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Jet Electric Generator
Alexander Bolonkin
Department of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication Technology. CUNY, New York.USA,
C&R, USA [email protected]
Abstract
Author offers and develops the theory of a new simple cheap efficient electric (electron) generator. This
generator can convert pressure or kinetic energy of any non-conductive flow (gas, liquid) into direct
current (DC). The generator can convert the mechanical energy of any engine into high voltage DC. One
can covert the wind and water energy into electricity without turbine. One can convert the rest energy of
an internal combustion engine or turbojet engine in electricity and increase its efficiency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------Key words: Jet Electric Generator, Electron generator, AB generator, Wind electric generator, Water electric
generator, DC generator, High voltage generator.
Introduction
Electric Generator.
In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy. A generator forces electric current to flow through an external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other
source of mechanical energy. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids.
The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and
motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate
electricity and frequently make acceptable generators.
The MHD (magneto hydrodynamic) generator transforms thermal energy and kinetic energy
directly into electricity. MHD generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they
operate at high temperatures without moving parts. MHD was developed because the hot exhaust gas
of an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. MHD
was developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when
burning coal or natural gas. MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD propulsors, which have been
applied to pump liquid metals and in several experimental ship engines.
An MHD generator, like a conventional generator, relies on moving a conductor through a magnetic
field to generate electric current. The MHD generator uses hot conductive plasma as the moving
conductor. The mechanical dynamo, in contrast, uses the motion of mechanical devices to accomplish
this. MHD generators are technically practical for fossil fuels, but have been overtaken by other, less
expensive technologies, such as combined cycles in which a gas turbine's or molten carbonate fuel
cell's exhaust heats steam to power a steam turbine.
Natural MHD dynamos are an active area of research in plasma physics and are of great interest to the
geophysics and astrophysics communities, since the magnetic fields of the earth and sun are produced
by these natural dynamos.
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The jet electric generator offered in given article is principal different from MHD generator. One does
not need hot plasma, magnets and a magnetic field, it’s easier, cheaper by ten times and more
efficient. It might serve for purposes of propulsion. MHD is also not reversible.
The first author publications about new jet AB electron-electric generator are in [1] – [5].
AB Jet Electric Generator (ABJEG)
Principal schema. Jet electric generator (ABJEG) is very simple (fig.2). That is nonconductive tube 2,
injector 4 of electrons (ions) in beginning of tube and collector 5 of electrons (ions) in end of tube. If
generator does not have grounding 10, one may have the charge compensator 10.
The electron injector is conventional: cold field electron emission (edge needles) or hot electron
emission (hot cathode). See more detailed description and computation of the injectors in next chapters.
Correct design of them practically does not consume electricity.
The charge (electron) collector may be conductive plates or conductive net located in end of tube. The
ABJEG needs in it if one does not have the good grounding or want to improve the efficiency.
The charge compensator deletes the opposed charges (electrons and positive ions) and injects the
surplus charges into exhaust flow.
The charge compensator is necessary if ABJEG cannot have the grounding (for example ABJEG is located
in aircraft).
The offered generator can work on non-conductive gas or liquid. It may be convertible to either a pump
or propulsion system.
Fig.2. Schema of AB Jet electric generator. a – side view; b – back view. Notations: 1 is pressured gas or liquid,
2 is Jet Electric Generator (ABJEG), 3 is flow, 4 is injector of electrons, 5 is collector of electrons, 6 is source of
injector voltage, 7 is useful load, 8 is compensator of the lost electrons, 9 is compensator of internal charge,
10 is grounding (if no grounding we need the compensator 8), 11 needles of the ejector 4.
Work of the ABJEG (fig. 3). The nonconductive pressure gas (or liquid) locates into volume 1 (fig.2).
Under pressure the gas flow into ABJEG (fig.3, tube 1). In beginning of tube the injector 2 injects into gas
the electrons 5. The electrons are captured by the flow 6 and move to end of tube 1 against the electric
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field between injector and collector. They brake the flow (get the work, create the opposed pressure). The
flow reaches the collector (plate 7, 11) and charges it. When the charge of collector became over the
charge of the injector 4 (fig.2) the electrical current appears in the circuit. It consume by load 7 (fig.2).
Fig.3. Work of the AB Jet Electric Generator. Notations: 1 is Jet Electric Generator, 2 is needle injector, 3 is
opposed cathode plate of needle injector, 4 is the electric intensity lines of needle injector, 5 is the
injected electrons, 6 is flow of working mass (gas or liquid), 7 is plate of collector, 8 is the electric
intensity lines of the needle injector, 9 is electron moved against the electric field under flow pressure, 10
is electron not captured collector, 11 conductive isolated surface of collector, 12 is conductive coating of
the dielectric tube 1 for balancing the internal charge of electrons, 13 is collector of electrons, 14 are
conductive internal plates of collector.
Different designs of the injectors, collectors, compensators and electric schemas of ABJEG are possible.
One of them is shown in fig. 4. This injector has a conductivity net a high transparency and collector
having opposed charged plates. This collector attracts the electron and increases the efficiency. Correct
design of them practically does not consume electricity.
Fig.4. Electric schema of one version of the ABJEG. Notations: 2 is electron injector, 4 is useful load, 5 is
compensator, 6 is exhaust flow, 7 is input stream, 8 is trajectory of electrons, 9 is control, 10 is anode net of
injector, 11 is collector with opposed charged plates.
Differences of ABJEG (AB Electric Generator) relative to MHD (magnetohydrodynamic
generator).
The jet electric generator is principal different from MHD generator. MHD works on plasma or conductive
liquid. ABJEG works on dielectric (non-conductive gas or liquid (for example, water)). MHD needs in very hot
gas (high conductivity plasma). The currently available materials cannot endure this temperature. Result in
practical systems is low efficiency. Converting of gas to a high conductivity plasma requests a lot of energy for
heating, ionization and dissociation of gas. Most part of this energy is useless loses. The MHD needs very
powerful magnets (better superconductive magnets). For increasing efficiency the MHD connects to
conventional gas turbine. The installation is very complex and expensive. MHD is not reversible.
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Advantages of ABJEG over MHD:
1. ABJEG does not need hot plasma, magnets and magnetic field.
2. ABJEG is easier, cheaper by ten (perhaps a hundred) times and more efficient.
3. ABJEG may be used for getting energy from wind, river and moving water (ocean stream).
4. ABJEG can be small and it may be used for getting energy in small vehicles.
5. ABJEG can work as propulsion or pump.
Advantages ABJEG over the conventional electric (magnetic) generator:
1. ABJEG is easier, by some times than a conventional generator.
2. ABJEG produces high voltage electricity. Big electric stations do not need a heavy expensive and
vulnerable transformer.
3. ABJEG produces a direct current (DC). That is suitable for transfer over long distance.
4. The small DC generators can easy connect to the common net. Not necessary the harmonize the
frequency and phase of current.
Theory of Jet Electric generator. Computation and Estimation.
1. Ion and electron speed.
Ion mobility. The ion speed onto the gas (air) jet may be computed by equation:
js = qn-b-E + qD-(dn-/dx) ,
(1)
where js is density of electric current about jet, A/m2; q = 1.6×10-19 C is charge of single electron, C; n- is
density of injected negative charges in 1 m3; b - is charge mobility of negative charges, m2/sV; E is electric
intensity, V/m; D- is diffusion coefficient of charges; dn-/dx is gradient of charges. For our estimation we
put dn-/dx = 0. In this case
js = qn-b-E , Q = qn , v = bE , js = Qv ,
(2)
where Q is density of the negative charge in 1 m3; v is speed of the negative charges about jet, m/s.
The air negative charge mobility for normal pressure and temperature T = 20oC is:
In dry air b- = 1.9×10-4 m2/sV, in humid air b- = 2.1×10-4 m2/sV.
(3)
In Table 1 is given the ions mobility of different gases for pressure 700 mm Hg and for T = 18oC.
Table 1. Ions mobility of different gases for pressure 700 mm Hg and for T = 18 oC.
Ion mobility
Ion mobility
Ion mobility
Gas
Gas
Gas
10-4 m2/sV, b+ , b-
10-4 m2/sV, b+, b-
Hydrogen
Oxygen
5.91
1.29
8.26
1.81
Nitrogen
CO2
1.27
1.10
1.82
1.14
10-4 m2/sV, b+, b-
Chloride
0.65
0.51
Source [8] p.357.
In diapason of pressure from 13 to 6×106 Pa the mobility follows the Law bp = const, where p is air
pressure. When air density decreases, the charge mobility increases. The mobility strength depends upon
the purity of gas. The ion gas mobility may be recalculated in other gas pressure p and temperature T by
equation:
b b0
T p0
,
T0 p
(4)
where lower index “o” mean the initial (known) point. At the Earth surface H = 0 km, T0 = 288 K, p = 1 atm; at
altitude H = 10 km, T0 = 223 K, p = 0.261 atm;
For normal air density the electric intensity must be less than 3 MV (E < 3 MV/m) and depends from
pressure.
Electron mobility. The ratio E/p ≈ constant. Conductivity σ of gas depends upon density of charges
particles n and their mobility b, for example:
5
neb,
1/ n ,
(5)
where b is mobility of the electron, λ is a free path of electron.
Electron mobility depends from ratio E/n . This ratio is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Electron mobility be in gas vs E/n
Gas
E/n ×10-17
0.03 V·cm2
E/n ×10-17
1 V·cm2
E/n ×10-17
100 V·cm2
Gas
E/n ×10-17
0.03 V·cm2
E/n ×10-17
1 V·cm2
E/n ×10-17
100 V·cm2
N2
O2
CO2
H2
13600
32000
670
5700
670
1150
780
700
370
590
480
470
He
Ne
Ar
Xe
8700
16000
14800
1980
930
1400
410
-
1030
960
270
240
Source: Physics Encyclopedia http://www.femto.com.ua/articles/part_2/2926.html
The electrons may connect to the neutral molecules and produce the negative ions (for example, affinity
of electron to O2 equals 0.3 - 0.87 eV, to H2O equals 0.9 eV [7] p.424). That way the computation of the
mobility of a gas containing electrons and ions is a complex problem. Usually the computations are made
for all electrons converted to ions.
The maximal electric intensity in air at the Earth surface is Em = 3 MV/m. If atmospheric pressure
changes the Em also changes by law Em/p = constant.
Example 4. If E = 105 V/m, than v = 20 m/s in Earth surface conditions.
2. Electron injectors.
There are some methods for getting the electron emissions: hot cathode emission, cold field electron
emission (edge cold emission, edge cathode). The photo emission, radiation emission, radioisotope
emission and so on usually produce the positive and negative ions together. We consider only the hot
emission and the cold field electron emission (edge cathodes), which produces only electrons.
Hot electron emission.
Current i of diode from potential (voltage) U is
i CU 3 / 2
(6)
where C is constant which depends from form and size cathode. For plate diode
C
4
9
0
S
d2
2e
me
2.33 10
6
S
,
d2
(7)
where εo = 8.85·10-12 F/m; S is area of cathode (equals area of anode), cm2; d is distance between cathode
and anode, cm; e/me is the ratio of the electron charge to electron mass, C/kg;
Result of computation equation (7) is in fig. 5.
0.7
Current density, A/cm2 , 1/d2 =0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
CC-F1a
Density of currency, A/cm 2
0.6
0.5
1/d2 =2.5
1/d2 =2
0.4
1/d2 =1.5
0.3
0.2
2
1/d =1.0
1/d2 =0.5
0.1
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Voltage, V
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
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Fig.5. Electric current via voltage the plain cathodes for different ratio of the distance.
The maximal hot cathode emission computed by equation:
js = BT2exp(-A/kT) ,
(8)
where B is coefficient, A/cm2K2; T is cathode temperature, K; k = 1.38×10-23 [J/K] is Bolzmann constant;
A = eφ is thermoelectron exit work, J ; φ is the exit work (output energy of electron) in eV, e = 1.6·10 -19 .
Both values A, B depend from material of cathode and its cover. The “A” changes from 1.3 to 5 eV, the “B”
changes from 0.5 to120 A/cm2K2. Boron thermo-cathode produces electric current up 200 A/cm2. For
temperature 1400 -1500K the cathode can produce current up 1000 A/cm2. The life of cathode can reach
some years.
Exit energy from metal are (eV):
W 4.5, Mo 4.3, Fe 4.3, Na 2.2 eV,
From cathode covered by optimal layer(s) the exit work is in Table 3.
Cr – Cs
1.71
(9)
Table 3. Exit work (eV) from cathode is covered by the optimal layer(s):
Ti – Cs Ni – Cs
Mo – Cs W – Ba Pt - Cs W - O – K
Steel- Cs Mo2C-Cs
1.32
1.37
1.54
1.75
1.38
1.76
1.52
1.45
WSi2-Cs
1.47
Source [8]: Kikoin, Table of physic values, 1976, p. 445 (in Russian).
Results of computation the maximal electric current (in vacuum) via cathode temperature for the
different exit work of electrons f are presented in fig.6.
Fig.6. The maximal electric current via cathode temperature for the different exit work of electrons f.
Method of producing electrons and positive ions is well developed in the ionic thrusters for space
apparatus.
The field electron emission. (The edge cold emission).
The cold field electron emission uses the edge cathodes. It is known that the electric intensity Ee in the
edge (needle) is
Ee = U/a .
(10)
Here a is radios of the edge. If voltage between the edge and nears net (anode) is U = 1000 V, the radius
of edge a = 10-5 m, electric intensity at edge is the Ee = 108 V/m. That is enough for the electron emission.
The density of electric current may reach up 104 A/cm2 . For getting the required current we make the
need number of edges.
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The density of electric current approximately is computed by equation:
j 1.4 10
6
E2
1/ 2
10 ( 4.39
2.82107
3/ 2
/ E)
,
(11)
where j is density of electric current, A/cm2; E is electric intensity near edge, V/cm; φ is exit work (output
energy of electron, field electron emission), eV.
The density of current is computed by equation (11) in Table 4 below.
Φ = 2,0 eV φ = 4,5 eV
E×10-7 lg j E×10-7 lg j
1,0
2,98 2,0
-3,33
φ = 6,3 eV
E×10-7 lg j
2,0
-12,9
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
4,45
5, 49
6,27
6,89
7,40
7,82
8,16
8,45
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10.0
12,0
1,57
4,06
5,59
6,62
7,36
7,94
8,39
8,76
9,32
-0,88
3,25
5,34
6,66
7,52
8,16
8,65
9,04
9,36
Source: http://www.femto.com.ua/articles/part_1/0034.html
Example: Assume we have needle with edge S1 = 10-4 cm2, φ = 2 eV and net S2 = 10×10 = 102 cm2
located at distance L = 10 cm. The local voltage between the needle and net is U = 102 volts. Than
electric intensity at edge of needle, current density and the electric current is:
S2U 10 210 2
E
10 7 V/cm, j 103 A/cm2 , i jS1 10310 4 0.1 A ,
(12)
4
1
S1L 10 10
Here j is taken from Table 4 or computed by equation (11). If we need in the electric current 10 A, we
must locate 100 needles in the entrance area 1×1 m of generator.
Computation of equation (11) is presented in fig. 7.
2
Current density, A/cm , f=1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
CC3-F1
Density of Currency, A/cm 2
10
10
10
10
10
5
0
-5
f = 1,5
f = 2.0
10
f = 2.5
-10
f = 3.0
10
f = 3,5
-15
f = 4,0
10
f = 4,5
-20
0
1
2
3
4
Electric intencity, V/cm
5
6
7
x 10
7
Fig.7. Density of electric current the noodle injector via the electric intensity for different the field electron
emissions f.
3. Internal and outer pressure on the generator surface.
The electric charges located in the ABJEG generator produce electric intensity and internal and outer
pressure. The electric intensity can create electrical breakdown; the pressure can destroy the generator.
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a) For the cylindrical generator the electric intensity and pressure may be estimated by equations:
E
k
2
r
i
,
Va
,
p
(13)
E ,
where E is electric intensify, V/m; k = 9·109 is electric constant, Nm2/C2; τ is the linear charge, C/m;
ε is dielectric constant for given material (ε = 1 - 1000), r is radius of tube (generator), m; i is electric
current A; Va is average speed of flow inside of generator, m/s; p is pressure, N/m2; σ is the density of
charge, C/m2 at an tube surface.
Example. Assume the generator has r = 0.1 m, Va = 50 m/s, i = 0.1 A. Let us take as isolator GE Lexan
having the dielectric strength Em = 640 MV/m and ε = 3. Than from (13) we have E = 120 MV/m < Em =
640 MV/m.
If E > Em we can locate the part of the compensate charge inside generator.
b) For plate of generator having rectangular entrance h×w = 1× 3 m and compensation charges on two
sides, the electric intensity and pressure may be estimated by equations:
E
4 k
,
i
,
2Va w
p
2
0
E2 ,
(14)
where w is width of entrance, m; ε is dielectric coefficient of the isolator.
4. Loss of energy and matter to ionization.
Let us estimate the energy and matter requested for ionization and discharge in the offered ABJEG
generator. Assume we have ABJEG generator having the power P = 10,000 kW and a work voltage V
= 1 MV. In this case the electric current is i = P/V = 10 A = 10 C/s.
Assume we use the nitrogen N2 for ionization (a very bad gas for it). It has exit work about 5 eV and
relative molecular weight 14. One molecule (ion) of N2 weights mN = 14·1.67·10-27 = 2.34 ·10-26 kg.
The 1 ampere has nA = 1/e = 1/1.6·10-19 = 6.25·1018 ions/s. Consumption of the ion mass is:
M = mNi nA = 2.34 ·10-26·10· 6.25·1018 = 1.46·10-6 kg/s = 1.46·10-6 ·3.6·10-3 = 5.26·10-3 kg/hour ≈ 5
gram/hour.
If electron exit work equals φ = 4.5 eV the power spent extraction of one electron is: E1 = φe =
4.5·1.6·10-19 = 7.2·10-19 J.
The total power for the electron extraction is E = i·nA·E1 = 10·6.25·1018 ·7.2·10-19 = 45 W.
The received values mass M and power E are very small in comparison with conventional
consumption of fuel (tons in hour) and generator power (thousands of kW).
Important note (Compensation of flow charge). Any contact collector cannot collect ALL charges.
Part of them will fly away. That means the generator (apparatus) will be charged positive (if fly away
electrons or negative ions) or negative (if fly away the positive ions). It is easy to delete the negative
charges by edge. The large positive charge we may delete by a small ion accelerator. The art of ion
engines for vacuum is well developed. They may be used as injectors and dischargers in the first
design.
The charges may be deleted also by grounding.
Below is spark gap in air.
Table 5. Electric spark in air (in mm. For normal atmospheric pressure).
Voltage, kV
20
40
100
Two edges,
15.5
45.5
200
200
300
410
600
Two spheres, d = 5 sm
5.8
13
15
Two plates
6.1
13.7
36.7
Two spheres, d = 2 sm
262
530
75.3
114
9
Source [6], p124.
Application of Jet Electric Generator
1. Electric Station.
Estimations of main parameters of ABJEG for an electric station.
Assume we have ABJEG as the cylindrical tube with constant cross-section area f = 0.01 m2 (fig.8).
Let us take the pressure in balloon 1 p = 0.5 atm = 50,000 N/m2 and the gas (air) speed in exit of
ABJEG V = 50 m/s.
Fig.8. Principal schema of the Jet Electric Generator. Nominations: 1 – balloon with pressure gas, 2 – jet
electric generator (ABJEG), 3 – injector of electrons, 4 – collector of electrons, 5 – outer load, 6 – gas flow, 7 –
grounding.
The useful (working) pressure equals the pressure p into balloon 1 minus the kinetic loss of a gas in
the exit
V2
1.225 50 2
N
p1 p
5 10 4
4.847 10 4 ,
.
(15)
2
2
m2
That is anti-pressure of electron (ions) moving against the flow.
Power of ABJEG is
P f p1V 0.01 4.847 10 4 50 24.2 kW ,
(16)
Coefficient of efficiency of ABJEG
p1 4.847
0.97 .
(17)
p
5
Let us estimate the voltage and current for length L = 0.3 m of active part of tube.
The maximum of electric intensity Em must be less than
V
50
V
Em
2.5 105 .
(18)
4
b 2 10
m
Let us take the electric intensity E = 2·105 V/m. Than the work voltage will be
U = EL=2·105·0.3 = 60 kV .
(19)
i = P/U = 24.2/60 = 0.4 A .
(20)
The current will be
The ABJEG is suitable as simple (tube) additional electric generator for internal combustion engines
working by Otto’s cycle or any machine having pressure or high speed exhaust gases. That increases
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their efficiency. Vast industrial possibilities are opened by recovery of otherwise waste energies at low
opportunity cost.
The under critical speed w and consumption m of ideal gases from the converging nozzle may be
estimated by equations:
w
2
k
k 1
p1v1 1
p2
p1
k 1
k
, m
k
p1
f 2
k 1 v1
p2
p1
2/k
p2
p1
k 1
k
,
(21)
where k is adiabatic coefficient in gas dynamic; p is gas pressure in beginning “1” and end “2” of nozzle;
v is specific gas volume, f is cross-section area of tube, m2.
Critical ratio βk and critical speed wk is
k
pk
2 k1
p2
,
k
k
p1
k 1
p1
For one atom gas k = 1.66 and βk = 0.42 ,
For two atom gas k = 1.4 and βk = 0.528 ,
For one atom gas k = 1.3 and βk = 0.546 .
Equation of gas state and continuity equation is
1 , wk
2
k
k 1
p1v1 .
(22)
fw
const .
(23)
v
Here V is gas volume, m3; m is gas mass, kg; T is gas temperature, K; R is gas constant, for air R =
287 J/kg K.
These equations allow to compute the data of gas flow.
pV
mRT ,
The steam is very suitable gas for converting its extension directly to electricity without steam piston
machines, steam turbines and magnetic generator directly to electricity by ABJEG.
The steam speed after a converting nozzle may be computed by equation
w 44.72 i1 i2 ,
(24)
where I is the steam enthalpy in the beginning and end of the adiabatic process. The enthalpy is found
in diagram “is” by data of the beginning and end of the adiabatic process.
2. Wind Energy.
The simplest wind electric generator (ABJEG) is shown in fig.9. In end of mast 1 is installed the
electron injector 2. The wind 6 pick up the electrons and moves them to the Earth surface. Under Earth
surface the electros throw the grounding 4 and outer electric load 3 return to injector 2.
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Fig.9. Simplest wind generator. Notations: 1 – mast, 2 - electron injector, 3 – electric load, 4 – grounding, 5 –
trajectories of electrons, 6 = wind.
The electric resistance of the grounding may be estimated by equation
R
2 a ,
(25)
ρ is specific average resistance of the ground, m ; a is average radius the plate of grounding.
The good grounding must be in place of underground water or in sea water. For sea water ρ ≈ 0.2 m .
For underground water ρ is below. Connection having one line underground widely uses in
communication.
Suggested method may be used for getting the wind energy at high altitude. The injector must be
supported at high altitude by balloon, dirigible or wing apparatus [1].
a). Power of a wind energy N [Watt, Joule/sec]
N = 0.5 AV3
[W] .
(26)
The coefficient of efficiency, , equals about 0.2 -0.25 for EABG; 0.15 - 0.35 for low speed
propeller rotors (ratio of blade tip speed to wind speed equals
1); = 0.45 - 0.5 for high speed
propeller rotors ( = 5 - 7). The Darrieus rotor has = 0.35 - 0.4. The gyroplane rotor has 0.1 - 0.15.
The air balloon and the drag (parachute) rotor has = 0.15 - 0.2. The Makani rotor has 0.15 - 0.25.
The theoretical maximum equals ≈ 0.6. Theoretical maximum of the electron generator is 0.25. A front (forward) area of the electron injector, rotor, air balloon or parachute [m2]. - density of air: o
=1.225 kg/m3 for air at sea level altitude H = 0; = 0.736 at altitude H = 5 km; = 0.413 at H = 10
km. V is average annually wind speed, m/s.
Table 5. Relative density ρr and temperature of the standard atmosphere via altitude
H, km
0
0.4
1
2
3
6
8
10
12
ρr=ρ/ρo
1
0.954
0.887
0.784
0.692
0.466
0.352
0.261
0.191
T, K
288 287
282
276
269
250
237
223
217
Source [6].
The salient point here is that the strength of wind power depends upon the wind speed (by third
order!). If the wind speed increases by two times, the power increases by 8 times. If the wind speed
increases 3 times, the wind power increases 27 times!
The wind speed increases in altitude and can reach in constant air stream at altitude H = 5 – 7 km up V =
30 – 40 m/s. At altitude the wind is more stable/constant, which is one of the major advantages that an
airborne wind systems has over ground wind systems.
For comparison of different wind systems of the engineers must make computations for average annual
wind speed V0 = 6 m/s (or 10 m/s) and altitude H0 = 10 m. For standard wind speed and altitude the
maximal wind power equals 66 W/m2.
The energy, E, produced in one year is (1 year 30.2 106 work sec) [J]
E = 3600 24 350N
30 106N, [J].
(27)
3. Water Energy.
Typical hydroelectric station is shown in fig, 10. The water from a top level 1 flows by tube 2 to ABJEG 3
and after working runoff to lower level 4.
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Fig. 10. Typical Hydroelectric station with ABJEG. Notations: 1 - upper source; 2 - water canal; 3 – ABJEG;
4 – lower runoff.
Note: It is possible also the water electric generator shown in fig. 8. One may be used in rivers and ocean
streams.
1. Power of a water flow is N [Watt, Joule/sec]:
N = ηρBgH [W].
(28)
The coefficient of efficiency, , equals about 0.8 - 0.95; - density of liquid: ≈ 1.000 kg/m3 for
water; B is the flow in cubic meters per second; g = 9.81 m/s2 is Earth gravity; H is the height
difference between inlet and outlet of installation, m (fig.10).
Without ABJEG the H and V connected by equation
H = V2/2g .
(29)
2. Resistance of water. Salt water conducts an electric current. The specific electric resistance of water is
significantly depends from salinity of water. When we have the plates (nets) with both sides (cathode and
anode), the specific electric resistance are:
1. Distilled water R ≈ 106 Ωm.
2. Fresh water R = 40 - 200 Ωm (depends from water salinity).
(30)
3. Sea water R ≈ 0.2 Ωm.
In our case in one side we have the electron injector (cathode) which has conventionally a small area. In
this case the specific electric resistance is:
Ro = R/ 4π a ,
(31)
where a is radius of needle (or cathode), m; this radius conventionally is very small (mm). That means the
Ro has an electric resistance of hundreds Ohms. We can neglect their influence in the installation
efficiency .
3. Electron speed in water.
The charge mobility in water is:
Cl- is 0.667×10-7 m2/sV, Na+ is 0.450 ×10-7 m2/sV.
(32)
As you see the mobility of ions in water is very small. The applied voltage in water is also small. That
means the ion speed v is small in the comparison with water speed. In many case we can put v = bE ≈ 0
If v > 0, the electrons accelerate the water (E > 0 and installation spends energy, works as engine). If v <
0, the electrons brake the water (E < 0 and the correct installation can produce energy, works as electric
generator). If v = 0 (electron speed about installation equals water speed V), the electric resistance is zero.
4. The efficiency of installation from back electric current may be estimated by equation:
η ≈ 1/(1+ Ru/Ro) ,
(33)
where Ru is an useful electric resistance. Ratio Ru/Ro conventionally is small and η is closed to 1.
5. Specific power of Installation N1 [W/m2]. The specific power of the offered installation may be
estimated by a series of equations:
N1 ≈ η A1/t = ηQ1EL/t = ηQ1EV = jsU = ηρB1gh =0.5ηm1V2,
(34)
where A1 is energy of flow through 1 m2, J/m2; t is time, sec; B1 is flow in m3 through cross section area of
flow 1 m2; E is electric intensity, V/m; L is distance between injector and net (cathode and anode); V is
13
flow speed, m/s; js is density of electric current, A/m2; U is electric voltage, V; m1 is flow mass per second
through area 1 m2; Q1 is density of the negative charge in 1 m3; g = 9.81 m/s2 is Earth gravity; h is the height
difference between inlet and outlet of installation (between electron injector and net, between cathode and
anode), m.
Summary
Relatively no progress has been made in electric generators in the last years.
The author proposes a fundamentally new efficient electric generator for gas and liquid. No gas
(water) turbine, no dynamo-machine. Practically there is only a tube.
It is not comparable to conventional MHD generator or heat machine. The MHD generator requests
very high temperature, which cannot be endured by available materials. MHD generator is very
complex and expensive.
Author offers and develops theory of a new simple cheap and efficient electric (electron) generator.
This generator can convert pressure or kinetic energy of the any non-conductive flow (gas, liquid) into
direct current (DC). The generator can convert the mechanical energy of any engine in high voltage
DC. One can covert in electricity the wind and water energy without turbine. One can convert the rest
energy of an internal combustion engine or turbojet engine in electricity and increase its efficiency.
ABJEG may be propulsors, which have been applied to pump a gas or dielectric liquid and as engine in
several experimental ships.
As any new idea, the suggested concept is in need of research and development. The theoretical
problems do not require fundamental breakthroughs. It is necessary to design small, cheap installations
to study and get an experience in the design electron wind (water) generator.
This paper has suggested some design solutions from patent application. The author has many
detailed analysis in addition to these presented projects. Organizations or investors are interested in
these projects can address the author (http://Bolonkin.narod.ru , [email protected] ,
[email protected]).
The closed ideas are in [1]-[5]. Researches and information related to this topic are presented in [6][9].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge Joseph Friedlander for correcting the English and offering useful
advice and suggestions.
References
[1] Bolonkin A.A., Electronic Wind Generator.
Electrical and Power Engineering Frontier Sep. 2013, Vol. 2 Iss. 3, PP. 64-71.
http://www.academicpub.org/epef/Issue.aspx?Volume=2&Number=3&Abstr=false
http://viXra.org/abs/1306.0046 , www.IntellectualArchive.com,
https://archive.org/details/ArticleElectronWindGenerator6613AsterShmuelWithPicture
http://www.scribd.com/doc/146177073/Electronic-Wind-Generator
[2] Bolonkin A.A., Electron Hydro Electric Generator. International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Applications. ISSN: 2321-7723 (Online), Special Issue I, 2013.
http://fragrancejournals.com/?page_id=18, http://viXra.org/abs/1306.0196,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/149489902/Electron-Hydro-Electric-Generator , #1089
http://archive.org/details/ElectronHydroElectricGenerator_532, http://intellectualarchive.com,
[3] Bolonkin A.A., Electron Super Speed Hydro Propulsion. International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Applications, Special Issue 1, pp.15-19 (2013), http://viXra.org/abs/1306.0195
http://www.scribd.com/doc/149490731/Electron-Super-Speed-Hydro-Propulsion
http://archive.org/details/ElectronSuperSpeedHydroPropulsion
http://intellectualarchive.com . #1090
14
http://fragrancejournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Special-Issue-1-4.pdf
[4] Bolonkin A.A., Electron Air Hypersonic Propulsion. International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Applications, Vol.1, Iss. 6, pp.42-47 (2012). http://viXra.org/abs/1306.0003,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/145165015/Electron-Air-Hypersonic-Propulsion ,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/146179116/Electronic-Air-Hypersonic-Propulsion ,
http://fragrancejournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IJAEA-1-6-6.pdf .
[5] Bolonkin A.A., Electric Hypersonic Space Aircraft. Global Science Journal, 2 July, 2014,
http://viXra.org/abs/1407.0011, http://www.scribd.com/doc/232209230.
http://intellectualarchive.com Ref. #1288
[6] N.I. Koshkin and M.G. Shirkebich, Directory of Elementary Physics, Nauka, Moscow, 1982 (in Russian).
[7] I.K. Kikoin. Table of Physics values. Atomisdat, Moscow, 1976 (in Russian).
[8] S.G. Kalashnikov, Electricity, Moscow, Nauka, 1985.(in Russian).
[9] Wikipedia. Electric Generator, http://wikipedia.org .
May 27, 2014
Alexander Bolonkin
Alexander A. Bolonkin was born in the former Soviet Union. He holds a doctoral degree in aviation
engineering from Moscow Aviation Institute and post-doctoral degree in aerospace engineering from Leningrad
Polytechnic University. He has held the positions of senior engineering at the Antonov Aircraft Design
Company and chairman of the Reliability Department at the Glushko Rocket design Company. He has also
lectured at the Moscow Aviation Universities. Following his arrival in the United States in 1988, he lectured at
the New Jersey Institute of Technology and worked as a senior researcher at NASA and the US Air Force
Research Laboratories.
Professor A.A. Bolonkin is the author of more than 200 scientific articles and books, and has 17 inventions to
his credit. His most notable books include: Non-Rocket Space Launch and Flight (Elsevier, 2006).
http://viXra.org/abs/1407.0174; New Concepts, Ideas, and Innovations in Aerospace, Technology and Human
Life (NOVA, 2008). http://viXra.org/abs/1309.0193; Human Immortality and Electronic Civilization (Lulu,
1994); Femtotechnologies and Revolutionary Projects. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2011, 538 p.
http://viXra.org/abs/1309.0191, Life and Science. Lambert, 2011, 205 pgs. http://viXra.org/abs/1309.0205 .
Author WEB: http://Bolonkin.narod.ru .