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Human Body Systems
I.
Nervous System – Ch 35
A. Functions
1. Controls & coordinates body’s response to internal &
external environment
B. Structures
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
3. Peripheral nerves
C. Fundamental unit = neuron (nerve cell)
A.
H.
F.
B.
G.
C.
D.
E.
A = Dendrites – receives message/impulse from
neuron before it
B = Cell body – contains nucleus & cytoplasm
C = Nucleus – genetic information
D = Axon – transmits the message/impulse away
from cell body
E = Myelin sheath – protective covering that
insulates the axon
F = Node – gaps in the myelin sheath where the
axon is exposed
G = Schwann cells – makes the myelin sheath
H = Axon terminal – transmits message/impulse
to dendrites of the next neuron; contains
neurotransmitters
D. Action potential – transmission of an impulse down a neuron
E. Communication between neurons – occurs at the synapse
II.
Skeletal System – Ch 36
A. Functions
1. Support body & protect internal organs
2. Movement
3. Stores minerals
4. Blood cell formation - bone marrow
B. Structures
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Ligaments – attaches bone to bone; Ex. bones of hand
4. Tendons – attaches muscle to bone; Ex. Achilles tendon
III. Integumentary System – Ch 36
A. Function
1. Barrier against infection & injury
2. Regulates body temperature
3. Protection against UV radiation
B. Structures
1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Nails
4. Sweat & oil glands
IV.
Muscular System – Ch 36
A. Functions
1. Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary
movement
2. Works with circulatory system to help circulate
blood
3. Works with digestive system to help move food
through the digestive tract
B. Structures
1. Skeletal muscle - for voluntary movements
- Ex. walking, running, chewing
2. Smooth muscle - for involuntary movements
- Ex. movement of foods through digestive
tract, pupil size
3. Cardiac muscle - only to pump the heart
V.
Circulatory System – Ch 37
A. Function
1. Carries O2, nutrients & hormones to cells
2. Fights infection
3. Removes cell waste
4. Regulates body temp
B. Structures
1. Heart - pumps blood
2. Blood
a. Red blood cells – contain hemoglobin
b. White blood cells – immune response
c. Plasma
d. Platelets – clotting factors
3. Blood vessels
C. Works closely with the respiratory system!
VI.
Respiratory System – Ch 37
A. Functions
1. Provide O2 needed for cellular respiration
2. Remove excess CO2 from body
B. Structures
1. Nose
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
C. The diaphragm is a muscle that allows the volume of the chest
cavity to expand.
1. Nose
2. Mouth
3. Larynx
4. Lungs
5. R. Bronchus
6. Diaphragm
7. Pharynx
8. Trachea
9. L. Bronchus
10. Bronchioles
11. Alveoli
VII. Digestive System – Ch 38
A. Function
1. Converts food into smaller molecules that can be
used by the cells of the body
2. Eliminates waste
B. Structures
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum
C. Components
1. Mouth - mechanical & chemical digestion
- teeth & saliva
2. Pharynx - throat
3. Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach
- Peristalsis
4. Stomach - muscular pouch food empties in to
- mechanical & chemical digestion (churning & acids)
5. Small Intestines – absorbs nutrients diffuses into
circulatory system
- Villi increase surface area for absorption
6. Large Intestine - removes water from solid waste
7. Rectum - stores waste until it is eliminated
D. Accessory Organs
1. Liver - produces bile, which breaks down fats
2. Gall bladder - stores bile
3. Pancreas – produces hormones to control blood
sugar, produces enzymes
VIII. Excretory System – Ch 38
A. Function
1. Removes wastes products, such as urea, from the body
to maintain homeostasis
B. Structures
1. Skin – excretory & integumentary work together
2. Lungs – excretory & respiratory work together
3. Kidneys
4. Bladder
5. Ureters
6. Urethra – has dual purpose in men  excretory &
reproductive
IX. Endocrine System – Ch 39
A. Functions
1. Controls growth, development, metabolism
2. Maintains homeostasis
B. Structures
1. Hypothalamus
5. Adrenals
2. Pituitary
6. Pancreas
3. Thyroid
7. Ovaries
4. Parathyroid
8. Testes
C. Release hormones into the bloodstream
1. Hormones - chemicals that are produced in one part of
the body that affect the functioning of another part of the
body - target cells
D. Remember the goal is to maintain homeostasis!
1. Feedback inhibition (RECALL from Nervous System
notes)
E. Glands of the Endocrine System
1. Hypothalamus – controls pituitary gland
2. Pituitary gland – controls other glands
3. Parathyroid glands – controls level of calcium in
blood
4. Thymus – stimulates T cell development (immune
response)
5. Adrenal glands – control stress reaction
6. Pineal gland – controls sleep/wake cycles
7. Thyroid – controls metabolism
8. Pancreas – controls sugar level in blood (video 39-2)
9. Ovaries – control female characteristics
10. Testes – control male characteristics
X.
Reproductive System – Ch 40
A. Function
1. Produces gametes
2. In females, nurtures & protects the developing
embryo
B. Structures
1. Testes
6. Ovaries
2. Epididymis
7. Fallopian Tubes
3. Vas deferens
8. Uterus
4. Urethra
9. Vagina
5. Penis
C. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube!
D. Fertilized egg then travels to the uterus & implants in the wall.