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Exam questions
1. Essence of Life: properties of life.
2. Modern principles of the Cell theory
3. Investigating Life: the microscopes reveal cell structure.
4. Two types of organisms - prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
5. The structure components of the eukaryotic cells:
• A cell membrane, its structure and functions
• A cytoplasm and a cytoskeleton, that supports cells
• The cell organelles
6. The nucleus: structure and functions
7. The chromosomes: structure, levels of compression of the DNA into chromosomes.
8. The chromatin structure: euchromatin and heterochromatin
9. Classification of chromosomes
10. Human karyotype and ideogram
11. A movement of substances across membranes.
a. Diffusion and osmosis
b. Active transport
c. Exocytosis and endocytosis
1. Energy converting
2. ATP – universal source of energy
3. Information system of the cell: genetic code
4. The structure of DNA and RNA
5. DNA replication
6. DNA transcription
7. RNA types
8. Genetic code. Translation and protein biosynthesis.
9. General principles of gene regulation
10. Gene regulation in bacterial cells: the operon structure
11. Eukaryotic gene regulation
12. The cell cycle. Mitosis. Cell cycle control
25. Chromosome structure, alterations of chromosome structure during the cell cycle
26. Meiosis. Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Types of sexual reproduction
27. Characteristics of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The features of human gametes
28. Ontogenesis, types of ontogenesis. Modern interpretation of ontogenesis determination
29. Embryonic period of human: fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis
30. Structure that support the embryo
31. Human pre-natal development, the critical periods of development
32.
Mendel`s laws:
• Law of dominance
• Law of segregation
• Law of independent assortment
33.
Interaction of allelic genes:
• complete and incomplete dominance
• codominance. Inheritance of blood groups
34.
Interaction of non-allelic genes
• complementary
• epistasis. Recessive epistasis
• polygenic inheritance
35.
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
36. Complete and non-complete gene linkage, linkage group. Crossing over.
37. Sex, sex determination, dosage compensation
38. Phenotype. Genotype. Phenocopy. Norm of reaction. Penetrance and expressivity.
Discontinuous and continuous variation
39. Types of gene mutations
• Missense mutations
• Nonsense mutations
40. Type of genome mutations
• Chromosomal mutations: insertions, deletions, inversions, duplications, translocations
• Changes of chromosome number: polyploidy and aneuploidy
41. Pedigree analysis: symbols, aims, and problems
42. Twins study: meaning for study of phenotypical variation
43. Cytogenetic method: diagnostics of chromosomal diseases.
44. Prenatal diagnostics of hereditary diseases. Ethical aspects of prenatal diagnostics.
45. Inherited metabolic disorders:
• Amino acids exchange
• Lipids exchange
• Carbohydrates exchange
• Metal exchange
• Diseases of blood clotting system
• Defects of hemoglobin structure
46. The chromosomal diseases:
• Dawn syndrome
• Patau syndrome
• Edwards syndrome
• Klinfelter syndrome
• Turner syndrome
47. Class Sarcodina: common characteristic, Entamoeba histolytica and others specimens
48. The main characteristcs of Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania
donovani, Lamblia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma gambiense
49. The malaria parasites. Life cycle of Plasmodium, diagnostics, preventions, and medical
significance
50. Toxoplasmosis: diagnostics, prevention, and characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii what is
reason of toxoplasmosis
51. Balantidium coli – morphological features, life cycle, diagnostics, and prevention
52. Fasciola hepatica: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis, diagnostics,
and prevention
53. Schistoma heamatobium, S. mansoni: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion,
pathogenesis, diagnostics, and prevention
54. Opisthorchis felineus: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and prevention
55. Paragonimus ringeri: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis, diagnostics,
and prevention
56. Dicrocoellium lanceolatum: life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis, diagnostics,
and prevention
57. The general characteristics of Cestoideas
58. Taenia soleum: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and
prevention.
59. Cysticercosis as a complication of teniasis
60. Taeniarhynchus saginatus: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and prevention
61. Diphyllobothrium latum: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and prevention.
62. Hymenolepis nana: life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and
prevention
63. Echinococcus granulosus: structure, life cycle, channel of invasion, pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and prevention
64. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichocephalus trichiurus, and Enterobius vermicularis: structure
and life cycles.
65. Trichinella spiralis: life cycles. Diagnostics and preventive measures of trichinellosis.
66. Ancylostoma duodenale and Strongyloides stercotalis: structure and life cycles.
67. Dracunculus medinensis: structure and life cycles.
68. Diagnostic and preventive measures of dracunculiasis.
69. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) malayi: structure and life cycles. Diagnostic, and
preventive measures of elephantiasis.
70. Onchocerca volvulus: structure and life cycle. Diagnostics and prevention of Blinding
filariasis or river blindness
71. Loa loa (eye worm): life cycle, and diagnostics and preventive measures of loasis
72. The mites of both Ixodidae and Argazidae family
73. Sarcoptes scabiei: life cycle, diagnostics and preventive measures of scabies
74. The Culicidae: life cycle of both malaria and non-malaria mosquito
75. The Diptera insecta: the Plebotomidae (mosquitoes), the Simuliidae (gnat), the Muscidae
(flies), the Sarcophagidae (grey meat flies).
76. The Anoplura order: Pediculus humanus, and Phtirus pubis, main features of parasite
structure and reproduction
77. The Aphaniptera order: Pulex irritans