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Diversity of Organisms and Classification I. Taxonomy A. Early System of Taxonomy 1. Aristotle 2. Carolus Linnaeus – Used 2 kingdoms • Plant – Herbs – Shrubs – Trees • Animal – Land-dwelling – Air-dwelling – Water-dwelling II. Classification of Organisms Kingdom Phylum / Division Order Family Genus Species Referred to as the “Father of Modern Taxonomy” Based his system of classification on morphology Created the system of Binomial Nomenclature Example: Blueback Herring Class It is the science of classification It deals with organizing Similar to the way in which you might organize your desk at home Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Osteicthyes Subclass: Actinopterygii Order: Clupiformes Suborder: Clupeoidei Family: Alosinae Genus: Alosa Species: Aestivalis 1 A. Species The smallest group of organisms classified which can interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring Scientific name : unique to all organisms e.g. scientific name of human : Homo sapien-sapien A. Archeabacteria & Eubacteria 1. Unicellular, microscopic 2. No nucleus III. Six Kingdom System B. Protists Unicellular; microscopic Nucleus present Autotrophic or heterotrophic – Eukaryotic – Prokaryotic 3. Attain nutrients in various ways: Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae – Saprophytic: feed on dead substances – Parasitic: obtain nutrients from living organisms – Chemosynthetic: obtain nutrients via sulfur and methane C. Fungi D. Animals Eukaryotic Made up of hyphae – Mycelium : a mass of hyphae No root, stem and leaf No chlorophyll – Saprophytic or parasitic Eukaryotic Divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of backbone: – Invertebrates : without backbone – Vertebrates : with backbone Reproduce by forming spores 2 1. Invertebrates Invertebrates Invertebrates 2. Vertebrates Divided into 5 groups: – Fish – Amphibians – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals a. Fish Aquatic Cold-blooded Body covered with wet and slimy scales Streamline body for easy movement through water Fins for balance and to control movement Gills for breathing External fertilization b. Amphibians Cold-blooded Moist, scale-less skin Limbs present – tetrapods Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for breathing; adults use lungs External fertilization – Elasmobranchs are the exception. 3 c. Reptiles Cold-blooded Body covered with dry, hard scales Adapted for life on land Breathe with lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs d. Birds Warm-blooded Feathers Wings Beak for feeding Lungs Internal fertilization; lay shelled eggs e. Mammals Warm-blooded Hairs on skin Females have mammary glands for producing milk Lungs for breathing Diaphragm present Internal fertilization; embryos develop inside mothers’ bodies E. Plants Eukaryotic Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis – Autotrophic Can be divided into two groups: – Non-flowering plants – Flowering plants 1. Non-flowering plants 2. Algae 3 groups: – Mosses – Ferns – Gymnosperms Aquatic Simple multicellular plants No root, stem or leaf Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis 4 1a. Mosses 1b. Ferns With simple leaves and stems No root – with rhizoids for anchorage and absorption of water No vascular tissues Reproduce by spores Found in damp area With true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissues Reproduce by spores Live in damp places 2. Flowering Plants Angiosperms Reproduction by producing seeds – Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits ⇒ naked seeds 1c. Gymnosperms Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss With flowers for reproduction Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary) a. Two groups of flowering plants Cotyledons 1.Dicots 2.Monocots Two One Leaf venation Netted Parallel Root system Fibrous root system Tap root system 5