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50 000
45 000
Elevation (meters)
40 000
35 000
30 000
25 000
20 000
15 000
10 000
5 000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Air Pressure (percent of sea level)
Figure 5.1
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Warm Air
Warm Air
Cold Air
C
B
A
Cold Air
900 kg
88 hPa
m-2
3900 kg m-2
382 hPa
4400 kg m-2
431 hPa
6400 kg m-2
628 hPa
8400 kg m-2
824 hPa
8900 kg m-2
873 hPa
10 400 kg m-2
1020 hPa
10 400 kg m-2
1020 hPa
Low
Pressure
Aloft
Increased Air Mass
Aloft Increases
Surface Pressure
High Surface
Pressure
High
Pressure
Aloft
Decreased Air
Mass Aloft
Decreases
Surface Pressure
Low Surface
Pressure
Figure 5.2
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Aloft: Geostrophic Wind Parallel To Isobars
1000 meters
840 hPa
845 hPa
Altitude
Pressure
Gradient
Force
850 hPa
Coriolis Force
Surface: Wind Crosses Isobars
Low Pressure
Pressure Gradient
Force
Surface
Friction
Coriolis Force
High Pressure
Figure 5.3
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Divergence
L
Convergence
Convergence
H
Divergence
Figure 5.4
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Polar Easterlies
60oN
Polar Front
Westerlies
30oN
Equatorial Low
Trade Winds
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Equator
Polar Front
Equatorial Low
60oS
Figure 5.5
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.6
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Warm Water
Cold Water
Figure 5.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.8
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.9
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.10
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Subpolar Gyre
Subtropical
Gyre
Subtropical
Gyre
Subtropical
Gyre
Subtropical
Gyre
Subtropical
Gyre
Antarctic Circumpolar Gyre
Subpolar
Gyre
Figure 5.11
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Warm
Shallow
Water
Warm
Shallow
Water
Cold Salty
Deep Water
Cold Salty Deep Water
Figure 5.12
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.13
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.14
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan
Figure 5.15
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan