Download Chapter 8-Appendicular Skeleton

Chapter 8
Appendicular Skeleton
1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 8.1
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper limb
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Os coxae
Lower limb
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton (63 bones per each side of the body,126 bones total)
Pectoral girdle
(4 bones total)
Clavicle (2)
Pelvic girdle
(2 bones total)
Scapula (2)
Upper limbs
(30 bones per
each upper limb
60 bones total)
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Lower limbs
(30 bones per
each lower limb,
60 bones total)
Os coxae (2)
llium, ischium, and pubis bones fuse
in early adolescence
Femur (2)
Patella (2)
Tibia (2)
Ulna (2)
Fibula (2)
Carpals (16)
Scaphoid (2), lunate (2), triquetrum (2), pisiform (2),
trapezium (2), trapezoid (2), capitate (2), hamate (2)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
Proximal phalanx (10), middle phalanx (8),
distal phalanx (10)
Tarsals (14)
Calcaneus (2),talus (2), navicular (2), cuboid (2),
medial cuneiform (2), intermediate cuneiform (2),
lateral cuneiform (2)
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)
Proximal phalanx (10), middle phalanx (8),
distal phalanx (10)
Girdles: Bones that hold other
bones in place
• Pectoral girdle
–
–
–
–
articulates with trunk
holds upper limbs
left and right clavicle
left and right scapula
• Pelvic girdle
– articulates with thigh
– left and right ox coxae
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle
Scapula
Pelvic girdle
Os coxae
• Sternal end articulates
with sternum
• Acromial end (acro =
topmost or tip),
articulates with scapula
at acromium
• conoid tuburcle and
costal tuberosity for
muscle and ligament
attachment
Fig. 8.2
The Clavicles
Posterior
Lateral
Medial
Anterior
Acromial end
Sternal end
(a) Superior view, right clavicle
Acromial end
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Sternal end
Anterior
(b) Inferior view, right clavicle
Fig. 8.3
Coracoid process
Acromion
Superior border
Superior
angle
Glenoid cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Fig. 8.3
Coracoid process
Superior
angle
Superior border
Supraspinous
fossa
Spine
Medial border
Acromion
Glenoid cavity
Infraspinous
fossa
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Fig. 8.3
The Scapula
Supraspinous fossa
Acromion
Coracoid process
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Glenoid cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral border
Inferior angle
Acromion
Fig. 8.2
The Scapula and the Clavicle
Acromial Coracoid Glenoid
Sternal
end
process cavity
end
Acromion
Clavicle
Scapula
Subscapular fossa
(c) Right scapula and clavicle
articulation, anterior view
• Clavicle articulates with scapula at
acromion
• Scapula articulates with humerus in
glenoid cavity
• Broad surfaces of scapula for muscle
attachment
Fig. 8.2
The Scapula and the Clavicle
Clavicle
• Clavicle articulates with
scapula at acromion
• Scapula articulates with
humerus in glenoid cavity
• Broad surfaces of scapula for
muscle attachment
Acromion
Glenoid
cavity
Coracoid
process
Head of
humerus
(d) Radiograph of right shoulder
Subscapular
fossa
Fig. 8.1
Upper limb includes
humerus, radius and ulna,
carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges
– One bone, two bones, bunch of
bones, phalanges
Upper limb
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Fig. 8.4
Greater tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Head
Anatomical neck
Intertubercular sulcus
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Shaft
The Humerus (anterior)
• Greater tubercle makes
rounded contour of shoulder
• intertubercular sulcus
contains tendon of bicep
muscle
Fig. 8.4
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
The Humerus (anterior)
• muscles attach to epicondyles
– feel on either side of elbow
• capitulum and trochlea
articulate with radius and ulna
• radius fits into radial fossa
• coronoid process of ulna fits into
coronoid fossa
Fig. 8.4
The Humerus
(posterior)
Head
Greater tubercle
• Radial groove
accommodates radial
nerves
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
Fig. 8.4
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
The Humerus
(posterior)
• Radial groove accommodates
radial nerves
• Olecranon fossa
accommodates olecranon of ulna
Lateral
epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Fig. 8.4
Elbow Joint
Humerus
Humerus
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon of ulna
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Head of radius
Ulna
Lateral epicondyle
Trochlea
Ulna
Head of radius
Radius
(b) Right elbow
joint, anterior view
(c) Right elbow joint, posterior view
b-d: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Christine Eckel
Fig. 8.5
Radius and Ulna (anterior)
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Head
Neck
Proximal radioulnar joint
Tuberosity of ulna
Radial tuberosity
Radius
Shaft
Ulna
Interosseous
membrane
Interosseous borders
Distal radioulnar joint
Styloid
process
Head
Styloid process
Olecranon
Fig. 8.5
Radioulnar joints
Radial notch
Head
Proximal
end of
radius
(medial side)
Proximal
end of ulna
(lateral side)
(b) Right proximal radioulnar joint
Distal end
of radius
(medial side)
Styloid
process
Distal end
of ulna
(lateral side)
Styloid
Head of ulna process
Ulnar notch
(c) Right distal radioulnar joint
Pronation vs. Supination
• Pronation = facing down
– arm is pronated if palm is facing posteriorly
• Supination = facing up
– arm is supinated in anatomical position
18
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 8.5 (right)
Olecranon
Olecranon
Head
Head
Proximal
radioulnar joint
Proximal
radioulnar joint
Neck
Neck
Radius
Ulna
Pollex
Shaft
Little
finger
Ulna
Radius
Ulna
(d) Supination of right forearm
Radius
Interosseous
membrane
Interosseous
borders
Radius
Ulna
Pollex
Little
finger
(e) Pronation of right forearm
Head
Head
Distal
radioulnar joint
Styloid processes
Styloid processes
(f) Right ulna and radius, posterior view
d-f: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Photos by Christine Eckel
Carpal Bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Shy
Lovers
Try
Positions
That
They
Can’t
Handle
III
IV
Distal
phalanx
of pollex
(thumb)
II
V
I
carpals
Proximal
phalanx
of pollex
(thumb)
Carpal Bones
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Shy
Lovers
Try
Positions
That
They
Can’t
Handle
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
III
IV
Distal
phalanx
of pollex
(thumb)
II
V
I
carpals
Proximal
phalanx
of pollex
(thumb)
Fig. 8.6
Carpals
Proximal phalanx
of pollex (thumb)
Carpals
I
II III IV V
Metacarpals
Distal phalanx
of pollex
Proximal phalanx
Phalanges of digits
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
23
Pelvis
Fig. 8.7
Sacrum
Os coxae
Coccyx
Sacroiliac
joint
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Iliac crest
Pelvic inlet
Sacrum
Ilium
Anterior superior iliac spine
Os coxae
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Coccyx
Pubis
Obturator foramen
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
Subpubic
angle
Pelvis vs. Pelvic Girdle
• Pelvic girdle
– os coxae, sacrum, coccyx
& pubic symphysis
– 2 os coxae bones
medial
• Pelvis
lateral
The Os Coxae or Coxal bone
• 3 fused bones
– ilium
ilium
• 2 parts: ala, body
– pubis
– ischium
pubis
ischium
• hip joint called
acetabulum
lateral view
26
The Os Coxae
• Major markings
– iliac crest
– anterior superior
iliac spine (ASIS)
lateral view
Iliac crest
Posterior superior
• hip bone visible in front iliac spine
– posterior superior
iliac spine (PSIS)
• often presents dimple
at base of spine
– obturator foramen
Anterior superior
iliac spine
The Os Coxae
• Major markings
– anterior inferior iliac
spine
Posterior inferior
– posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater
iliac spine
sciatic notch
– greater sciatic notch
– ischial tuberosity
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Ischial tuberosity
lateral view
28
The Os Coxae
• Major markings
– iliac fossa
– auricular surface
– symphysial surface
medial view
29
Fig. 8.10
Male vs. Female Pelvis
Sacral
promontory
Pelvic inlet
(space enclosed
by pelvic brim)
Pelvic outlet
Pubic
symphysis
(b)
Coccyx
Male
Pubic
symphysis
Female
Fig. 8.8
Sacroiliac joint
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Head of femur
Neck of femur
Greater trochanter
Obturator foramen
Lesser trochanter
Pelvic inlet
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic tubercle
Pubic symphysis
Male
Narrower
and more
vertical ilium
Wider and
more flared
ilium
Wide greater
sciatic notch
Narrow greater
sciatic notch
Female
Table 8.1c
Male
Narrower and more
vertical ilium
Triangular pubic body
Large, oval
obturator foramen
Female
Narrow subpubic angle
Wider and more
flared ilium
Rectangular pubic body
Triangular obturator
foramen
Wide subpubic angle
Greater
Fig. 8.11a Femur
trochanter
Head
Shaft
Patellar
surface
Head
Neck
Lesser trochanter
Shaft
(b) Right femoral head, medial view
Medial
condyle
Lateral
condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
(c) Right femur, inferior view
Femur
Greater
trochanter
35
Fig. 8.12
Base
Articular surface
Apex
Anterior view
Posterior view
fibular articular
facet
37
Tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Lateral condyle
Femur
Patella
Intercondylar eminence
Fibula
Medial condyle
(b) Proximal end of right tibia, superior view
Tibia
(c) Right knee
joint, anterior view
Knee
Joint
Intercondylar fossa
Intercondylar
eminence
Femur
Medial
condyles
Lateral
Tibia
Fibulacondyles
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tibial
tuberosity
(g) Right knee joint, lateral view
(e) Right knee joint, posterior view
Femur
Medial
condyles
Tibia
Lateral
condyles
Fibula
(f) Radiograph, right knee joint, posterior view
40
41
Sesamoid bones
BOTTOM of the foot
Distal base of first metatarsal
42
• The
– Talus
• Circus
– Calcaneus
• Needs
– Navicular
• More
– Medial cuneiform
• Interesting
– Intermediate cuneiform
• Little
– Lateral cuneiform
• Clowns
– Cuboid
43
Fig. 8.15 Foot Arches
(a) Right foot, medial view
Medial cuneiform
Navicular
Talus
First metatarsal
Calcaneus
Medial longitudinal arch
Sesamoid bone
Fig. 8.15 Foot Arches
Cuboid
(b) Right foot, lateral view
Calcaneus
Lateral longitudinal arch
Fifth metatarsal
Fig. 8.15 Foot Arches
(c) Right foot,
distal row of tarsals
and metatarsals
Intermediate
cuneiform
Medial
cuneiform
Metatarsal bones
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
Transverse arch
47
48
49
Bunion
Pes cavus
Metatarsal
stress
fractures
Pes planus
Talipes
equinovarus
(congenital clubfoot)
• Result of use of
thalidomide for
treatment of nausea
during pregnancy
• Restricted growth of
blood vessels
Shortened
flipperlike
upper limb
Radiograph of a child with phocomelia.