1 provides instruction and practice in key social studies skills. APPLYING THE SKILL 3. In an almanac, newspaper, or other reference work, find the results of a recent city, state, or national election. Then create an election map with a key. 561 CHAPTER 17 ★ ASSESSMENT Conflict and Cooperation HISTORY 2. What caused the Democratic party to split in 1860? Self-Check Quiz Visit the American History: The Early Years to 1877 Web site at ey.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 17—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test. History and Geography Slave Versus Free States Study the maps below and answer the questions. Using Key Vocabulary 1. Choose the term in each pair that best completes the sentence. Location After the Compromise of 1850, what territories were left open to slavery? 2. Location Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act what territories were left open to slavery? 1. The (Wilmot Proviso/Freeport Doctrine) would have banned slavery in land obtained from Mexico. 2. The (Compromise of 1850/Kansas-Nebraska Act) reversed the Missouri Compromise’s ban on slavery in the lands north of Missouri. After Compromise of 1850 Minnesota Territory Oregon Territory Unorganized Territory Utah Calif. Territory Reviewing Facts 1. List the proposals that made up the Compromise of 1850. 2. Describe how Northerners reacted to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. 3. Explain how the Kansas-Nebraska Act led to violence in Kansas. Understanding Concepts Geography and the Environment 1. Re-create the diagram shown here, and list how the Dred Scott decision weakened the civil rights of African Americans. Dred Scott decision African Americans’ Civil Rights Weakened 562 Slave and Free States UNIT 6 Rift and Reunion: 1820 –1877 New Mexico Territory 36°30' Missouri Compromise Line Territory open to slavery, decision left to voters Indian territory Free states Slave states Territory closed to slavery After Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Wash. Territory Minnesota Oregon Territory Nebraska Terr. Territory Utah Territory Kansas Calif. Territory New Mexico Territory CHAPTER 17 ★ ASSESSMENT The Presidential Election of 1856 N.H. 5 Maine Vt. 5 8 Mass. 13 N.Y. Wis. Mich. 35 5 6 Iowa R.I. 4 Pa. 27 Nonvoting 4 Ind. Ohio Ill. Conn. 6 Territories 13 23 Calif. Mo. 11 N.J. 7 Va. 15 4 Ky. 12 9 Del. 3 N.C. 10 Ark. Tenn. 12 S.C. Md. 8 4 Miss.Ala. Ga. 8 Tex. La. 7 9 10 4 6 Fla. Popular vote: Electoral vote: 3 4,053,967 296 James Buchanan, Democrat John C. Frémont, Republican Millard Fillmore, Whig 1,838,169 174 1,341,264 114 874,534 8 Practicing Skills Technology Activity Interpreting an Election Map Using a Word Processor 1. Which party won in Illinois? Use the Internet and other library resources to compile a list of current political parties. Make a table that briefly Writing summarizes History each party’s main views. 30 25 2. Where did Buchanan run strongest? Critical Thinking 1. Drawing Conclusions Do you think popular sovereignty was the best way to decide the slavery issue in new territories? Explain. Cooperative Learning Interdisciplinary Activity: Debate Form a group and have each person play Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, or William Seward. Find the speeches these senators gave about the Compromise of 1850. Use the speeches to stage a debate for the class. 20 15 10 5 0 ABOUT Using Your Jou rnal Look ove about im r your notes p of the 18 ortant people 5 the one 0s and choose who inte rests yo most. W u rit or one-a e a short skit ct that per play in which son is t he main charact er. CHAPTER 17 Road to Civil War: 1850–1860 563