Download report

Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Does weather and surface type effect
the total rolling force, distance and
acceleration of a certified soccer ball?
Written By: Zane Assen
Age: 11 Years
School: Holy Family Primary School Menai
Grade: 6
Key Words:
Friction, Rolling Force, Ball, Net Force, Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion,
Equilibrium, Distance, Acceleration, Mass.
Page 1 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3
Planning......................................................................................................................... 5
Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 5
Purpose & Aim ............................................................................................................. 6
Hypothesis ................................................................................................................... 6
Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 7
Materials ...................................................................................................................... 7
Method: Building Ramp ............................................................................................... 7
Finding the Pitches ...................................................................................................... 8
Releasing the Ball ........................................................................................................ 8
Results .......................................................................................................................... 9
Dry Land Tests ............................................................................................................ 9
Synthetic Rain Tests .................................................................................................... 9
Normal Grass Rain Tests ............................................................................................ 9
Discussion................................................................................................................... 11
Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 14
Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... 15
References ................................................................................................................. 16
Appendices ................................................................................................................. 19
Log Book ..................................................................................................................... 27
Page 2 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Introduction:
A force is a strength or energy applied to an object resulting in physical action or
motion. The sport of soccer is subject to many forces. The main element of the sport
exposed to these forces is the ball. The main force that the ball experiences is that from
a foot kicking it. Newton's first law of motion predicts the behaviour of objects when all
forces are balanced. This law is also known as the law of inertia. It states that if the
forces acting upon an object are balanced, then the acceleration of that object will be 0
m/s/s. This is also known as equilibrium. It can be assumed that objects at equilibrium
will not accelerate e.g. a soccer ball at rest.
Figure 1: Flow Chart showing Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Newton's second law of motion explains the behaviour of an object once a force is
applied to it. I.e. not at equilibrium. This law states that the acceleration of an object is
dependent upon two variables - the net force acting on the object (e.g. wind resistance,
the kick of a ball, friction of the ball on a surface) and the mass of the object. The
acceleration of an object depends on the total force acting on the object, and inversely
on the mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the
acceleration of the object is increased. As the mass of an object is increased, the
acceleration of the object is decreased.
Figure 2: Flow Chart showing Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
Page 3 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Friction is the force that holds back the movement of a sliding object. Friction can be
found in soccer when a ball comes in contact with a different surface. The force acts in
the opposite direction to the way a ball wants to slide. A ball rolling will slowly come to a
stop because of the friction between the polyester material and the grass. Although
many experiments have studied the actions of friction on a soccer ball, there is a gap in
the literature when testing the impact of the weather and different surfaces on the
friction and speed of a soccer ball.
This experiment will attempt to close these gaps by discovering if the weather effects
the acceleration and force of a certified soccer ball on both grass and synthetic fields.
Page 4 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Planning:
Literature Review:
An experiment conducted by Rod Cross investigated the increase of friction with a
sliding speed. Rod Cross’ objective of his experiment was to increase the friction force
of an object by altering the sliding speed. He did this by taking a tennis ball’s “Ball
Cloth” and laying it on the bottom face of the weighted block. Cross found an increase
in the coefficient of friction (COF) through his measurements which led to a slower
speed. He was using a constant horizontal force. This idea will be employed in my
investigation as it highlights the principle of friction in a perfect way. My experiment
uses 3 different soccer balls instead of 1 block, so I am varying the object to test the
aim & hopefully provide results not currently available. Cross’ paper shows that the
block maintains constant terminal speed for the duration of its slide. This provided
important information that will help to find the best playing fields for different sized
soccer balls using the principle of friction & velocity. Cross’ results will prove a useful
comparison for my results thus allowing analysis of the properties of friction from
different surfaces.
Steve Spangler performed an experiment about the effect of surface texture. The
objective was to find out whether the texture of a surface will affect the distance rolled
by a marble, and if so, which ramp surface will cause the marble to roll the furthest.
Steve Spangler did this by taking strips of different textures such as wood, wax paper
and paper towel and rolling a marble on it, then marking the distance of 3 rolls. Then he
averaged the rolls and found which texture makes the marble roll the furthest. This
apparatus used kinetic and potential energy. The friction on the marble and the surface
is rolling friction. In my experiment, my ball will encounter rolling friction like Spangler’s
experiment. Unlike Spangler, I will be changing the soccer ball size, 3, 4, and 5. This
will improve the experiment because we are testing the friction from 3 different sized
balls whereas he kept the marble constant. This will give an insight on a different type
of investigation & potentially different results not tested by Spangler before.
In his experiment, the apparatus has potential and kinetic energy. My apparatus also
use potential and kinetic energy. This provided helpful information that will help us to
find the most appropriate playing fields with their texture, as well as considering the
weather for the games. This will be repeated in my experiment.
Page 5 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Purpose & Aims:
The aim of this experiment is to investigate if the force, acceleration and distance of a
roll of a certified soccer ball is effected by the surface texture and the weather. The
purpose of the experiment is to understand the mechanisms and principles of friction,
acceleration, air and wind resistance, force, and other types of friction or forces. This
will further help find the best playing field’s weather and what texture.
Hypothesis:
The smaller ball will roll with the greatest acceleration as it will encounter less mass and
air resistance, making the size 3 soccer ball accelerate the fastest. All sized balls will
also accelerate the fastest on dry grass as they will not be wet and have less mass. The
dry size 5 ball will roll the furthest because it has the greatest surface area, making it
heavier. The larger ball, the size 5, will have the greatest force on wet surfaces as it will
be even heavier than on the dry surface.
Page 6 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Materials and Methods1:
Materials
The materials I have used for my investigation are:
 Size 3 Certified Soccer Ball
 Size 4 Certified Soccer Ball
 Size 5 Certified Soccer Ball
 Plaster wood (1) (2) (3)
 WORKZONE Electric Screwdriver
 Screws
 Electronic Speedometer
 WORKZONE Saw
 Watering Can & Water
 WORKZONE Architect Protractor
 Tape measure
Method: Building Ramp
In order to maintain a constant rolling angle and method, a ramp was constructed. This
was done to control unwanted variables and improve accuracy in the experiment.
 Gather Materials.
 Measure angle on 2 Timber slats and cut it at 45o.
 Screw a slat to the other slat cut at 45o. Make sure the Timber slats can still
move.
 Repeat the previous step once, but with the piece with the 45o slope on the other
side.
 Pick up 3 slats, 2 slightly bigger than 1 and attach the smaller on the inner slats
and the other 2 on the outer slats.
 Pull the outer slat closest to the 45o cut upwards, and sit at a 90o angle. This will
be holding up the ramp.
 Attach two small Timber slats onto the back of the wooden board. The little
blocks will stop the wooden ball, where the ball will be running on, stable and
unable to fall.
1
See Appendix 1 for Pictures of Materials, Apparatus and methods.
Page 7 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
 Place the stoppers above the holders top bar and you are ready to go!
Finding The Pitches:
Here is how to find the pitches you need.
 Google your nearest field, normal grass & synthetic grass. (My nearest of both
pitches are Kareela Oval [Both] and Buckle Reserve [Normal] )
 Go to the field on the correct day with the weather.
Releasing The Ball:
Here is how to release the ball.
 Hold the ball’s edge in line with the screws you used to hold the stoppers in
place.
 Hold the ball on the sides.
 Release with no force upon the ball, spreading arms, letting gravity do the work.
 Record data from speedometer.
 Measure rolling distance once it stops with tape measure and record.
 Repeat three times with each size ball on and record.
 Wet normal grass surface with watering can and repeat steps.
 Wet synthetic grass surface with watering can and repeat steps.
Page 8 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Results2:
Dry Land Tests (Figure 1, Appendix 2)
The size 3 ball with a mass of 0.30 kg travelled an average distance of 6.34 meters on
dry land, with an average velocity of 2.03 meters per second (m/s). This ball also had
an average acceleration of 0.33 m/s2. The average net force was 0.1 Newtons (N).
The size 4 ball with a mass of 0.35 kg travelled an average distance of 7.21 meters on
the dry land, with an average velocity of 2.41 m/s. This ball also had an average
acceleration of 0.40 m/s2. The average net force was 0.14 N.
The size 5 ball with a mass of 0.42 kg travelled an average distance of 7.61 meters on
the dry land, with an average velocity of 3.05 m/s. This ball also had an average
acceleration of 0.61 m/s2. The average net force was 0.26 N.
Synthetic Rain Tests (Figure 3, Appendix 2)
The size 3 ball with a mass of 0.31 kg travelled an average distance of 5.16 meters on
wet synthetic grass, with an average velocity of 2.08 m/s. This ball also had an average
acceleration of 0.42 m/s2. The average net force was 0.13 N.
The size 4 ball with a mass of 0.38 kg travelled an average distance of 6.83 meters on
the wet synthetic grass, with an average velocity of 2.41 m/s. This ball also had an
average acceleration of 0.42 m/s2. The average net force was 0.13 N.
The size 5 ball with a mass of 0.43 kg travelled an average distance of 6.90 meters on
the wet synthetic pitch, with an average velocity of 3.06 m/s. This ball also had an
average acceleration of 0.68 m/s2. The average net force was 0.29 N.
Normal Grass Rain Tests (Figure 2, Appendix 2)
The size 3 ball with a mass of 0.31 kg travelled an average distance of 4.50 meters on
normal wet grass, with an average velocity of 2.31 m/s. This ball also had an average
acceleration of 0.61 m/s2. The average net force was 0.19 N.
The size 4 ball with a mass of 0.38 kg travelled an average distance of 6.47 meters on
the normal wet grass, with an average velocity of 2.96 m/s. This ball also had an
average acceleration of 0.68 m/s2. The average net force was 0.26 N.
2
All Tables and calculations can be found in the appendices of this paper.
Page 9 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
The size 5 ball with a mass of 0.43 kg travelled an average distance of 6.69 meters on
the normal wet grass, with an average velocity of 3.43 m/s. This ball also had an
average acceleration of 0.88 m/s2. The average net force was 0.38 N.
Page 10 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Discussion:
When a ball is at rest the only force applied on it is static friction. This is the friction
(force that resists relative motion) that exists between a stationary object and the
surface on which it is resting. When this occurs, there is no pushing or pulling force, the
forces are balanced, thus no acceleration is seen. This shows that a soccer ball at rest
follows Newton’s first law of motion.
Newton’s second law of motion can be stated as ‘the acceleration of an object as
produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the
same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object’ A
soccer ball rolling from an inclined plane under the influence of the force of gravity
follows this principle as the force of the ball is no longer balanced. This statement can
be expressed in mathematical formulae as;
𝑎=
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑚
This is often rearranged to
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
This shows that the net force is a result of the product of mass and acceleration. It also
suggests that net force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. The results for
this investigation show that the size 3 ball had the least amount of force due to the ball
having the least mass (0.30kg dry, 0.31 kg wet), causing the acceleration to decrease
as well. The size 4 had medium speed due to average mass and acceleration (0.35kg
Dry, 0.38kg wet). The size 5 ball had the greatest force as a result of the largest mass
(0.42kg dry, 0.43kg wet).
In the rain, on both surfaces, it was seen that ball moved faster (higher velocity). It was
also seen that after calculations, that they all had a higher acceleration. It was
observed originally that the ball, of all sizes, increased in mass after it was wet.
Because of the directly proportional relationship of mass and acceleration to force, it is
valid that the average force increased as average acceleration and mass increased
under wet conditions.
On the synthetic and normal grass in the rain, the acceleration of the ball increased
because the water generated less friction on the ground. This can be explained by the
principle of fluid friction. When the ground is wet, friction is still there, but the water
Page 11 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
makes the surface smoother and the friction a lot less. Less friction is a direct result for
higher acceleration of the ball because less friction makes it harder to stop. What is
interesting however, is that the average distance was higher on normal dry grass than
on wet normal and synthetic grass. This could be due to the wind in the outdoor
environment. The ball also encountered less friction in the wet, which is why the ball
travelled further. Since friction is acting against the direction of its movement as well as
acting against the forward momentum of the ball it is encountering less friction, thus it
travelled further. This should be investigated further in future to gain a stronger
understanding.
In terms of distance and acceleration, all ball sizes accelerated less and rolled further
on the wet synthetic grass. In comparison, all sized balls accelerated more and rolled
less of a distance on the wet normal grass. The principle that can explain this
phenomenon is the role that acceleration plays on distance. On both surfaces, the ball
mass stays constant. This means that the dependent variable is acceleration.
Acceleration is inversely proportional to distance, as seen in
𝑣𝑓2 −𝑣𝑖2
2𝑑
= 𝑎. This explains
how on the wet synthetic grass, the acceleration can decrease, but distance can
increase and on the wet normal grass, the acceleration can increase, but distance can
decrease.
But what role does force play in the results? The trends show that the net force is
higher on wet normal grass than on wet synthetic grass. The principle that explains this
is the Coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is a number which represents the
friction between two surfaces. Between two equal surfaces, the coefficient of friction will
be the same. It has already been explained that normal force is directly proportional to
the product of mass and acceleration (F=ma), so as mass is a constant, when
acceleration increases, net force increases. This effects the coefficient of friction. The
maximum frictional force (when a body is sliding or is in limiting equilibrium) is equal to
the coefficient of friction × the normal reaction force. The formula that expresses this is;
F = µR
Where F is the maximum friction force, µ is the coefficient of friction and R is the net
normal reaction force.
Page 12 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
As Frictional force is directly proportional to the product of the coefficient of friction and
net normal force, we can say that as net normal force increases (Wet normal grass,
calculated by F=ma, See Appendix for methods), the frictional force will increase and as
the net normal force decreases (Wet Synthetic grass calculated by F=ma, See
Appendix for methods) the frictional force will decrease. This can lead to the inference
that the coefficient of friction between polyester and the wet synthetic grass will be
lower than polyester and the wet normal grass.
This is because frictional force, will act parallel to the surfaces in contact and in a
direction to oppose the motion that is taking/ trying to take place. This explains why the
ball accelerates more on wet normal grass and less on the synthetic wet pitch (net
normal force directly proportional to acceleration) but moves more of a distance on the
wet synthetic pitch and less on the wet normal grass (Distance inversely proportional to
acceleration).
It is important to note that the net force of the ball is the addition of all forces on the ball.
These include gravity, the force of the kick on the ball, fluid friction and air resistance. In
an attempt to control the force behind the ball and keep it constant, the ramp designed
assisted in this making the experiment more accurate. Unfortunately, due to the
experiment taking place outdoors, air resistance could not be avoided. However, it was
avoided as much as possible by keeping the ball only rolling using the ramp. If the ball
took flight in the air, air resistance would have been more evident. To completely control
this variable, the experiment could have taken place indoors, i.e. an indoor synthetic
pitch and indoor normal grass pitch, however, this was not accessible for this
experiment so could not be controlled.
For each surface, each ball was tested three times and showed consistent results. This
suggests the experiment and its results are reliable. The aim was tested by using this
method thus this experiment can be called valid also.
Page 13 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Conclusion:
The hypothesis stated that the smallest ball would roll with the greatest acceleration. It
also stated that all sized balls would accelerate more on dry grass than on any wet
surface. This was proven incorrect by the results which stated the size 5 ball moved
with greater acceleration on wet grass. This suggests that the weather does affect the
acceleration of a certified soccer ball. It was also hypothesised that the dry size 5 ball
would roll further. This was proven correct by the results. This suggests that weather
not only affects acceleration but also rolling distance. It was also suggested that the
ball would have the greatest net force on the wet surfaces due to a larger mass. This
was proven correct by the investigation suggesting that the weather affects the total net
force of a certified soccer ball and its relationship with distance and acceleration.
The testing was fair as it was validated by testing the aim and reliable due to
consistency among the repeated methods. There was no issues with this experiment
besides the wind resistance factor which was unavoidable. This could be improved by
conducting the tests on indoor pitches.
This study could be used by sports scientists to help select the right surface for
important soccer tournaments to get the ball accelerating fastest. An interesting future
study might involve the air pressure in the ball and material of the ball when rolled on
different surfaces in different climates
Page 14 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Acknowledgement:
In this experiment, many thanks must be given to my parents for transportation to
different venues and for supplying building materials and most of the equipment. I am
also grateful to Menai Hawks Football Club for supplying the different soccer balls
required for variation in the test. Special thanks to my brother Josh for his guidance.
Page 15 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
References:
Cross, R, 2005, Increase in friction force with sliding speed
<http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~cross/PUBLICATIONS/30.%20FrictionvsSpee
d.pdf> 1/7/15
Khan Academy (Khan, S) , 2011, Introduction to Vectors and Scalars
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihNZlp7iUHE> or
< https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensionalmotion/displacement-velocity-time/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars>
28/6/15
Kurtus, R, 2015, Standard Friction Equation
<http://www.school-forchampions.com/science/friction_equation.htm#.Vc7btvmqqkp> 22/6/15
Maths Revision, (2015), The Coefficient of Friction
<http://www.mathsrevision.net/advanced-level-mathsrevision/mechanics/coefficient-friction>
23/6/15
National Science Foundation (YouTube), 2015, Newton’s Second Law of
Motion – Science of NFL Football
< https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qu_P4lbmV_I>
5/7/15
Nave, C, (2012) , Friction
<http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/frict.html>
18/6/15
Physics Classroom, (2012) Friction
<http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105/Friction.html>
22/6/15
Page 16 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Rader, A, 2015, Friction Basics
<http://www.physics4kids.com/files/motion_friction.html> 20/6/15
Science Joy Wagon Regents, 1998, The Force Of Friction
<http://regentsprep.org/REGENTS/PHYSICS/PHYS01/FRICTION/DEFAULT.HT
M>
20/6/15
Solvedphysicsproblem (YouTube), 2012, Converting km per hour to meters
per second
<
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrelaubLUPc>
2/7/15
Spangler, S, 2015, The effect of surface texture
<http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/the-effect-of-surfacetexture- upon-a-rolling-marble >
1/7/15
The Engineering Tool Box, (2014), Friction & Coefficients of Friction
<http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/friction-coefficients-d_778.html>
21/6/15
The Physics Classroom, 2015, Acceleration
< http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/1DKin/U1L1e.cfm>
1/7/15
The Physics Classroom, 2015, Acceleration
< http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/kinema/acceln.cfm>
1/7/15
The Physics Classroom, 2015, Direction of Acceleration and Velocity
<http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/kinema/avd.cfm>
30/6/15
Page 17 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
The Physics Classroom, 2015, Hot Wheels Track
< http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/kinema/avd.gif>
1/7/15
The Physics Classroom, 2015, Newton’s Second Law
<http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-SecondLaw> 19/6/15
The Physics Classroom, 2015, The Kinematic Equations
< http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-6/Kinematic-Equations>
4/7/15
Wight Had Ltd, 2015, Metric Conversions
< http://www.metric-conversions.org/speed/kilometers-per-hour-to-meters-persecond.htm>
2/7/15
Page 18 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Appendix 1: Images of Ramp and Methods
Figure 2: Construction of ramp
Figure 1: Materials used to construct ramp
Figure 3: Rear view of constructed ramp
Figure 4: Side view of constructed ramp
Figure 6: Synthetic grass surface &
Speedometer
Figure 5: Dry Grass Surface
Page 19 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Figure 8: Size 4 certified soccer ball.
Figure 7: Size 3 certified soccer ball.
Figure 10: Ramp apparatus and
speedometer on dry grass.
Figure 9: Size 5 certified soccer ball.
Figure 11: Ramp apparatus and speedometer on
synthetic grass.
Figure 12: Measuring rolling distance of ball.
Page 20 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Figure 13: Wetting normal grass
Figure 14: Wetting synthetic grass.
Page 21 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Appendix 2: Calculations
Final Velocity Unit Conversion
Final Velocity (km/h)
= Final Velocity (m/s)
𝟑. 𝟔
Example - Size 3 Ball on Dry Grass Test 1
7 (km/h)
= 1.94 m/s (2 Decimal Places)
𝟑. 𝟔
Kinematic Equation Rearrangement
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎𝑑
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2 = 2𝑎𝑑
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2
=𝑎
2𝑑
Where:
vi = Initial Velocity (m/s)
vf = Final Velocity (m/s)
d = displacement (m)
a= acceleration (m/s2)
Using Rearranged Kinematic Equation to Calculate Acceleration
𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣𝑖2
=𝑎
2𝑑
Example – Size 3 Ball on Normal wet grass Test 1
1.942 −02
2 𝑥 4.75𝑚
= 0.40 𝑚/𝑠 2 (2 decimal places)
Page 22 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Where:
vi = Initial Velocity (m/s)
vf = Final Velocity (m/s)
d = displacement (m)
a= acceleration (m/s2)
Calculating Averages
∑ 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡
Example – Average Force of Size 5 Ball on Wet Synthetic
0.28𝑁 + 0.29𝑁 + 0.30𝑁
= 0.29 𝑁 (2 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠)
3
Rearranging Force Equation
𝑎=
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑚
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
Where:
F = net force
m = mass (kg)
a = Acelleration (m/s2)
Calculating Force
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
Example – Size 3 Ball on Dry Grass Test 2
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎
0.30 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 0.39 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 0.12 𝑁 (2 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠)
Page 23 of 27
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Appendix 3: Figures
Dry
Grass
Tests
Ball
Size
Ball
Mass
(kg)
Final
Velocity
(km/h)
Final
Velocity
(m/s)
Distance
(m)
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
3.00
3.00
3.00
0.30
0.30
0.30
7.00
8.00
7.00
1.94
2.22
1.94
6.10
6.31
6.61
Average
Distance
(m)
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.35
0.35
0.35
9.00
9.00
8.00
2.50
2.50
2.22
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.42
0.42
0.42
11.00
11.00
11.00
3.05
3.05
3.05
2.03
7.43
6.90
7.29
Average
Acceleration
(m/s2)
3.05
0.10
0.15
0.16
0.12
0.40
0.59
0.61
0.64
7.61
Total
Average
Force (N)
0.33
2.41
7.90
7.62
7.32
Total
Force
(N)
0.09
0.12
0.09
0.42
0.45
0.34
7.21
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Acceleration
(m/s2)
0.31
0.39
0.28
6.34
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Average
Velocity
(m/s)
0.14
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.61
Figure 1: The mass, velocity, distance, acceleration and force of a size 3, 4 and 5 certified soccer ball when rolled on dry
grass.
Page 24 of 27
0.26
Zane Assen
Light
Rain
Tests
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Normal Grass
Ball
Ball
Size
Mass
(kg)
Final
Velocity
(km/h)
Final
Velocity
(m/s)
Distance
(m)
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
3.00
3.00
3.00
0.31
0.31
0.31
7.00
9.00
9.00
1.94
2.50
2.50
4.75
4.47
4.27
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.38
0.38
0.38
11.00
11.00
10.00
3.06
3.06
2.78
6.24
6.69
6.49
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
5.00
5.00
5.00
0.43
0.43
0.43
12.00
13.00
12.00
3.33
3.61
3.33
6.73
6.75
6.59
Average
Distance
(m)
Average
Velocity
(m/s)
Acceleration
(m/s2)
Average
Acceleration
(m/s2)
0.40
0.70
0.73
4.50
2.31
0.61
2.96
3.43
0.19
0.28
0.27
0.23
0.68
0.83
0.97
0.84
6.69
Total
Average
Force (N)
0.12
0.22
0.23
0.75
0.70
0.59
6.47
Total
Force
(N)
0.26
0.35
0.42
0.36
0.88
Figure 2: The mass, velocity, distance, acceleration and force of a size 3, 4 and 5 certified soccer ball when rolled on wet
normal grass.
Page 25 of 27
0.38
Zane Assen
Light
Rain
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Synthetic
Tests
Ball Size
Ball
Mass
(kg)
Final
Velocity
(km/h)
Final
Velocity
(m/s)
Distance
(m)
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
3.00
3.00
3.00
0.31
0.31
0.31
7.00
8.00
7.50
1.94
2.22
2.08
5.00
5.31
5.18
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
4.00
4.00
4.00
0.38
0.38
0.38
9.00
9.00
8.00
2.50
2.50
2.22
6.89
6.78
6.83
Average
Distance
(m)
0.43
0.43
0.43
11.00
11.00
11.00
3.06
3.06
3.06
Average
Acceleration
(m/s2)
2.08
0.42
2.41
6.87
7.09
6.75
3.06
0.13
0.43
0.16
0.29
0.28
0.30
0.68
Figure 3: The mass, velocity, distance, acceleration and force of a size 3, 4 and 5 certified soccer ball when rolled on wet
synthetic grass.
Page 26 of 27
Total
Average
Force (N)
0.17
0.18
0.14
0.68
0.66
0.69
6.90
Total
Force
(N)
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.45
0.46
0.36
6.83
5.00
5.00
5.00
Acceleration
(m/s2)
0.38
0.46
0.42
5.16
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Average
Velocity
(m/s)
0.29
Zane Assen
Holy Family Primary School Menai
Log Book:
Date
DD/MM/YY
31/05/15
Time (24hr)
Task Completed
17:00
Planning of investigation commenced.
Task Performed
By
Zane Assen
16/06/15
16:00
Researching commenced.
Zane Assen
20/06/15
11:00
Zane Assen
26/06/15
16:00
01/07/15
16:00
04/07/15
09:00
09/07/15
17:00
13/07/15
15:00
Researched more about these principles involved
in Physics.
Compiled information and wrote the introduction of
my paper, showing the fundamentals of the
experiment.
Compiled information and found Rod Cross &
Steve Spangler’s experiments.
Wrote both literature reviews on ‘The Effect of
Surface Texture’ by Steve Spangler and ‘Increase
in Friction Force with Sliding Speed’ by Rod Cross.
Composed my purpose and my aims for my
investigation.
Hypothesising commenced.
15/07/15
16:00
Zane Assen
17/07/15
17:00
21/07/15
15:30
26/07/15
08:30
31/07/15
16:30
Composed the method of how to build the stable
and mobile ramp.
Built a stable ramp to ensure the angle is
consistent. Also wrote what materials I would use
for the test.
Found the neighbouring synthetic and normal
pitches and wrote how I found these pitches.
Commenced writing the method on how to release
the ball.
The tests on the dry land commenced.
03/08/15
15:30
The tests for the wet synthetic grass initiated.
Zane Assen
05/08/15
16:00
Zane Assen
08/08/15
09:00
Tested the balls on the wet normal grass and wrote
my results.
Initiated writing my discussion.
11/08/15
15:30
Continued my discussion.
Zane Assen
13/08/15
16:30
Began writing my conclusion for this investigation.
Zane Assen
15/08/15
10:00
Commenced writing my reference list.
Zane Assen
17/08/15
16:00
Inaugurated my appendices.
Zane Assen
18/08/15
15:30
Continued my appendices.
Zane Assen
19/08/15
09:00
Submitted investigation.
Zane Assen
Page 27 of 27
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen
Zane Assen