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Byzantine
o sacred paintings of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ,
or the Most Holy Mother of God,
or the Angels and Saints.
o Icon artists work hard to make individuals recognizable. Many saints have standardized
features, such as St. Peter, who is always depicted with a short white beard and curly
white hair. All are identified by inscriptions.
o Characterized by vivid colors
o often gold colored backgrounds,
o Symbols are often included to further identify figures. Certain colors are associated with
certain individuals, such as blue for Mary's robe. Particular numbers, like twelve for the
apostles, renders a group easily identifiable. And objects associated with saints, called
"attributes" help to make meaning clear; Saint Catherine's wheel, a symbol of her
martyrdom, allows easy recognition
o the persons depicted in icons seem to float, depth, the third (physical) dimension,
clearly discernable in virtually all other traditional paintings seems to be absent. The
dimensions portrayed is supposed to be spiritual
o often are longer than their natural counterparts.
o Everything shown in an icon is symbolic. For example, the ears of our Lord Jesus Christ
are large and his mouth is small. This signifies that he hears everything but that he only
speaks words of holy wisdom.
o Frequently icons depict single figures, presented in a non-narrative mode. Icon images
are easily readable. The figures are often surrounded by open space with no
overlapping, so that you can see all of a figure. They are usually presented frontally,
with a minimum of background.
o They are usually presented frontally, with a minimum of background.
o Inscriptions naming the figure accompany each image so that there is no confusion.
Inscriptions are placed beside the head and are clearly legible.
o Icons are usually presented in an abstract style--certain elements are pulled out and
made salient. The faces and bodies are rather flat and clearly separated by outlines. If
there is an attribute, or a particular facial feature or hairstyle, it will be emphasized and
made prominent.
o Often deep, gem-like colors are used. Most frequently, the figures or scenes are set
against a gold background, which serves to take the image out of any recognizable space
and time, and at the same time intensifies the colors. The golden glow is one of the
preeminent impressions of the icon.
http://www.teamsmedieval.org/ofc/F07/icon.htm
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icon/hd_icon.htm
Medieval manuscript illustration
the fourth to the early 16th century.
o Religious Subject Matter
o art created for the church to glorify God more than appeal to aesthetic sensibilities. As the
medieval period passed and more individuals obtained private wealth, more artists painted
contemporary scenes and figures. However, most of the recognizable medieval art
portrayed gospel scenes.
o Art subjects were almost always the holy family and the saints
o sometimes paintings and sculptures depicted war themes or animals and nature
o Vivid colors
o Many panel paintings also included gilding, another characteristic of medieval painting
Illuminations were hand-painted illustrations in medieval manuscripts, usually incorporating
gold or silver leaf
o Flat Style A typical trait of medieval painting was its flat style, meaning that artists painted
most scenes or figures in one dimension, lacking perspective
o Figures convey emotions
o Religious subjects
o effective us of light
o elaborate details
o religious images
Read more: Medieval Painting Characteristics | eHow.com
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Medieval Painting Characteristics | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8570021_medievalpainting-characteristics.html#ixzz2PDr6DqYF
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_characteristics_of_medieval_art
Gothic Art, International Gothic
Gothic Art is a term that is used to describe the medieval art of Europe that began to emerge
from the mid-12th Century. Its place of origin was France, but it spread and evolved through
much of western Europe and was still significant in parts of Germany until late into the 16th
Century.
The following are the characteristics of Gothic Art
o Gothic Art is characterized by lightness and soaring space.
o It focuses on innumerable division and subdivision and multiplicity of forms. (think
stained glass, manuscript illumination)
o Sculptures and images were stiff and had elongated styles (drawn longers than reality)
mostly oil on canvas is used and wooden panels
o color scale is richer and more varied than that of the Romanesque
o colors are dark yet uplifting
o Painting strictly based upon religious themes and subject matter.
o As this artistic movement deepened into its "late" period, however, the figures that
were once cast in a flat, nonrealistic way similar to the painting of Eastern religious icons
became much more lifelike as painters began to work with concepts such as perspective
o Paintings also began to include much more detail and depicted many figures in motion
rather than statically sitting or standing. Both of these innovations gave late Gothic
paintings a more "natural" look than earlier ones had.
http://www.blurtit.com/q628671.html
http://www.ehow.com/info_8410797_characteristics-late-gothic-art.html
Early Renaissance (Italy)
The Italian Renaissance began the 15th century. The term Renaissance means rebirth.. The
artists and sculptors of the Italian Renaissance---Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael and
Leonardo da Vinci---looked to the classical art of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration.
Characteristics
o Perspective one-point perspective in painting to give the illusion of three-dimensional
space. Objects and figures in the foreground appear bigger, and therefore closer to the
viewer, than those in the background.
o Geometry Renaissance artists also used geometry in the composition of their paintings.
Often figures or groups of figures are laid out in geometrical shapes, usually in the form
of a triangle.
o Naturalism Artists aimed to represent figures and nature more realistically than
medieval artists. They made close studies of nature and the human body, sometimes
going so far as to perform autopsies to gain a better understanding of human and
animal anatomy.
o Chiaroscuro comes from a combination of the Italian words for light and dark. Italian
Renaissance artists used contrast between gradations of light and dark, or shading, to
create volume, particularly when painting the human body. By using this technique,
Renaissance artists created a three-dimensional figure, in contrast to the flat figure of
medieval art.
o Classical Themes Italian Renaissance art drew inspiration from the classical themes of
Greek and Roman mythology and depicted portraits and other secular subjects. Italian
Renaissance artists painted the first nudes since the classical period.
o Contropposto is a standing position, where most of the figure's weight rests on only one
foot. As a result, the body twists, and the hip and shoulder axes are no longer parallel.
This pose gives the figure a dynamic and interesting appearance. One of the major
achievements of the Italian Renaissance was the rediscovery of contropposto, which
hadn't been used since the classical period.
o Italian High Renaissance artists achieved the ideal of harmony and balance comparable
with the works of ancient Greece or Rome.
o Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and
showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects,
spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy all are as real as possible.
o Renaissance favored more closed and clearly balanced compositions. Often pyramidal in
form, the central image was flanked on either side with similarly weighted forms.
o artists tended to create landscapes that were framed on each side by trees or other
structures, and where recession into space was created by carefully measured intervals
o used neutral tones and black and grays for shadows
http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/renaissance/highren.htm
http://www.ehow.com/list_6459200_characteristics-italian-renaissance-art.html
High Renaissance
o Characteristics
o Naturalism
o Individualism
o Focus on perspective
o Complex formal arrangements
o Realism and a sense of emotional expression
o Rendering of light and shadow to create illusion of depth
o aimed to achieve perfect harmony and balance, in all aspects of painting, i.e. use of
color and light, perspective, technical precision, imagination and composition.
o There was a focus on painting human anatomy. High Renaissance art focused on
portraying the humans in their most natural form. Nudes were painted beautifully and
aesthetically.
o Artists perfected the art of facial expressions
o Humanism. The Renaissance paintings depicted people studying Philosophy and
Mathematics, rather than worshiping
o used neutral tones and black and grays for shadows
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/renaissance-art-characteristics.html
Mannerism
Mannerism, from 1525 to 1600, concentrated more on style or manner and less on the
substance.
There was no newness in the Italian art as the artists of this period only wanted to outdo the
artists of the high renaissance period.
o Mannerists used loud colors and strange themes.
o They depicted humans with unnaturally long limbs.
o Painting anguished people became one of the strangest characteristics of Italian
Renaissance art. Even the Nudes were painted in such positions that they seemed very
ungraceful.
o Even the human figures depicted in Northern Renaissance art, although very realistic,
were unlike the ones used in the Italian art. Symbolism i.e. objects used to denote an
altogether different meaning, was widely used.
o Prints i.e. use of woodcut to create images, was also a very prominent feature of the
northern Renaissance art. The artists used to make drawings on wood. The untouched
part of the wood was then cut off and the raised portions were inked. In the end, the
wood was pressed against a paper or fabric, to create paintings.
o used neutral tones and black and grays for shadows
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/renaissance-art-characteristics.html
Baroque Art
Baroque could be the last stage of Renaissance art or it could be the beginning of a new period
of painting. If it is a new style it must be distinguished from the Renaissance style having a clear
set of stylistic principles. This definition and description has faded over the years and Baroque is
a term used today for art created roughly between 1600 and 1750.
o Time is important to painters of the Baroque period. They saw time as a measurable
entity. Time strips away falsehoods revealing truth and vindicates good over bad. This
sense of time is recurrent throughout art and literature of the Baroque art Period.
o painted compositions recorded the relentless power of Nature changing the structure
and physical elements of Nature itself.
o The subject matter of Old Man Time carrying a scythe reeking destruction of young
children was a popular theme among painters. Time to the Baroque painter was
instantaneous and eternal.
o used neutral tones and black and grays for shadows
ROCOCO ART
(c.1700-1775)
Rococo began in the 17th century and found its height in the 18th century. It is characterized by its light
airy and feminine lines. The style was known for its arabesque forms, shells, elaborate curves and
asymmetric composition.
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The Rococo manner was a reaction against the "grand manner" of art identified with the baroque
formality and rigidity of court life.
Rococo art portrayed a world of artificiality, make-believe, and game-playing.
it was essentially an art of the aristocracy and emphasized what seem now to have been the
unreflective and indulgent lifestyles of the aristocracy
no subjects of piety, morality, self-discipline, reason, and heroism (all of which can be found in the
baroque)
The Rococo style is characterized by pastel colors, gracefully delicate curving forms, fanciful
figures, and a lighthearted mood (visually and physically).
The essence of Rococo art is light. Extreme highlights are placed on the subject matter and the
overall work is light in color, effect, and emotion.
Artists paid special attention to fine detail.
Form is characterized by delicacy of color, dynamic compositions, and atmospheric effects.
Eventually the Rococo art was replaced by the more serious style, Neoclassicism. Critics condemned
it as "tasteless, frivolous, and symbolic of a corrupt society".
Marquise de Caumont La Force
1767
Francois Hubert Drouais, French (1727-1775)
Oil on canvas
39 inches H; 31 5/8 inches W
E. Arthur Ball Collection
Dutch Art 1620-1670
Characteristics
o still life, portraits, landscapes,
o interiors and genre painting
o Dutch artists had to focus on a more limited range of secular subjects to which there
were no objections on religious grounds.
o new subject matter geared to the domestic tastes of a prospering mercantile society
and a growing middle class.
o artists such as Rembrandt treated religious subjects, they were destined for private
display and offered a personal interpretation of scripture.
o artists to explore a new range of subject matter, such as landscape and still-life
representing their own world:
o The consistently naturalistic manner of representing their world reflects Dutch
indifference to Classical notions of ideal order.
o they celebrated the local particularities of the natural world as affected by wind, rain,
time and storm.
http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_walford_greattheme_1/1/262/67205.cw/index.html
The Guitar Player by Johannes Vermeer
Vermeer
Rembrandt
Neoclassical (1750–1850)
Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur
Characteristics
Neoclassical paintings have sharp outlines
reserved emotions
deliberate (often mathematical) composition
cool colors.
the paintings usually have a moral behind it or "meaning" and it was supposed to
educated or motivate or inspire the public.
o Themes and Subject Matter
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o French painters of the Neoclassic movement felt a kinship with Ancient Roman
heroes since the artists saw parallels between the ideals of the stoic Romans and
the ideals for which France was fighting in a revolution at the time. Roman and
Greek history and mythology were often subjects for their paintings. Themes of
the paintings emphasized stoicism and heroism.
o Composition has a "noble simplicity." They were characterized by symmetry,
clean lines
o emphasis on the subjects faces to help tell the story.
o Emotion is depicted in these paintings, but it is used with more restraint and
control
o Artists sought to faithfully reproduce the architecture and clothing of ancient
times, showing reverence for the traditional artistic ideals.
o Neoclassic paintings feature colors that are sharper than those found in the
Baroque or Rococo art that preceded it.
o Art of the neoclassic era made use of chiaroscuro, a technique that played with
the vivid contrast between light and dark colors, which provided a sense of
drama to the painting and also helped bring to life the multidimensionality of
objects.
o used neutral tones and black and grays for shadows
Artists: David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
Famous Painting
"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer."
Jacques-Louis David's "Oath of the Haratii" is another masterwork of the Neoclassic era.
The painting deals with military themes, showing a scene between three brothers
showing their loyalty to Rome.
Jacques-Louis David
http://www.ehow.com/info_8587676_characteristics-neoclassical-paintings.html
Romanticism
Romanticism (1780–1850)The triumph of imagination and individuality Caspar Friedrich,
Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin West
Romantic Artwork Characteristics
o very emotional
o beautiful but also in certain ways exotic
o the painting will also be an insight into the passion
o used techniques that were borrowed from the Neoclassicism period and infused this
ordered piece with originality in such a manner that it seemed corrupted.
o Blends styles
o Romantic art in many ways is a dark style showing a preference for the mysterious and
diseased.
o Some artists also used the occult and the satanic as a regular feature in their works.
o Calmness, harmony, order, balance, these were ideals that were rejected by the school
or art.
o Another Romantic art characteristic was an interest in displaying things that were exotic
to the painter.
o Nature was another recurring theme in paintings of the Romantic period
o landscapes were painted in a manner that showed nature as the source of mysterious
and dark occurrences
o Many mythical and supernatural subjects were the basis of artworks
o It was subjective and about giving up on any sort of formal structure in art work
o Capturing the sensuality of nature was important.
o used neutral tones and black and grays for shadows
o with defining the different characteristics of Romanticism art form were Joseph Turner,
Caspar David Friedrich, and John Constable.
Characteristics of Romantic art are difficult to define completely because of the varied
techniques that were used. Symbolism, a fascination for mythology and the
supernatural were just some of the viewpoints held close by Romantic artists. There was
an attention to detail that could be missed in a superficial glance. Romanticism
developed as a reaction to the ordered work of the period of Enlightenment and
questioned everything that stood as a symbol for its predecessor.
The Third of May, 1808 by Francisco Goya.
http://www.ehow.com/about_5427168_characteristics-romantic-art.html
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/romantic-art-characteristics.html
Realism
Realism was an art movement that revolted against the emotional and exaggerated themes of
Romanticism. Artists and writers began to explore the reality of every day life.
from 1840 to 1880. The Realism movement started in France after the 1848 revolution. The
Realism art movement can also be associated with the age of positivism. Positivism is all about
gaining knowledge using scientific methods of observation and objective evaluation. In art, this
translates to depiction of objects as they are
characteristics
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Realism artists tried to depict the real world exactly as it appears.
They painted everyday subjects and people.
They didn't try to interpret the setting or add emotional meaning to the scenes.
Realism in visual arts is basically about moving over the interpretation, personal bias,
subjectivity or emotionalism and depicting the painting theme in an empirical sense
Realists rejected the characteristics of Romantic art
artists didn't use techniques to change the appearance of the object. For instance, an
artist who follows the Realistic art tradition would never attempt to conceal any flaws in
the object or scene he/she is painting.
an accurate portrayal of ordinary people and events.
Subject shouldn't be someone who is larger-than-life or glorious always.
Their aim was to depict the daily life with as much accuracy as possible.
For instance, after industrial revolution, many of the famous paintings from Realistic
school of art depicted workers performing their tasks in factories. They tried to depict
the workers as they looked. However ugly or unaesthetic the surroundings looked, the
painter painted them with honesty, just as they existed. No changes were made to make
them look aesthetically pleasing.
Examples of Realism Art
The Gleaners (Jean-Francois Millet)
This painting is a great example of realism. It shows three peasant women gleaning a field for
some scraps of wheat. They are bent over in hard work in the hope of finding a tiny bit of food.
This painting was not well received by the French upper class when it was first exhibited in 1857
as it showed the harsh reality of poverty.
The Gleaners
Young Women from the Village (Gustave Courbet)
The reality of this painting is in stark contrast to Romanticism. The three women are dressed in
their country clothes and the landscape is rough and a little ugly. Even the cows are scraggly
looking. The rich lady is handing some money to the poor girl while the others look on. Courbet
was criticized for the "reality" of this painting, but that was what he found beautiful and was
trying to capture.
The Fox Hunt (Winslow Homer)
In this painting Winslow Homer shows a hungry fox hunting in the snow for food. At the same
time there are ravens which are so driven to hunger they are hunting the fox. There is nothing
heroic or romantic about this painting, just the reality of what happens in the winter to hungry
animals.
Famous Realism Era Artists
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Gustave Courbet, Honore Daumier ,Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer
Jean-Francois Millet - A French Realist painter famous for his paintings of farm peasants.
Interesting Facts about Realism
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Unlike some other artistic movements, there was little sculpture or architecture as part
of this movement.
Near the end of the Realism movement, a school of art called the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood immerged. This was a group of English poets, artists, and critics. They felt
the only true art was the High Renaissance.
The invention of photography in 1840 likely helped to spur on the realism movement.
http://www.ducksters.com/history/art/realism.php
http://www.ilibrarian.net/art/realism_the_fox_hunt_lg.jpg
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/realism-and-realistic-art.html
Pre Raphaelites
In the middle of the 19th century, in London was regarded as the place to study. But its view of
'acceptable' art was very proscriptive, idealizing nature and beauty.
In 1848 a group of disillusioned students banded together, forming the Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood, with the grand aim of revitalizing painting in Britain.
Characteristics
o Subjects: Their guiding principles were the depiction of simple rather than grand
subjects
o a serious and moralistic theme
o an honest rendition of nature based on direct observation outdoors
o an adherence to Christian spirituality.
o Symbolism was important.
o Colors: Bright transparent colors (at the time regarded as garish) were applied in thin
glazes onto a smooth, white ground, most often canvas. Using a white ground, rather
than a colored one, gives luminosity to a painting. Building up color through glazes,
imitates the effect of light falling on a subject and gives a depth that cannot be obtained
by using colors mixed on a palette.
o Millais and Hunt reversed the establishment's order of painting, creating backgrounds
firstCompositions were generally worked out directly on the canvas, drawn with
graphite pencil.
o Form was built up meticulously using small brushes. Hunt said: "I tried to put aside the
loose irresponsible handling to which I had been trained."2
o The final touch was a high-gloss varnish, which emphasized the fact that the painting
was done in oils, the most valued of mediums, and helped protect the surface.
To recreate a typical Pre-Raphaelite palette, use the following colours: cobalt blue, ultramarine
(substitute French ultramarine for natural ultramarine), emerald green, madder (natural
madder fades in sunlight; substitute a modern alternative such as alizarin crimson), earth colors
(ochres, siennas, umbers), plus the characteristic Pre-Raphaelite purple made from mixing
cobalt blue with madder.
William Holman Hunt (1827--1910)
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828--82)
John Everett Millais (1829--96). Ophelia
http://c20thdesign.wordpress.com/2011/05/10/historicism-2/
http://lujanfraixpinturas.blogspot.ca/2011/12/dante-gabriel-rossetti-1828-1882.html
http://painting.about.com/od/oldmastertechniques/a/PreRaphs_techs.htm
Impressionism
Impressionism began in France when a group of young and talented artists decided to rebel
against the established art critics, called the Salon in France, and form a new style of painting all
their own. Impressionists wanted to capture a moment in time. Critics said that their work was
merely "impressions" of reality and the name stuck. The Impressionist movement began in the
1860s and became most popular in the 1870s and 1880s.
characteristics
o The Impressionists wanted to capture a moment in time.
o They were more concerned with the light and color of the moment than with the details
of objects they were painting.
o They often painted outdoors and worked quickly to capture the light before it changed.
o They used rapid brush strokes
o and often used unmixed color to save time.
o They used unusual visual angles
o and common everyday subjects.
o Impressionism is about the nature of fugitive light falling on surfaces. This play of
moving light, as opposed to stationary light, expresses the ephemeral quality of
modernity. Impressionism is about the temporary, the here and now, and not about the
timeless, the forever.
o Asymmetrical Balance were interested in capturing a sense of immediacy. They
emphasized new compositional devices such as plunging perspective, cropped forms,
and compositions balanced asymmetrically.
Impressionist painters favored asymmetrical
compositions such as that employed in this
work by Edward Rook where the bushy
laurel below is visually balanced by the tree
above.
o Use of Colored Shadows , artists employed purples, yellows, and other colors to suggest
colored shadows and reflected light. In so doing, they heightened the coloristic effects
that captured their attention when painting in the open air.
o Use of Pure Color Artists traditionally mixed paints on their palette to achieve a certain
hue or color before applying it to the canvas. Impressionists applied color directly on
the canvas, each hue is applied separately but would be visually fused together by the
human eye giving the sensation of flickering light and vibrating atmosphere.
o Broken Color or Broken Brushstrokes . Impressionists rejected the highly finished
surfaces of academic painting of the time to create a visual language of bright, rapidly
applied color to capture light and atmosphere. Impressionist painters developed a way
of applying pigment that has been called “broken color” or “broken brushstrokes.” The
paint is applied in mosaic-like patches which creates a rough irregular surface texture.
o Use of Impasto (or Thick Paint) In an Impressionist canvas, paint is applied in thick
raised strokes which is called impasto. Through using thick brushwork an artist can
create a roughened uneven texture that often mimics the texture of the subjects as well
as captures and reflects light.
o High Horizontal Line use of a high horizon line that often creates a plunging perspective.
http://www.florencegriswoldmuseum.org/learning/foxchase/html/about_impressionism.php
Dance at Le moulin de la Galette (Pierre-Auguste Renoir)
This painting depicts an outdoor scene of a dance on Sunday afternoon in Paris. Renoir captures
the afternoon light flickering as it filters through the trees. The painting captures a moment in
time.
Lydia Leaning on Her Arms in a Theatre Box (Mary Cassatt)
This painting is an example of an Impressionist portrait. The quick and sweeping brush strokes
capture the moment of the girl leaning forward in anticipation at the opera. The girl, Lydia,
appears relaxed and confident. The colors are bright and capture the lighting prior to the show
beginning.
Paris Street: Rainy Day (Gustave Caillebotte)
This Impressionist painting gives the feeling of a photograph. It appears to capture people as
they are casually walking down the street in the rain. Although this painting has sharper images
than many impressionist paintings, it still captures a fleeting moment in time including the light
and the weather conditions.
Famous Impressionist Artists
Gustave Caillebotte, Mary Cassatt, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe,
Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir
http://arthistory.about.com/od/impressionism/a/impressionism_10one.htm
http://www.ducksters.com/history/art/impressionism.php
Post Impressionism
Post-Impressionists pushed the ideas of the Impressionists into new directions. The word "PostImpressionism" indicates their link to the original Impressionist ideas and their departure from
those ideas -- their modernist journey from the past into the future. Mid-1880s to early 1900s
(including the Fauves as a Post-Impressionist Movement)
Characteristics
o there were no broad, unifying characteristics. Each artist took an aspect of
Impressionism and exaggerated it.For example, Vincent van Gogh intensified
Impressionism's already vibrant colors and painted them thickly on the canvas
(impasto). Van Gogh's energetic brushstrokes expressed emotional qualities. Therefore,
we see him as an off-shoot of Impressionism and a proponent of Expressionism (art
loaded with charged emotional content).
o most pieces could be labeled as highly emotional. While Impressionists invoked light
emotions into their compositions, Post Impressionists flooded each stroke with deep
emotion.
o Georges Seurat took the rapid, "broken" brushwork of Impressionism and developed it
into the millions of colored dots that create Pointillism
o Paul Cézanne elevated Impressionism's separation of colors into separations of whole
planes of color. \
o Color choices during Post Impressionism became not only playful, but completely
subjective and abstract. For example, a traditional painter would most likely create a
realistic yellow sun when painting an afternoon sky and an Impressionist painter would
most likely create a blurred yellowish sun. However, a Post Impressionist painter may
choose to create a distorted yellow sun, rippling red sun or a purple-dappled green sun.
o The artists interested in this new way of painting, studied the different optics of colors.
As opposed to colors that blended in (=impressionism), the pointillism used little dots in
pure colors. When moving further away from the painting, the different points start
blending in together into one coherent picture.
The Green Sail 1904 by Paul Signac
Original Dimensions: 65 x 81 cm
http://www.artinthepicture.com/paintings/Paul_Signac/The-Green-Sail/
Starry Night over the Rhone, 1888 by Vincent van Gogh
Tahitian Landscape 1893 by Paul Gauguin
The list below pairs the leading artists with their respective Post-Impressionist Movements:
Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Aristide Maillol, Édouard
Vuillard André Derain,
Suggested Reading:
Rewald, John. Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin.
New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1978.
(NB - Rewald was working on the second volume: From Gauguin to Matisse before he passed
away in 1994.)
Arnason, H. H. and Elizabeth C. Mansfield. History of Modern Art, 6th Edition.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010.
Atkins, Robert, Artspoke: A Guide to Modern Ideas, Movements, and Buzzwords, 1848-1944
New York: Abbeville Press, 1993.
Rosenblum, Robert and H. W. Janson, 19th-Century Art.
New York: Prentice Hall and Harry N. Abrams, 1984.
http://arthistory.about.com/od/modernarthistory/a/Post-Impressionism-Art-History-101Basics.htm
http://www.life123.com/arts-culture/art-history/impressionism/post-impressionism-art.shtml
Fauvism
German Expressionism
The Expressionist movement started in Germany. These artists wanted to paint about emotion.
It could be anger, anxiety, fear, or peacefulness. This wasn't a completely new idea in art. Other
artists like Vincent van Gogh had been doing the same thing. However, this was the first time
this type of art had been given a name. The Expressionist movement occurred during the early
part of the 1900s.
characteristics
o Expressionist art tried to convey emotion and meaning rather than reality.
o In order to express emotion, the subjects are often distorted or exaggerated.
o the same time colors are often vivid and shocking.
o German Expressionism was more involved with the relationships between art and
society, politics and popular culture the Germany empire participated directly in the
affairs of art, artists wished to break free of the state but still appeal to the public.
o Despite the fact that the Expressionists made art for the people, the public and many
conservative artists did not understand the use of
o bright colors, flattened shapes and distorted forms.
o artists were considered provocative and revolutionary in their use of brilliant clashing
colors and jagged brushstrokes.
o the early days in Dresden, the jagged forms were more stylistic, suggesting youthful
activity rather than any specific feelings. Later, when the group moved to Berlin, the
sharp vertical slashes were linked to modern angst and alienation.
o Expressionism was linked to desire to go back to nature with an uninhibited
The Scream (Edvard Munch)
The Large Red Horses
Lady in a Green Jacket (August Macke)
Artists: Max Beckman, James Ensor, Oskar Kokoschka, August Macke, Franz Marc, Edvard
Munch, Egon Schiele