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CHAPTER 1 Section 1.1 What is Science? Science From Curiosity ¨ ¨ Science - is a system of knowledge and the methods you use to find that knowledge Science usually begins with curiosity and ends with discovery Science and Technology ¨ ¨ Technology- is the use of knowledge to solve practical problems. Science and technology are interdependent. Advances in one lead to advances in the other. Branches of Science Natural Science Life Science Physical Science Earth and Space Science Botany Chemistry Zoology Physics Meteorology Ecology Astronomy Oceanography Genetics Geology Branches of Science ¨ ¨ Chemistry – study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter Physics – study of matter and energy and the interactions between the 2 through forces and motion Branches of Science ¨ Geology - study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth ¨ Astronomy- study of the universe ¨ Biology – study of living things SECTION 1.2 USING A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH Scientific Method ¨ ¨ Scientific Method - an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information. The goal of the scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event. Make an observation ¨ Observation – information you obtain through your senses. Forming a Hypothesis ¨ Hypothesis – a proposed answer to a question Testing a Hypothesis Manipulated Variable – variable that causes change in another variable. ¨ Responding Variable – variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable ¨ Controlled Experiment – experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time ¨ Drawing Conclusions ¨ ¨ Determine if the data collected during the experiment supports your hypothesis. If not? Hypothesis needs to be revised and retested. Scientific Laws and Theory ¨ Scientific Theory– is a well tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results. ¤ Never ¨ proven Scientific Law – is a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature. ¤ Explanation theory of the pattern is provided by a scientific Scientific Models Models – representation of an object or event. Why do scientists use models? ¨ Make it easier to understand things that might be to difficult to observe directly. ¨ SECTION 1.3 MEASUREMENT Scientific Notation ¨ Scientific Notation- a way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10. Why do we use scientific notation? ¨ Scientific notation makes very large numbers or very small numbers easier to work with. Standard Form to Scientific Notation ¨ I f the number is larger than 1 or you are moving to the left the exponent will always be positive. ¨ Example: 1,500,000 = 1.5 x 106 ¨ The number must be between 1 and 10 ¨ ¨ If the number is smaller than 1 or you are moving to the right the exponent will be negative. Example: 0.00025 = 2.5 x 10-4 Practice ¨ 1.) 0.005 2.) 5050 Scientific Notation to Standard Form Positive Exponent - move to the right 3 ¨ 1.5 x 10 = 1500 ¨ Negtive Exponent - move to the left -3 ¨ 1.5 x 10 = .0015 ¨ Practice ¨ 1.) 1.62 x 104 2.) 2.34 x 10-4 Multiplying in scientific notation A rectangular parking lot has a length of 1.1x10 ³ meters and a width of 2.4x10³ meters. What is the area of the parking lot? ¨ Area = L x W ¨ A = (1.1x10 ³ )(2.4x10³) ¨ Multiply 1.1 and 2.4 = 2.6 ¨ Exponents are added = 3 +3 = 6 Area = 2.6 x 10 Dividing with scientific notation ¨ Example: 1.5 x 1011 m 3.0 x 108 m/s = = 1.5 x 1011-8 3.0 s .50 X 103 s is this correct? Final answer = 5.0 x 102 seconds = ¨ ¨ ¨ Precision – gauge of how exact a measurement is. Accuracy - is the closeness of a measurement to the actual value of what is being measured. If the clock is running 15 minutes slow it is not accurate, however the clock would remain precise running to the nearest second. Not precise or accurate Precise, but NOT accurate Accurate, but NOT precise Precise AND accurate SECTION 1.4 PRESENTING SCIENTIFIC DATA Organizing Data Data Tables, Bar Graphs, Circle Graphs ¨ Line Graphs- show changes that occur in related variables. ¨ ¤ SLOPE = rise/run n Direct proportion – the relationship of the two variables is constant n Inverse proportion – the relationship in which the product of two variables is constant Other graphs ¨ Bar Graph ¤ Compares ¨ a set of measurements, amounts or change Circle Graph ¤ Shows how the parts of something relate to a whole.