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Providencia rettgeri infection in 11 Juvenile American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) mississippiensis) N08--473 N08 www.urel.ufl.edu/.../hires/alligator.jpg Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Clinical History ¾ ¾ Three yyears ago g a large g alligator farm with ~2000 animals experienced a large diedie-off of 800 3 to 4 foot alligators Clinical signs included: inappetance white spots on tongue side to side thrashing of head and tail bleeding from nose and throat Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website www.flmnh.ufl.edu/.../crocs/crocsc1.htm Clinical History ¾ ¾ In late November 2008,, eleven juvenile alligators began showing the same symptoms acutely These were brought to UF for clinical workup, euthanasia and necropsy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_mississippiensis_2_babies.jpg Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Gross Findings ¾ Liver ¾ Enhanced E h d llobular b l pattern tt (7/11) Diffuse hepatomegaly (2/11) Multifocal petechiation of hepatic capsule (1/11) Lungs ¾ Low to moderate numbers of petechiae distributed multifocally on pleural surface (6/11) Heart ¾ O Occasional i l1 1--2mm 2 poorly l circumscribed i ib d confluent fl t white hit ffocii on th the ventricular epicardium (1/11) Brain ¾ Mild to marked hemorrhage of meninges overlying rostral cerebellum and d cranial i l cervical i l cord d (3/11) Eyes Mild to moderate amounts of white flocculent material within anterior chambers of both eyes y ((11/11)) Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Spleen Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Spleen Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings – Gram stain Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings – Spleen (WP) Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Heart Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Heart Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Heart Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Eye Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Eye Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Microscopic Findings - Eye Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Additional Diagnostics ¾ The bacterium Providencia rettgeri was cultured from meninges, anterior chamber of the eyes, eyes heart heart, liver liver, spleen spleen, kidney and bone marrow of all eleven alligators Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Final Anatomic Diagnoses 1. 2 2. 3. Necrotizing g splenitis, p , heterophilic, p , subacute,, multifocal to coalescing, moderate to marked, with lymphocytolysis E d Endocarditis diti and d myocarditis, diti heterophilic, h t hili lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic, subacute, multifocal, moderate, with intralesional bacilli, atrial and ventricular myocardium Endophthalmitis, heterophilic and histiocytic, subacute, diffuse moderate, diffuse, moderate bilateral with hypopyon Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Additional Anatomic Diagnoses 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Meningoencephalitis, heterophilic to histiocytic, subacute, multifocal, mild to moderate Hepatitis, p , heterophilic, p , subacute,, multifocal,, mild to moderate, with individual cell necrosis Interstitial p pneumonia,, heterophilic p to lymphoplasmacytic, subacute, multifocal, mild to moderate Glossitis, lymphoplasmacytic, subacute, multifocal, mild Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Discussion ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Providencia rettgeri g is an infrequent q opportunistic pathogen of captive American alligators and crocodiles Has been shown to cause septicemia with heterophilic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, hepatitis and splenitis I Australia In A t li thi this b bacterium t i h has b been iisolated l t d from the brain, liver and in mixed cultures from the kidney and intestines of crocodile hatchlings Stress and subsub-optimal water temperatures commonly precipitate infection Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Thanks ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Dr Nanny Wenzlow Dr Brian Stacy Dr Lisa Farina Dr Ken Conley Dr Deb Mahapatra Other fellow UFL pathology residents UFVMC Histology lab staff Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website www.english.ufl.edu/.../alligator_baby.jpg Questions? Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website Refernces 1. 2. 3 3. Camus, A.C., Hawke J.P. Providencia rettgeri rettgerig associated septicemia and meningoencephalitis in juvenile farmed American alligators (Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). pp )). Journal of Aquatic q Animal Health mississippiensis 14:149 14 :149--153, 2002. Ladds, P.W., Bradley, J., Hirst, R.G. Providencia rettgeri meningitis in hatchling salt water crocodiles (Crocodylus (Crocodylus porosus). porosus ). Australian Veterinary Journal 74 74:: 397397-398, 1996. Turton J.A., Turton, J A Ladds, Ladds P.W., P W Melville, Melville L L.F. F Interdigital subcutaneous emphysema (‘bubble foot’) in Crocodylus porosus hatchlings. Australian Veterinary Journal 74 74:: 395--397, 395 397 1996 1996. Permission granted only for viewing on SEVPAC website