Download Providencia rettgeri

Providencia rettgeri infection in
11 Juvenile American Alligators
(Alligator mississippiensis)
mississippiensis)
N08--473
N08
www.urel.ufl.edu/.../hires/alligator.jpg
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Clinical History
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¾
Three yyears ago
g a large
g
alligator farm with ~2000
animals experienced a
large diedie-off of 800 3 to 4
foot alligators
Clinical signs included:
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™
™
™
inappetance
white spots on tongue
side to side thrashing of
head and tail
bleeding from nose and
throat
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www.flmnh.ufl.edu/.../crocs/crocsc1.htm
Clinical History
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In late November 2008,,
eleven juvenile alligators
began showing the same
symptoms acutely
These were brought to
UF for clinical workup,
euthanasia and necropsy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_mississippiensis_2_babies.jpg
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Gross Findings
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Liver
™
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Enhanced
E
h
d llobular
b l pattern
tt
(7/11)
Diffuse hepatomegaly (2/11)
Multifocal petechiation of hepatic capsule (1/11)
Lungs
™
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Low to moderate numbers of petechiae distributed multifocally on
pleural surface (6/11)
Heart
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O
Occasional
i
l1
1--2mm
2
poorly
l circumscribed
i
ib d confluent
fl
t white
hit ffocii on th
the
ventricular epicardium (1/11)
Brain
™
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Mild to marked hemorrhage of meninges overlying rostral cerebellum
and
d cranial
i l cervical
i l cord
d (3/11)
Eyes
™
Mild to moderate amounts of white flocculent material within anterior
chambers of both eyes
y ((11/11))
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Microscopic Findings - Spleen
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Microscopic Findings - Spleen
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Microscopic Findings – Gram stain
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Microscopic Findings – Spleen
(WP)
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Microscopic Findings - Heart
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Microscopic Findings - Heart
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Microscopic Findings - Heart
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Microscopic Findings - Eye
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Microscopic Findings - Eye
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Microscopic Findings - Eye
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Additional Diagnostics
¾ The
bacterium Providencia rettgeri was
cultured from meninges, anterior chamber
of the eyes,
eyes heart
heart, liver
liver, spleen
spleen, kidney
and bone marrow of all eleven alligators
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Final Anatomic Diagnoses
1.
2
2.
3.
Necrotizing
g splenitis,
p
, heterophilic,
p
, subacute,, multifocal
to coalescing, moderate to marked, with
lymphocytolysis
E d
Endocarditis
diti and
d myocarditis,
diti heterophilic,
h t
hili
lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic, subacute,
multifocal, moderate, with intralesional bacilli, atrial
and ventricular myocardium
Endophthalmitis, heterophilic and histiocytic, subacute,
diffuse moderate,
diffuse,
moderate bilateral with hypopyon
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Additional Anatomic Diagnoses
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Meningoencephalitis, heterophilic to histiocytic,
subacute, multifocal, mild to moderate
Hepatitis,
p
, heterophilic,
p
, subacute,, multifocal,,
mild to moderate, with individual cell necrosis
Interstitial p
pneumonia,, heterophilic
p
to
lymphoplasmacytic, subacute, multifocal, mild
to moderate
Glossitis, lymphoplasmacytic, subacute,
multifocal, mild
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Discussion
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¾
¾
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Providencia rettgeri
g is an infrequent
q
opportunistic pathogen of captive American
alligators and crocodiles
Has been shown to cause septicemia with
heterophilic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia,
hepatitis and splenitis
I Australia
In
A t li thi
this b
bacterium
t i
h
has b
been iisolated
l t d
from the brain, liver and in mixed cultures from
the kidney and intestines of crocodile hatchlings
Stress and subsub-optimal water temperatures
commonly precipitate infection
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Thanks
¾
¾
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¾
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Dr Nanny Wenzlow
Dr Brian Stacy
Dr Lisa Farina
Dr Ken Conley
Dr Deb Mahapatra
Other fellow UFL
pathology residents
UFVMC Histology lab
staff
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www.english.ufl.edu/.../alligator_baby.jpg
Questions?
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Refernces
1.
2.
3
3.
Camus, A.C., Hawke J.P. Providencia rettgeri
rettgerig associated septicemia and meningoencephalitis in
juvenile farmed American alligators (Alligator
(Alligator
mississippiensis).
pp
)). Journal of Aquatic
q
Animal Health
mississippiensis
14:149
14
:149--153, 2002.
Ladds, P.W., Bradley, J., Hirst, R.G. Providencia rettgeri
meningitis in hatchling salt water crocodiles (Crocodylus
(Crocodylus
porosus).
porosus
). Australian Veterinary Journal 74
74:: 397397-398,
1996.
Turton J.A.,
Turton,
J A Ladds,
Ladds P.W.,
P W Melville,
Melville L
L.F.
F Interdigital
subcutaneous emphysema (‘bubble foot’) in Crocodylus
porosus hatchlings. Australian Veterinary Journal 74
74::
395--397,
395
397 1996
1996.
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