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Chapter
19
The Endocrine
System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
 The nervous system and endocrine
system work together to monitor and
adjust physiological activities.
 In general, the nervous system performs shortterm “crisis management,” and the endocrine
system regulates longer-term, ongoing metabolic
processes.
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
 Endocrine system includes all of the endocrine cells
and tissues of the body.
 Endocrine cells are glandular secretory cells that
release hormones.
 Hormones are organized into four groups based on
chemical structure:
 Amino acid derivatives
 Peptide hormones
 Steroid hormones
 Eicosanoids
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
 Endocrine activity is controlled by endocrine
reflexes that are triggered by:
 Humoral stimuli
 Hormonal stimuli
 Neural stimuli
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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An Overview of the Endocrine System
Figure 19.2 Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs
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The Pituitary Gland
 The pituitary gland, or hypophysis
 Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
 ADH
 Oxytocin
 Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
 ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone
 TSH — thyroid-stimulating hormone
 GH — growth hormone
 PRL — prolactin
 FSH — follicle-stimulating hormone
 LH — luteinizing hormone
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.3 Gross Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pituitary Gland and
Its Subdivisions
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The Pituitary Gland
TABLE 19.1 The Pituitary Hormones
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.4 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
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The Pituitary Gland
Figure 19.5 The Pituitary Gland and the Hypophyseal Portal System
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The Thyroid Gland
 Sits on thyroid cartilage of larynx
 Butterfly-like appearance
 Consists of two main lobes connected by
the isthmus
 Controls metabolism
 Thyroxine (T4)
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
 Involved in calcium homeostasis
 Calcitonin
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6a Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (a)
Location of Thyroid Gland, Anterior View
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6b Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (b)
Thyroid Gland
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.6c Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (c) Thyroid
Follicles
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The Thyroid Gland
Figure 19.7 The Regulation of Thyroid Secretion
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The Parathyroid Glands
Located on the back of the thyroid gland
Two types of cells:
 Parathyroid cells, or principal cells— glandular cells that
produce the hormone PTH
 Oxyphil cells and transitional cells— likely immature or
inactive principal cells
Regulates calcium homeostasis
 PTH— parathyroid hormone
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The Parathyroid Glands
Figure 19.8 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands
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The Thymus
 Located on top of the heart
 Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of
the immune system develop
 Thymosins
 Atrophies as one ages
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The Thymus
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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The Thymus
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The Suprarenal Glands
 Located on top of kidneys
 Manages stress levels
 Can be divided into two regions:
 Suprarenal cortex
 The Zona Glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids.
 The Zona Fasciculata produces glucocorticoids.
 The Zona Reticularis produces androgens.
 Suprarenal medulla
 Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norephinephrine (noradrenaline).
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The Suprarenal Glands
Figure 19.9 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Suprarenal Gland
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The Suprarenal Glands
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Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart
 The kidneys
 Renin, an enzyme
 Erythropoietin, a peptide hormone
 Calcitriol, a steroid hormone
 The heart
 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
 Both produce hormones involved with
the regulation of blood pressure and blood
volume
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of
the Digestive System
 The Pancreas — located under stomach
 Alpha cells — glucagon
 Beta cells — insulin
 Delta cells — somatostatin (growth-hormone
inhibiting hormone)
 F cells — pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
 Other digestive hormones discussed
in digestive chapter
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of
M
the Digestive System
Figure 19.10 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pancreas
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The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of
M
the Digestive System
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Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System
 Testes
 Interstitial cells produce androgens (testosterone)
 Promotes production of functional sperms, maintains
secretory glands, influences secondary sexual
characteristics, and stimultes muscle growth
 Nurse cells (or sustentabular cells) secrete inhibin
 Ovaries
 Follicular cells produce estrogens and secrete
inhibin
 Corpus luteum releases progestins and relaxin
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Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System
TABLE 19.5 Hormones of the Reproductive System
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The Pineal Gland
 Part of the epithalamus
 Contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretary
cells called pinealocytes
 Pinealocytes synthesizes the hormone,
melatonin
 Melatonin
 Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and
reproductive organs
 Production rate rises at night and declines
during the day
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The Pineal Gland
Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System
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Hormones and Aging
Exhibits relatively few changes with advancing age
One can expect
 The changes in reproduction hormone levels
at puberty
 The decline in the concentration of
reproductive hormones at menopause in
women
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Clinical Note
Figure 19.11 Endocrine Abnormalities
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Clinical Note
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Clinical Note
Figure 19.12 Joan’s MRI
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Clinical Note
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