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Sun & Latitude The tilt of the Earth determines which hemisphere receives the most direct rays from the Sun Latitude determines how close or far away from the equator you are The closer to the Equator, the hotter the temperature When the Sun’s rays hit the Earth: About ½ is reflected back OR absorbed by the atmosphere The other ½ is absorbed by the Earth •Greenhouse Effect • the atmosphere traps heat to keep Earth warm •Heat escapes slowly back into the atmosphere Atmospheric Pressure OR Air Pressure Air has weight, it is always pushing on you Air Pressure is measured with a Barometer Oceans & Currents Water affects Earth’s temperature because: 1. Water heats & cools slower than air 2. Ocean currents move heat back & forth The Gulf Stream is a warm current Precipitation: Any Water that falls from the sky This includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air. Elevation & Mountain Effects An increase in elevation causes a decrease in temperature Orographic Effect: Humid air pushes against a mountain The moist air is forced to rise, causing rain clouds Storms: Tornados A tornado is a violent, rotating column of air that extends from a storm cloud to the ground. Storms: Hurricanes and Typhoons They are large, rotating storms that bring rain and sustained wind speeds of over 74 miles per hour. Climate Zones divide the Earth into general climate zones based on average temperatures, rainfall and Latitude. The three major climate zones on the Earth are the polar, temperate, and tropical. •They exist between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. •The suns rays are concentrated here year round. • They have warmest average temperatures and gets the most rain. Temperatures are warm to cool. These zones contain most of the Earth’s land masses with more moderate temperatures and rainfall year-round. The Northern Temperate Zone runs from the Tropic of Cancer to the Arctic Circle The Artic Circle is 66.5 North Latitude The Southern Temperate Zone Runs from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Antarctic Circle. The Antarctic Circle is 66.5 South Latitude Marine West Coast Temperate Zone Mediterranean Temperate Zone Humid Continental Temperate Zone Humid Subtropical Temperate Zone They exist north at the Arctic Circle and south at Antarctic Circle These zones are the coldest with temperatures almost always below freezing. The suns rays are at such an angle that the regions do not get much heat or light year round. Subarctic Tundra Ice Cap Other Zones There are other factors that effect an areas climate. Altitude and amount of precipitation can affect climate no matter what the latitude. Desert