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Marx How to debate about the economy What is Capitalism? • Economic systems are classified based on the ownership of the means of production • Defined by the relationship between those who own the means of production (the capitalists or bourgeoisie) and those who do not (the workers or the proletariat). • According to Marx, history evolves through the interaction between the mode of production and the relations of production. Dialectical Materialism • Hegel • Dialectics • Historical teleology • Ideology/Idealism • Materialism • Historical materialism and Class Struggle • Ideology is created by economic/material reality Base v Superstructure • Base- the forces and relations of production into which people enter to produce the necessities and amenities of life • employer–employee work conditions • the technical division of labor • property relations. • Super Structure- society’s other relationships and ideas • • • • • Culture Institutions Rituals State/ Governments Ideologies Base and Superstructure Cont. • The base determines the superstructure • yet their relation is not strictly causal, because the superstructure often influences the base; the influence of the base, however, predominates. • In Orthodox Marxism, the base determines the superstructure in a one-way relationship. • Creates a framework for debate • Economic conditions > Ideology • Fixing the economic conditions comes before every other impact The Labor Theory of Value: An Alternative Economic Model • The value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor that went into producing it • Opposed to traditional model of supply and demand • Commodity- an external object that satisfies wants or needs. • Use-value- their capacity to satisfy such wants and needs. • Exchange-value- their value in relation to other commodities on the market, which is measured in terms of money. • Marx asserts that in order to determine the relative worth of extremely different commodities with different use-values, exchange-value, or monetary value, must be measurable in terms of a property common to all such commodities. • The only thing that all commodities have in common is that they are a product of labor. Therefore, the value of a commodity in a market represents the amount of labor that went into its production. Surplus Value and The Theory of Exploitation • Profit= Selling Price - Cost of Production • Surplus Value= Selling Price - exchange-value • Exchange-value= value of labor to produce product • Rather than buy or sell products at their true exchange-value, as determined by the labor that went into making them, capitalists enrich themselves by extracting a “surplus-value” from their laborers—in other words, exploiting them. Why is Capitalism Bad? • Privileges Economic Concerns Over Other Decision Making Factors • Wars • Environment • “Epistemic Blind spots” • Structural Violence • Poverty • Inefficient Distribution of Resources • Alienation • Dialectical Materialism- The Human Relationship to Labor The Alternative: A Non-Exploitative System of Economics • Communism: Workers Own the Means of Production • Classless, Stateless Society • A Better Economic System • Capitalists are Inefficient • Competition is Inefficient • Dictatorship of the Proletariat • Re-learning of Values The Inevitability of Communism • “All History Hiterto is the History of Class Struggle” • Communism as the End of History • Capitalism Sows the Seeds of its Own Destruction • Production Capacity • Communication • Capitalism is a System of Infinite Growth on a Finite Planet • Resource Scarcity Class Consciousness v False Consciousness: Learning to Fight for the Right Team • Class Consciousness- awareness of one's place in a system of social classes, especially as it relates to class struggle. • False Consciousness- a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation. • Capitalism attempts to perpetuate false consciousness in order to prevent revolution. Using Marx to Answer The K • Garnering the Links • Idealism/ Ideology- Base v Superstructure • Individualism- Collectivism as a Superior Method • Historical Materialism- How does Class Better Explain Inequality • Race- False Consciousness of the White Working Class • Gender- Exploitation of Domestic Labor • Turning the Aff • False Consciousness -> Scapegoating • Solving the Aff • Restructuring the economic base resolves the superstructure that creates their impacts • Materialism means that they can’t resolve the aff without first resolving capitalism Using Marx to Answer Policy • The Links • The State • Economic Growth • Labor • Turning the Aff: How Capitalism Makes Their Impacts Inevitable • Alternative Solves the Aff • Framing • “Epistemic Blindspots” means that their aff is propaganda • “Particular Facts are Irrelevant” the system is more important than individual senarios