Download Fall Semester Exam Review 2016 Define the following organisms

Fall Semester Exam Review 2016
Define the following organisms and give an example of each in the food web above.
1. Producer – Plants that produce their own energy through photosynthesis such as the Trees
and Grasses
2. Consumer – Animals that have to eat to get energy such as the Elephants, Zebras, Hyenas,
Cheetahs, Termites, and Vultures
3. Decomposer – Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms or organic
matter such as the Fungi, soil microbes, termites and dung beetles.
4. Predator – Animals that kill and eat another animal
5. Prey – Animals that are killed and eaten by another animal
6. Parasite – An organism that harms another organism to get energy, such as sucking blood
like fleas and ticks.
7. Host – An organism that is harmed by a parasite, like a deer or coyote
8. Define and list examples of abiotic factors in an ecosystem in which organisms depend on and
may compete for to survive. Abiotic factors are non-living things that organisms depend on and
compete for to survive. This includes things like sunlight, heat, temperature, water, rock,
sand, dirt, precipitation, humidity …
9. Define and list examples of biotic factors in an ecosystem in which organisms depend on and may
complete for to survive. Biotic factors are all Living things that organisms depend on such as
other plants and animals.
10. Explain and give examples of long-term environmental changes. Long term environmental
changes affect the environment and living things over time such as global warming and the
industrial revolution.
11. Explain and give examples of short-term environmental changes. Short term environmental
changes affect the environment and living things immediately such as a hurricane, tornado,
fire, flood, landslide, etc.
12. Give 3 examples of human activities that could cause the extinction of a species. Deforestation
or clear cut logging, over hunting or harvesting, contributing to global warming such as
burning fossil fuels.
13. Give 3 examples of natural events that could cause the extinction of a species. Meteor impact,
super volcanoes, natural causes of global warming
14. What are some things that humans have done to help prevent the extinction of a species?
Reduce the burning of fossil fuels, recycling, reusing and reducing the use of resources,
creating law to protect wildlife, creating artificial reefs to promote marine life.
15. How do humans depend on oceans? Food, transportation, recreation, medicines, climate
control, natural resources
16. Describe what runoff is and how it affects our oceans. Does it have a positive or negative affect?
Runoff is water that runs off the surface of the Earth into larger bodies of water or aquifers.
Runoff has a NEGATIVE affect because runoff picks up chemicals such as pesticides and
fertilizers and other pollutants that harm aquatic life and pollutes water supplies.
17. Describe what artificial reefs are and how they affect our oceans. Do they have a positive or
negative affect? Artificial reefs are human made structures that act as coral reefs to promote
marine life. Artificial reefs have a POSITIVE effect on ocean ecosystems because if promotes
marine life.
18. What is natural selection and how does it affect the survival of a species? Natural selection is
the process in which organisms with certain traits are better able to live and survive in their
environment. Survival of the Fittest
Physics
1. What is the formula to calculate force? What is the unit of measurement for force?
Force = mass x acceleration
Unit of measure for force is Newton (N).
2. Calculate the force of each object in the table below.
Object
Mass
Acceleration
Force
A
1g
3 m/s2
3x1=3N
B
5g
4 m/s2
5 x 4 = 20 N
C
3g
2 m/s2
3x2=6N
D
10 g
8 m/s2
10 x 8 = 80 N
3. What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?
When forces are balanced, there is NO CHANGE in an object motion / NO ACCELERATION.
Objects are at rest or traveling at a constant speed and direction.
Unbalanced forces occur when there is a change in motion or acceleration is taking place. There is a
change in speed or direction of the object.
4. What is acceleration? What are three ways objects can accelerate?
Acceleration is a change in motion. Objects can accelerate if they are starting, stopping, speeding
up, slowing down, or turning.
5. What is the difference between speed and velocity?
Speed is how fast an object is traveling.
Velocity is how fast the object is traveling and in what direction.
6. How does the mass of an object influence its acceleration?
The more mass an object has, the slower the acceleration will be.
The less mass an object has, the faster the acceleration will be.
Describe and give an example of Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion.
7. Newton’s Law of Inertia:
An object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will remain in motion until an unbalanced
force acts upon it.
Inertia is the tendency of any object to resist a change in motion. The greater an object’s mass, the
greater it’s inertia.
Example: When a car is stops quickly, you continue to move forward in your seat. Your body doesn’t
want to stop moving. The unbalanced force stopping your forward motion is the seatbelt.
8. Newton’s Law of Force and Acceleration:
The acceleration of an object depends on the Mass of the object and the amount of force applied to
the object.
The more mass an object has, the more force required to move it, the less the acceleration.
The less mass an object has, the less force required to move it, the greater the acceleration.
Example: A Semi truck has more mass so it requires more force to get it moving and it accelerates
slower than a Volkswagen beetle.
9. Newton’s Law of Action/Reaction:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Example: When releasing a balloon, the air rushing down out of the balloon (action force) causes the
balloon to move upward (reaction force) with an equal force and in the opposite direction.
Describe the motion of each line segment in
the graph on the left.
10. AB Accelerating away
11. BC Moving away slowly at a constant speed
12. CD Stopped
13. DE Moving back quickly at a constant speed
14. Define Gravitational Potential Energy.
Energy stored in an object based on its height and mass.
15. Define Kinetic Energy.
Energy of motion. The amount of KE depends on mass and speed of the object.
16. List the 7 types of energy and give an example for each.
1 – Mechanical Energy: Energy of motion (kinetic energy) - Generators use mechanical
energy to create electrical energy
2 – Radiant Energy: Electromagnetic radiation that moves like a wave – Sunlight (light energy)
3 – Sound Energy: Vibrations of molecules in surrounding mediums (usually air) – When
someone plays the guitar, the strings vibrate and transmit energy
4 – Chemical Energy: Energy stored between chemical bonds - Gasoline burning in a car,
Food we eat, Batteries
5 – Electrical Energy: Flow of Electrons (currents) through wires – Power that flows through
wires when everyday objects are plugged in
6 – Nuclear Energy: Comes in reactions between atomic nuclei – Fusion in Stars, power
plants
7 – Thermal Energy: Heat energy - Fire
17. Define Work.
Work is done when a force moves an object a distance in the direction of the force.
18. What is the formula and unit of measure for work?
W=Fxd
Measured in Joules (J)
Earth Science
1. List 5 pieces of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory and continental drift.
1 – Shapes of continents fit together like puzzle pieces
2 – Similar plant and animal fossils found on different continents
3 – Similar rock formations found on different continents
4 – Similar rocks and minerals found on different continents
5 – Climatic Evidence – Evidence of glacial activity in warmer climates, Evidence of coal
deposits found in colder climates
***Additional evidence that supports plate tectonic theory - Seafloor Spreading, Magnetic
Reversal
2. What causes tectonic plates to move? Where does it occur?
Convection currents in the magma/asthenosphere cause the plates to move.
Describe the 3 types of tectonic plate boundaries below and list the crustal features that form
at each one.
3. Convergent Boundaries: Plates are moving towards each other.

Two continental plates colliding create Folded Mountain Ranges due to their similar densities.
They buckle upward.

Two oceanic plates colliding create deep sea trenches and island arcs (chain of
volcanoes formed by subduction). The plate that is more dense will subduct under the
other plate.

One oceanic plate and one continental plate colliding create deep sea trenches and volcanic
mountain ranges on land. The oceanic plate will subduct under the continental plate.
4. Divergent Boundaries: Plates are moving away from each other. On land, when two continental
plates separate, a rift valley is created. In water, when two oceanic plates separate, a mid ocean
ridge is created.
5. Transform Boundaries: Plates are sliding past each other horizontally in opposite directions. This
creates fault lines.
6. What is a subduction zone? Subduction zones are when one more dense plate is pulled beneath
another less dense plate.
7. What type of plate boundary creates a subduction zone? Subduction zones occur at convergent
boundaries.
8. What crustal features form at subduction zones?
 Continental/Oceanic subduction creates deep sea trenches and volcanic mountain ranges.
 Oceanic/Oceanic subduction creates deep sea trenches and island arcs.
9. What is a topographic map?
A map of Earth’s surface showing changes in elevation (height above sea level).
10. What are contour lines and what do they indicate on the map?
Contour lines are lines drawn on a map connecting points of equal elevation. The closer the contour
lines, the steep the elevation.
11. Define what a contour interval is.
The contour interval is the difference in elevation
between two adjacent contour lines.
12. What is the contour interval on the topographic
map to the right?
600 – 500 = 100
# of spaces = 5
100/5 = 20 m
13. What is the change in elevation between W and
X?
W = 560m
X = 600m
600 - 560 = 40m
14. What is the change in elevation between Y and X?
Y = 480m
X = 600m
600 – 480 = 120m
15. Which path is steeper?
The steeper path is X to Y. The contour lines are closer together.