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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background English language is an international language used all over the world as a means of communication. It plays an important role for the people all over the world for political and commercial purposes and event tourism matters. Therefore English is a compulsory subject school, as well as university. Mastering good English is very important in communication. And the important thing in learning English is Grammar: Grammar is the study of words and their functions; one of its aspects in learning is adverbial. Adverbials in English are varied in terms of forms and functions or meanings. In term of forms we have noun phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase and clause and those forms may state various meanings like time, place, manner, and others. For example: He lives in Denpasar; The prepositional phrase “in Denpasar” above belongs to adverbial stating place. This morning he moved to Denpasar The noun phrase “this morning” also belongs to adverbial but it states time. Prepositional phrase can also be used to state manner, how an action is done. Let’s see the following example: She sang the song in a good way. “In a good way” above is a prepositional phrase as an adverbial that states how the action of singing was done. 1 Not only the forms and functions mentioned above, an adverb phrase and a clause may also function as adverbial stating either time, place, manner and others. For example: When I came here as a child, he would always remove the bullets as soon as soon he walked into the room (Twilight.35) The underlined word above is adverbial of time initiated by a clause identified with a subordinator when. And the translation of the adverbial above into Indonesian is: Waktu aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak, Dad selalu mengosongkan pelurunya begitu ia masuk kerumah. (Twilight.47) Looking at the data above, we can see that there is a clause that states time. The clause that expresses time in the data above is when I came as a child. As we can see that this clause is formed by a subordinate when. This clause may mean “at the time I came as a child”. Considering this meaning we can say that this clause states time, namely period of time. And if we look at its Indonesian translation we can say that waktu aku ke sini ketika masih kanak-anak is a clause that states time. Both the English clause and the Indonesian clause carry the same meaning. The subordinator when is translated into ketika, I came into aku , here into ke sini, and as a child is translated into masih kanak-kanak. As explained above, we can see that adverbials can have various forms and meanings. So if we talk about adverbial it seems wide and complex. Not only that, if we compare it with the Indonesian language we can see that each language has its forms of adverbial, and every form of adverbial expresses different meanings. 2 Since the grammars, structures, as well as the lexical items of Indonesian and English are different, according to my opinion, it is necessary to compare or to contrast between English and Indonesian. More specifically, it is necessary to compare the forms and meaning of adverbial stating time in English and in Indonesian. This can be done through a translation (from English into Indonesian.) Discussing about translation we need a good understanding of the grammar and structure of the two languages involved. Translation as we know is known as a process of transferring meaning from one language into another. Considering this condition, again, to me, writing about adverbial, namely English time adverbials and their translations in Indonesian, is necessarily done. 1.2 Problem In this opportunity, I would like to talk about adverbials that state time found in a novel and their translation in Indonesian, the limitation can be formulated in the following questions; 1. What are the forms of English and Indonesian adverbials stating time can be found in the data? 2. What are the meanings of the English and Indonesian adverbials of time found in the novel? 3. What are their translations in Indonesian and what procedures are used in the process of translation? 3 1.3 Aims of the study Based on the background and problem above, the aims of the writing can be determined as follows: 1. To find out the type of adverbials stating time occurring in the English novel 2. To find out the meanings of the adverbials stating time in English 3. To describe how the adverbials time in the SL novel are translated into the TL novel. 4. To find out the procedure used in the process of translating. 1.4 Scope of the study As mentioned previously that this study talks about adverbials denoting time. Since this topic is considered wide enough to discuss, so in this opportunity the discussion about it is limited on the adverbials denoting time and their translation in Indonesian with a specific reference to the novel Twilight written by Stephanie Meyer and its Indonesian translation translated by Lily Devita Sari. And the discussion of this study will cover: 1. The Identification of the forms of adverbials of time in English that exist in the novel. 2. The Identification of the functions or meaning of adverbials of time in English. 3. The translation of adverbials of time in Indonesian. 4 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK In this chapter, review of literature, concepts of adverbials stating time and their translations will be discussed to give more understanding of the topic that will be discussed in this study. 2.1 literatures Review Research in adverbials stating time and their translations has been done by some students in the previous years, Yuliana Marlina Lima (2000) In her work of The Analysis of Adverbial Clauses Found in Novels discussed about kinds of adverbial clause seen from the structural types found in Novels and the types of adverbial clauses found in Novels. The theories used were taken from the theory A Grammar of Contemporary English proposed by Quirk It was stated that ‘adverbial clause, or clause serving primarily as adjunct or disjunct in the main clause, may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place, manner (Quirk, 1972:743). From her analysis she concluded Adverbial clause is often optional, except in SVA clause of type. It can be placed in initial, medial and final position within the sentence. Angela Yohana (2003) in her work kinds of Adverbial stating time and their translation analyzed kinds or forms of adverbials of time found in some novels and their translations in Indonesian. The theory used in her research is the 5 theory of English Grammar proposed by Quirk It was stated that “adverbials is a group words which does the same job as adverb, thus giving information about when where, or in what circumstances something happens.” (1990: xviii). She also used the translation theory for the research since the topic also discussed the translation study. The theory itself is proposed by Larson in her book Meaning based Translation (1984). Larson states that: “Translation consists of studying lexicon grammatical structures communication situation and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context. (1983:3). It is true that this is the same with the topic that I write, but the analysis is different. This thesis talks about more specifically the form of adverbial and their translation in Indonesian. It does not about the equivalent and the procedure used by the translator in the process of translating the text. However, the thesis written by Angela will give contribution to the analysis of the data in this writing as findings of the form and function of the adverbial of time in the novel. Oka Pertama Weda (2004) with his paper entitled Preposition Expressing time and Their Translation into Indonesian state that there are many kinds of prepositions expressing time such as at, on, in , before, after, since which are variously translated into Indonesian. This paper has relation with the topic of the research since it talks about adverbials. NI Made Sukarini (2005) in her Paper entitled The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase in The Process of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel “A Perfect Stranger” talked about the structural shift in the process of English –Indonesian 6 Translation. She also analyzes that structure shift mostly occurred in the process of transferring Noun Phrase (NP) in the source language text into the target language text . And she also found that the theory of loss and gain of information proposed by Nida is also mostly applied in the process of transferring the meaning of the noun phrase of the SL text in TL text. Considering that her paper talked about The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase in The Process of English-Indonesian Translation, it also contributes a great deal to my research, especially to give a brief explanation of the adverbials are translated into the target language. Putra Yadnya (2000) in his Paper entitled Transfer Makna Dalam Penerjemahan Etnografik Cerita Luh Galuh ke Dalam Bahasa Inggris talked a lot about Indonesian sociocultural aspect and their equivalence in English. He also analyzes if there is any movement or shift of meaning in the translation. In this paper it is found that the translator uses procedures of translation in transferring the meaning of the source language into English. Considering that his paper discusses transference of meaning in which there is movement in the translation, it also contributes a great deal to my research, especially when we are talking about the equivalence of meaning. There is also an article written by Eli Hinkle about Adverbial markers and tone in L1 and L2 from Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA. He analyzes large corpora of published written texts in English for new insights into meanings, uses, and functions of adverbials of all types. From the five of the thesis and one article above it is necessary to combine ideas into one of the theories and problems applied in this study. 7 This study discusses the English time adverbials and their translations in Indonesian with reference to Stephanie Meyer’s Novel “Twilight” based on the theory proposed by Larson’s (1998). 2.2 Concepts 2.2.1 Adverb and Adverbial Adverb and adverbial are the two terms that in some cases they are alike but actually different in term of form and function. In general, ad verb belongs to word class that modifies adjective and another adverb, while an adverbial belongs to sentence element that modifies the verb of the sentence or the sentence itself in terms of time, place, reason, result or others. The differences of the two terms will be analyzed in the following discussion. Study about grammar fields is more frequently discussed. One aspect of grammar is adverbial; it is to known that adverbial and adverb are different. There are two types of syntactic functions that characterize adverb, but an adverb need have only one of these adverbials and modifiers of adjective and adverb. The differences between adverbs and adverbials may be one or several words that offer information on circumstances connected to the state or activity named by the verb. Adverbs are one-word items that modify verbs. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much". While some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified by untangling the 8 grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence. Adverbials may be single words or else phrases that provide information about when, where, how, or why things happen. So adverbs fall into the category of adverbials. Adverbs and the wider category of adverbials belong to the predicate, and there they may be placed next to the verb or after the object. But they may be found at the beginning of a sentence, provided they do not separate the subject from the verb. A general idea which may be useful is this: elements in a sentence organize around the heart of the sentence, S + V, in a hierarchical manner: the more important they are, the closer they are to the heart. For instance, an object (O) is more important than an adverbial of time because it is closer to the verb, so the adverbial of time can never interfere between the V and its O, and must be placed after. An adverb describes a verb while an adjective describes a noun. Many adverbs end in ly - slowly, quickly, smoothly to name a few and they describe how someone might do something. Examples of adjectives are large, red, four, etc. They desrcribe the size, shape, number of an object (noun). An adverbial phrase uses more than one adverb in describing a verb. There are many definitions of adverbials such as the theory of adverbials by Quirk et al in their book entitled a comprehensive Grammar of the English Language it is stated that: 9 The adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or adverbial clause, it may also be noun phrase, and in general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause (1985:729) He also states that: Adverbial clause, or clause serving primarily as adjunct or disjunct in the main clause, may be placed in various semantic categories, such as time, place, manner (Quirk, 1972:743) Adverbials is a group words which does the same job as adverb, thus giving information about when where, or in what circumstances something happens.” (1990: xviii) And based on the book introducing English Grammar proposed by Leech, it is stated that: Adverbial clause is a clause which acts as an adverbial in the main clause or sentence, most of them begin with conjunctions, signaling and their link with the main clause. Examples of such conjunctions are when, since, before, after, until, as, while, it, though, unless, because (1992:12) According to Krohn an adverb is a word to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverb maybe classified from different point of view such as function and meanings. Adverbials clause are divided into classes corresponding to those of adverbial elements-clauses of place, time, manner, degree, cause, condition, and exception, concession, purpose, ends or means. And the Indonesian concept of adverbial according to Hasan (1998: 197) “ Dalam tataran frasa, adverbial adalah kata yang menjelaskan verba, adjektiva, atau adverbial lain. Sedangkan dalam tataran klausa, adverbial mewatasi atau menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi sintaksis”. Keraf (1992:112) “kata keterangan atau adverbial adalah kata untuk membatasi kata kerja, kata keadaan. Kebanyakan adverbial terdiri atas kata-kata dasar, dan juga berupa kata turunan”. 2.2.2 Translation Actually there are many definitions in terms of translation, commonly referring to the same notion. The differences are in a sense quite understandable; 10 the differences may depend on the text translated, the target readers, the translator and the language itself. It is due to the fact that language constantly changes to different style. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form which can be highly different in the target language. Thus a translation acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a later time. Nida and taber (1974:12) state that “translating consist of reproducing in the receptor language (RL) the closest natural equivalent of the source language (SL)message, first in the term of meaning and secondly in terms of style” . Savory (1968:37) believes that “translation is made possible by an equivalent of the idea that lies behind its different verbal expressions”.” Larson (1984:10) states “translation consists of studying lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language. Analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, then reconstructing the same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context”. 2.3 Theoretical Framework Some theories adopted in this thesis will be used to analyze the problems in this study, which includes the theory of translation and adverbial both in English and Indonesian. 11 2.3.1 Theory of Adverbial Adverbial is a word (an adverb) or group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the verb. The word adverbial is also used as an adjective, meaning “having the same function as an adverb”. An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes verbs. When adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meanings of that verb. Word groups that are also considered to be adverbials also modify verbs, for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non finite clause (Biber.2002) In every sentence pattern the adverbial is a clause element that tells where, when, why, or how. There can be more than one adverbial in a sentence. In addition, the same adverbial can be moved to different positions in a sentence. ”According to Quirk (1972: 205) in his book entitled University English Grammar “Units realizing adverbial function can be; phrases and clauses. Among those adverb phrases in which adverb as the head or sole realization; noun phrases; prepositional phrases; finite verb clauses; nonfinite verb clauses in which the verb is infinitive, -ing participle; and –ed participle; and verb less clause.” 2.3.1.1 Classes of Adverbial Adverbial can be divided into two classes, distinguished by whether or not they are integrated to some extent into the structure of the clause. Those that are integrated to some extent are termed adjuncts, those that are peripheral to clause 12 structure are subdivided into disjunct or conjuncts, the distinction between these two being that conjuncts have primarily a connective function. An adverbial is integrated to some extent in clause structure if it is affected by clausal processes. Three criteria have been selected as diagnostic for adjuncts that is as evidence that an adverbial is affected by clausal processes and is therefore an adjunct. If an adverbial satisfies one or more of the criteria it is an adjunct. 1. If an adverbial can not appear initially in a negative declarative clause, it is an adjunct. For example, although quickly can appear initially in a positive clause such as in: a.Quickly they left for home. (Quirk, 1872:421) b. The time went quickly (Murphy,1987:192) It cannot do so if the clause is negative (with the negative particle not or – n’t) *quickly they didn’t leave for home. Hence, quickly is an adjunct. On the other hand, perhaps is uneffected by whether the clause is positive or negative. 2. If an adverbial can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative interrogation, it is an adjunct, alternative interrogative, showing that the adverbial is the focus of clause interrogation. This can be exemplified by: He writes to his parents because he wants to. (Quirk, 1972:422) 13 It is an adjunct because it can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative interrogation: Does he write to his parents because he wants to or does he write to them because he needs money ? On the other hand, we cannot contrast two since clauses in this way when the since clauses express reason and not time. Does he write to his parents since he wants to or does he write to them since he needs to ? 3. If an adverbial can be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation, it is an adjunct, alternative negation showing that the adverbial is the focus of the clause negation. For example On Monday is an adjunct in. We went to Chicago on Monday (Quirk, 1972:422) Disjuncts and conjuncts satisfy none of the above three criteria. That is to say, the following three statements can be made for both disjuncts and conjuncts: 1. They can appear initially before a negative clause. Disjunct clauses that are sequentially fixed in relation to superordinate clauses are an exception; they cannot, of course, appear initially before even a positive clause. 2. They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative interrogation. 14 3. They cannot be contrasted with another adverbial in alternative negation. (quirk, 1972:423) Conjuncts are distinguished from disjuncts because they have primarily a connective function. As an index of their connective function, conjuncts cannot serve as a response to a question , whether a wh-question or yes-no question, even when they are accompanied by yes or no. On the other hand, disjuncts can serve as response to a yes – no question, though usually they require to be accompanied by yes or no. On the other hand, disjuncts can serve as response to a yes – no question, though usually they require to be accompanied by yes or no. (Quirk, et.al., 1972:423) For Example. He will probably be there tommorow (Quirk, at.al., 1972:423) I will probably not see you (Murphy, 1987:212) It is an adjuncts, since it can be a response. Will he be there?, Yes, probably Is contrast, therefore in: I sent him a personal invitation. He will therefore be there tommorow, It is conjunct. We cannot use therefore as a response; Will he be there tommorow? Yes, therefore. (Quirk, at al., 1972:424) 15 2.3.1.2 Types of Adverbials A. Adverbials of time Quirk states that adverbial of time is introduce by conjunction such as “when, before, after, since, as, until, while, or soon. It is used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or another event. The adverbial of time can be filled by noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb phrase, or clause. For example: 1. Buy your ticket as soon as you reach the station (Quirk et al 1972744) 2. The next time , I come here, I’m going to be better 3. I bought in the year (that)I was in Europe (Cum 1996:179) As we seen in example (1) as soon as you can reach the station is adverbial of time filled by a clause. It explains that the event happen a very short time after another. In example (2) the next time is adverbial of time whch is filled by noun phrase; the next time is formed by the article the as determiner, next as modifier, and time as noun, it is used to pint out something which happened during one occurrence of an event. In the example (3) in the year (that) I was in Europe is adverbial filled with prepositional phrase marked by in B. Adverbial of Place Adverbial of place tells us where something happens, which are introduced by where or wherever. Adverbial of place usually appears in front or in the end of sentence. Examples: 16 1. Where the fire had been, we saw nothing, but blackened rain (quirk et al, 1972:745) 2. Everywhere I went, people were angry or suspicious rain (quirk et al, 1972:746) Example (1) where the fire had been is adverbial clause indicating place. It is introduced by where which occurs in front of the sentence. In example (2) everywhere I went is adverbial clause, which explains that something happens in every place where something else happens. C. Adverbial of purpose This kind of adverbial is marked by the use of words in order to…,so that, to…,so…,in order that, so as to. These kinds of adverbial are used to add information about purpose or aim of an action. Examples: 1. Rose rod with care in order not to spread the dirt (Quirk et al, 1972:735) 2. I left early to the train (Quirk et al, 1972:735) In example (1) in order not to spread the dirt is to explain that rose does not want to spread the dirt. In example (2) to catch the train is adverbial of purpose. It describes the purpose of subject’s action. 17 D. Conditional of Adverbial Conditional of Adverbial is an adverbial that explains a possible situation and its consequence or adverbial clause expressing a conditional. It is introduced by if or unless. Example: 1. Nobody gets anything unless they ask for it 2. You can leave if you like In example (1) unless they ask for it, is adverbial of conditional, it as the negative condition, appears in last part of the sentence. In example (2) if you like is adverbial of conditional. If is used to explain the situation when the subject offer to do something. E. Adverbial of Manner Adverbial of manner is used to describe about someone’s behavior or the way something is done. It is introduced by the words “like, just, as, as though, or much as”. Example: 1. It swims above the sea floor, just as its ancestor did 2. I don’t understand why he behaves as he does In example (1) just as its ancestor did is adverbial of manner. It occurs in the last part of the sentence and is introducing by just as. It shows the comparison of the way something is done with the way of something else does it. In example (2) as he does is adverbial of manner marked by as he does: it is used to point out someone’s behavior. 18 F. Adverbial of Result Adverbial of result is an adverbial specifying the result or outcome of the happening described in the rest of the clause, it is introduced by so that, and so, so, or, and. Example: 1. She was having great difficulty her car out , and so I had to move my car to let her out 2. Her boyfriend was shoot in the chest and died In example (1) and so I had to move my car to let her out, is adverbial of result and appear in the last part of the sentence. It is marked by and so to indicate the result of something which happened. In example (2) and died as adverbial of result which is introduced by and it is used to indicate the result of something. G. Adverbial of concession Adverbial of concession is used to indicate supposition that is usually marked by “although, even tough, while, even, it, much as, whereas. (Murthy, 2003: 216) Example: 1. Though she is clever, she is not proud (Murthy 2003: 217) 2. Even though you are my brother, I can allow you to do such a cruel act. (Murthy, 2003:217) In example (a) Though she is clever is the adverbial clause of concession which is marked by tough and in example (b) Even though you are my brother is the adverbial of concession marked by even though. 19 H. Adverbial of Reason This kind of adverbial is marked by the conjunction because, as, or since. It is used to indicate the reason for something. Examples: 1. As Cella had gone to school, it seemed good times for lady ravens croft to invite her sister do say. 2. I didn’t know that she had been married, since she seldom talked about herself. In example (1) as Cella had gone to school, is adverbial of reason, it is introduced by the conjunction as, it appears in front of the sentence. In example (2) since she seldom talked herself, is adverbial of reason, which appears in the middle of the sentence. 2.3.1.3 Adverbial Based on Position In general, the adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position in sentence or clause. They are initial position, medial position and end or final position. Initial position is preceding any other sentence or clause element. In effect, this generally means the position is immediately before subject. Examples : 1. Suddenly, the driver started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491) 2. By then the book must have been placedon the shelf. (Quirk, 1985:490) The adverbial suddenly in sentence number (1) above occurs before the subject the driver, and the adverbial by then in sentence number (2) occurs before the subject the book. 20 But in direct questions, it is the position immediately before the operator or whelements.Examples: 1. Seriously, do you believe in ghosts? (Quirk, 1985:491) 2. Anyhow, since when has she been ill? (Quirk, 1985:491) In the examples above we can find that seriously is adverbial that occurs before the subject operator do. And anyhow is adverbial that occurs before the wh element when. On the other hand, in subordinate or coordinate clauses it is in the position following the conjunction. Example: 1. I had scarecely got into the taxi, when suddenly the driver started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491) 2. I know you are very charitable, but seriously how can he be innocent? (Quirk, 1985:491) In sentence number (1) above the adverbial suddenly occurs after the conjunction when or follows the conjunction when. And in the sentence number (2) the adverbial seriously occurs after the conjunction but or follows the conjunction but.Medial position can be preliminarily described as that between subject and verb.Examples: 1. The driver suddenly started the engine. (Quirk, 1985:491) 2. The soprano really delighted her audience. (Quirk, 1985:492) In sentence number (1) above the postion of adverbial suddenly is between subject the driver and the verb started. And in sentence number (2) the adverbial really occurs between subject the soprano and the verb delighted. 21 And the end or final position is the position in the clause following all obligatory elements; it is also the position of the obligatory adverbial when this follow the other obligatory elements. Examples: 1. The light was fading rapidly 2. Dr. Blackett is in Tokyo 3. She was digging a trench in the garden (Quirk, 1985:498) As we can see the entire sentence above have adverbial in the end position and they follows the obligatory elements of the sentence. 2.3.2 Theory of Adverbials in Indonesian. Alwi Hasan states “Dalam tataran frasa, adverbial adalah kata yang menjelaskan verba, adjektiva, atau adverbial lain. Sedangkan dalam tataran klausa, adverbial mewatasi atau menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi sintaksis”. Keraf (1991: 112) implies that “Kata keterangan atau adverbial adalah kata untuk membatasi kata kerja, kata keadaan, kebanyakan adverbial terdiri atas kata-kata dasar, dan juga berupa kata turunan”. Accessed at: (http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/ comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/ March28th2011; 03:50 PM) 2.3.2.1 Types of Adverbials A. Adverbial of Time Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that “Adverbia kewaktuan adalah adverbial yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan saat terjadinya peristiwa yang diterangkan oleh adverbial itu. Yang termasuk adverbial kewaktuan ialah bentuk seperti baru dan segera”. 22 Example : 1. SL: Ayah baru diberhentikan dari jabatannya. (Alwi: 205) TL‘Father just fiffled from his position’. 2. SL:Kami berlima akan segera menyepakati masalah itu.’ (Alwi:205) TL:We are five will soon agree on that problem’ (http://one.indoskripsi.com/judul-skripsi-tugas-makalah/bahasainggris/ comparative-study-between-english-and-indonesian-adverbs/March28th2011; 03:50 PM) They are: 1. The adverbs of time define/emphasize the progress of event. For example: Dahulu, kemarin, hari ini, sekarang, dulu, besok, selamanya. 2. The adverbs of time explain the problems that happen and finish or not. For example: Telah, akan, sudah, sedang, baru, lagi, belum. B. Adverbial of Frequency Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that : ‘Adverbia kuantitatif adalah adverbial Yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan tingkat kekerapan terjadinya sesuatu yang diterangkan adverbial itu. Kata yang tergolong adverbial ini, misalnya : selalu, sering, jarang, dan kadang-kadang’. From the statement, we can say that a quantitative adverb is an adverb which describes the meaning that has a relationship. With the frequency of something. Here are some examples: 1. Kami selalu makan malam bersama-sama. ‘We usually have dinner together’. 23 2. Mereka sering mengabaikan tanggung jawabnya. ‘they often disregard of their responsibility’. C. Adverbial of Manner Alwi and friends (2003: 205) state that “Adverbia kecaraan adalah adverbia yang menggambarkan makna yang berhubungan dengan bagaimana peristiwa yang diterangkan pleh adverbial itu berlangsung atau terjadi. Yang termasuk adverbial kecaraan ini adalah bentuk=bentuk seperti diam-diam, secepatnya,pelan-pelan, dengan gembira” Adverbial of manner is the adverb that describes the meaning related to how the event happened explained by the adverb of manner. Here are some examples: 1. Ikuti dia diam-diam dari belakang. ‘follow him from the back slowly’ 2. Kami akan menyelesaikan tugas itu secepatnya. ‘We will finish the duty is as soon as possible’. 2.3.2.2 Function of Adverbials Nasution (1979: 35) states that: “Berdasarkan fungsinya, adverbia dibagi Lima” Based on its function, adverbial in Indonesian is divided into five, they are: 1. Adverbial of Time For example: Kami ujian lusa’ ‘We will have an examination the day after tommorow’ The word lusa, in English is day after tomorrow as an adverb of time. It explains when we have the examination and the answer is lusa. It functions to make the subject and predicate the adverb of time lusa is added clear. 24 2. Adverbial of Situation For example: Kami belajar didalam ruangan. ‘We are studying in the room’ The word dalam or in English we can say in as adverb of situation. It explains where we are learning and the answer didalam. The position of adverb of situation can be put in front, in the middle and in the end of the sentence. It depends on the sentence that we make. 3. Adverial of Manner For example: Pemuda itu belajar dengan giat. “The young men learn actively” In Indonesian, there are two adverbs of situation based on its function. But actually it has different perceptions. From the first of adverb of situation, the word “dalam” expresses the situation where we are studying. While the second adverb of situation, the word “giat” express how the young man learns. 4. Adverbial of Degree For example: Rumahnya sangat jauh dari kampusnya. ‘His house is very far from his campus’.The word sangat or very in English expresses the adverb of degree. It explains How far his house from his campus and the answer in very. 5. Adverbial of Modality For example: Mereka mungkin akan terlambat datang kesini. ‘They will probably come late here’. The word mungkin or probably in English express the adverb of degree. It explains how far his house is from his campus and the answer is very. 25 2.3.2.3 Form of Adverbials Kosasih (2008: 25) states that “Ada dua bentuk adverbia dalam Bahasa Indonesia, yakni : Bentuk dasar dan Bentuk turunan”. In Indonesian there are two forms of adverbs, they are: base form and generated form. 1. Base form (Bentuk dasar) Examples: a) Dia masih memiliki rumah yang sangat besar. ‘He has a very big house’ b) Pemuda itu hanya memperhatikan wajah gadit itu. ‘The young man only paying attention to that girl’s face’ c) Dia segeramengembalikan barang yang dipinjamnya dari seseorang. ‘She returns the thing that she has borrowed from someone soon’ 2. Derivative form (Bentuk turunan) a) Diam-diam ia melarikan diri dari rumahnya. ‘He run away from his house quietly’ b) Ia memiliki cita-cita yang setinggi-tingginya. ‘He has the goal as high as possible’ c) Sebaiknya anda mempertimbangkan terlebih dahulu jawaban anda. ‘It is better for you to consider before you answer 26 2.3.2.4 Position of Adverbials The position of adverbial in Indonesian is free. (http://one.indoskripsi.com /category/ jurusan/ bahasa-inggris march 29th 2011; 07:15 PM). Meaning that it can be put in front, in the middle, and in the end of the sentence depending on the sentence that we make. For example: 1. SL: ”Kadang-kadang kami mendiskusikan masalah keuangan keluarga kami bersama-sama.” TL: ‘Sometimes we discuss about our family finance problems together’ The word kadang-kadang or sometimes in English is an adverb of frequency which is put in front of the sentences. 2. SL: Ia pasti pergi ke kantor pos itu . TL: ‘She certainly went to the post office’ The word pasti or certainly in English as a kind of an adverb of modality is put in the middle of the sentence. 3. SL: Mereka bertemu dengan ayah saya di rumah sakit’ TL: They met my father in the hospital’ The word hospital in English as an adverb of place is put in the end of the sentence. 2.3.3 Theory of Adverbial of Time Quirk states that adverbial of time is introduced by conjunction such as “when, before, after, since, as, until, while, or soon. It is used to state when something happens by referring to a period of time or another event.. 27 Next examples of Adverbial expressions of time answer the questions: When? (1), (For) how long? (2), and How often? (3). (1) A: When is the meeting? B: In the evening. (2) A: (For) how long did you stay there? B: For a long time. A: How long have you been here? B: For two hours. or Since eight o'clock. (3) A: How often do you visit your uncle? B: Often. A basic sentence has the pattern SUBJECT+VERB+ (OBJECT or COMPLEMENT). An adverbial might take place either in the initial, middle or final position. When it is at the initial position it occurs at the very beginning of the sentence (4) when the adverb takes the final position, it occurs at the very end of the sentence (5) when an adverbial is in the mid-position, it occurs between the subject and the main verb (6). 28 (4) Afterwards, they left for France. (5) They left for France yesterday. (6) They always go to France for the summers. (7) I met him after I came to to Adana. (8) My younger sister was born at 3:15 A.M. on March 23. in 1987. b. .She was born at 3:15 A.M., March 23, 1987. According to their use in a sentence, adverbs are divided into three classes (Walsh & Walsh 1951) simple (1B), interrogative (1A, 2A, 3A), and conjunctive (7). Most of the time expressions fall into the category of simple, question words inquiring time which are placed in the interrogative class and the conjunctions referring to time are used in subordinate clauses. Expressions that answer the when question are generally called time adverbials. Maclin (1987:39), in her mention of temporal expressions, states that time adverbials can be a single word (5), a phrase (1B), or a dependent clause (7). She suggests that these adverbials can be placed before or after the main clause and asks the learners to place the more specific information before the general information (8a). She also reminds the learners to "use `at' before clock time, `on’ before a day or, `in' before a month used alone, a year, or a century” (8a). She also warns the learners to separate the time adverbs if prepositions are not used (8b). 29 The adverbial of time can be filled by noun phrase, prepositional phrase, adverb phrase, or clause, as can be seen from the following example: 1. Buy your ticket as soon as you reach the station (Quirk et al 1972:744) 2. The next time, I come here; I’m going to be better (Quirk et al 1972:744) 3. The last time we talked he said he needed another two days (Quirk et al 1972:744) 4. He was surprised when he saw this (Cum 1996:179) 5. I bought in the Year (that) I was in Europe (Cum 1996:179) 6. Since he hesitates we have him (Cum 1996:179) 7. After having finished my work I went to bed (Cum 1996:179) As we seen in example (1) as soon as you can reach the station as adverbial of time filled by clause. It explains the event which happened a very short time after another. In example (2) the next time as adverbial of time is filled by noun phrase, the next time is formed by article the as determiner, next as modifier, and time as noun, it is used to pint out something which happened during one occurrence of an event. In example (3) the last time as adverbial filled by noun phrase. The last time is formed by article the as determiner, last as modifier, and time as noun. It is used to point out something happen during one occurrence on event. In example (4) when he saw this is adverbial which is marked by when and the idea of time here mingles with that of cause. And in example (5) in the year (that) I was in Europe is adverbial filled with prepositional 30 phrase which is marked by in. In example (6) since he hesitates is adverbial which is marked by since. And in example (7) after having finished my work is adverbial and it is marked by after as the preposition of the sentence. Biber and friends (2002: 208) state that “time adverbs express position in time, frequently, duration, and relationship”. Example: 1. She doesn’t say go away very much now. (Time position) 2. She always eats the onion. (Time frequency) 3. She will remain a happy memory with us always in seven separate pieces! (Time relationship) Those examples show how the same adverb can have different time meanings, depending on its context of use. For example, always in 2 refers to frequency (i.e. how often she eats the onion); while in 3, always refers more to duration. Semantically adverbial of time can express most time when adverbs can serve as a response to a when question: A: When did he arrive? B: last night While you were at the library When in its various uses is in part pro-form for the time adjuncts. It can point of time and denoted a boundary of time or in other words point of time but also imply the point from which time is measured. Time duration can be divided into two classes, they are those denoting length of time and those denoting duration from some preceding point of time. 31 Time duration are normally positioned finally, except for three adverbs normally positioned at momentarily, permanently, and temporarily. Time frequency can serve as a response to a how often question, and the other time relationship. One group consist of adjuncts concerned with the sequence within the clause of two time relationship, and they co-occur with time when adjuncts. Many of the same items are also used as correlatives to denote temporal sequence between clauses or between sentences. 2.3.4 Translation The theory of translation is described in terms of its meaning, types, process, and its procedure. 2.3.4.1 Meaning of Translation Larson states that It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in translating English text into Indonesian, a translator must master both English as the source language and Indonesian as the target language. 32 Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. He also says that, in doing translation, meaning must be preserved as the most essential issue, then, the translator must pay attention to the style of the author. The result of translation must maintain the naturalness of the massage in the source language. Moreover Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by representation of an equivalent in different degrees (fully or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks (woeds- dor woeds-, phrase- for phrase, sentence- for sentence) It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in translating English text into Indonesian, a translator must master both English as the source language and Indonesian as the target language. 2.3.4.2 Types of Translation Every text has its own form and meaning in different types of language. Therefore, there are two kinds of translation. One is form-based translation and the other one is meaning-based. Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translation. Meaning-based 33 translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called idiomatic translations. 1. Literal Translation An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. It is done by reproducing the linguistic feature of the SL text, whether that is in form of words, clauses, phrase, sentences, etc, into the TL text. Although it may be very useful for purpose of the study of the source language, they are little help to the speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value (Larson, 1998: 17). 2. Modified Literal Translation Except for interlinear translation, a truly literal translation is uncommon. Most translators who tend to translate literally actually make a partially modified literal translation. They modify the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical items are translated literally. In a modified literal translation, the translator usually adjusts the translation enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings, but the unnaturalness still remains (Larson, 1998: 18). 34 3. Idiomatic Translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the SL in the natural form of the TL, both grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the TL. Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is his goal. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may express some parts of his translation in very natural form and then in other parts fall back into a literal form. Translations fall on a continuum from very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, and then may even move to be unduly free (Larson, 1998: 19). 4. Unduly Free Translation Unduly free translations are not considered acceptable translation for most purposes. Translations are unduly free if they add extraneous information not in the source text, if they change the meaning of the SL, or if they distort the facts of the historical and cultural setting of the SL text. Sometimes unduly free translations are made for purpose of humor or to bring about a special response from the receptor language speakers. However, they are not acceptable as normal translations. The emphasis is on the reaction of those reading or hearing it and the meaning is not necessarily the same as that of the SL (Larson, 1998: 19). 35 2.3.4.3 Process of Translation The process of translation begins by reading the SL text as the first step. Simply, this step is to get the meaning of the SL text which is going to be translated into the TL text. This first step is done for two purposes: first, to understand what the text is about; second, to analyze it from the translator point of view. By doing so, the translator has to determine its intention and the way of writing for the purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying particular and recurrent problem. It has to be remembered that the intention of the text represent the SL writer’s style towards the subject matter. All of these should be done in the context of the SL text. According to Larson’s, there are some steps that have to be attended in the process of translating shown in the diagram below: SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE Text to be translated Translation Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning Meaning 36 It is clearly described above that when the translator is translating, the first step that must be done is to discover and understand the meaning or the massage of the SL text. After discovering the meaning of the SL, the translator then analyzes it, in order to find the most natural form of the TL. She also says that, the best translation is the one which: (1) uses the normal language forms of the receptor language, (2) communicate, as much as possible, to the receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the source language, and (3) maintains the dynamics of the original source language text. Maintaining the “dynamics” of the original source text means that the translation is presented in such way, that it will hopefully evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke (Larson, 1998: 6). To be able to understand the meaning of the SL text totally and perfectly, a translator must be able to understand the lexicon and the grammatical structure of the SL and also able to understand the roles of non-linguistic factors. Since this factors represent the communication situation and cultural context of the SL text. This is in agreement with what Larson stated on translation: “Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context (1998: 3).” Since the process of translation is built up for any linguistic and cultural differences, it should be able to cover those entire possible problems that might 37 occur in translation unless the process or procedure does not work in solving the problem. In general, Nida argues that the system of translation consists of a procedure comparing three stages. They are (1) analysis in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationship and the meaning of the words and combinations of words, (2) transfer in which the analyzed materials is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and (3) reconstructing in which the transferred materials is reconstructed in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language (1974: 34). Although they are basically the same, the operational approach built up by Bell who explains the process of translating in rather different way. The transformation of a source language text into a target language text by means of processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one languagespecific text (the source language text, the SLT) into a universal (non-languagespecific) semantic representation and (2) the synthesis of that semantic representation into a second language-specific text (the target language, the TLT) (1991: 20). 2.3.4.4 Equivalence Theory proposed by Nida will be applied to analyze the equivalence in the data. According to Nida (2000:19) there are two kinds of equivalents, namely: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The first formal equivalence is oriented to the form and content of the source language. In formal equivalence 38 translation, a translator intends to reproduce as closely and meaningfully as possible the form and the content of the source language. In short, formal equivalence translation is principally source-oriented. This means that a translator reveal as much as possible the form and content of the original message. Meanwhile, dynamic equivalence is oriented to the complete naturalness of translation. In this case, the translator is not so concerned with the matching of the receptor language message but with dynamic relationship. This means that in this kind of translation the relationship between the receptor and the message should be substantially the same as that which exists between the original receptor of the message. In other words, dynamic equivalence is aimed at producing in the target language the closest natural equivalent to the source language message. Newmark says “communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original” and that “semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original” (1981:39) New adjectives have been assigned to the notion of equivalence (grammatical, textual, pragmatic equivalence, and several others) and made their appearance in the plethora of recent works in this field. An extremely interesting discussion of the notion of equivalence can be found in Baker (1992) who seems to offer a more detailed list of conditions upon which the concept of equivalence can be defined. She explores the notion of equivalence at different levels, in relation to the translation process, including all different aspects of translation and 39 hence putting together the linguistic and the communicative approach. She distinguishes between: • Equivalence that can appear at word level and above word level, when translating from one language into another. Baker acknowledges that, in a bottomup approach to translation, equivalence at word level is the first element to be taken into consideration by the translator. In fact, when the translator starts analyzing the ST s/he looks at the words as single units in order to find a direct ‘equivalent’ term in the TL. Baker gives a definition of the term word since it should be remembered that a single word can sometime be assigned different meanings in different languages and might be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme. This means that the translator should pay attention to number factors when considering a single word, such as number, gender and tense. • Grammatical equivalence, when referring to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. She notes that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in terms of finding a direct correspondence in the TL. In fact, she claims that different grammatical structures in the SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information or message is carried across. These changes may induce the translator either to add or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the TL itself. Amongst these grammatical devices which might cause problems in translation, Baker focuses on number, tense and aspects, voice, person, and gender. 40 • Textual equivalence, when referring to the equivalence between a SL text and a TL text in terms of information and cohesion. Texture is a very important feature in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension and analysis of the ST which can help the translator in his or her attempt to produce a cohesive and coherent text for the TT audience in a specific context. It is up to the translator to decide whether or not to maintain the cohesive ties as well as the coherence of the SL text. His or her decision will be guided by three main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of the translation and the text type. Pragmatic equivalence refers to implicates and strategies of avoidance during the translation process. Implicative is not about what is explicitly said but what is implied. Therefore, the translator needs to work out implied meanings in translation in order to get the ST massage across. The role of the translator is to recreate the author’s intention in another culture in such a way that enables the TT reader to understand it clearly. 2.3.4.5 Equivalence in Translation Studies In the framework of systemic functional grammar, Matthiessen (1999) discusses translation equivalence in the environments of translation, and identifies the environments relevant to translation in different dimensions of contextualization. He says “the wider the context, the more information is available to guide the translation” and “the wider the environment, the more congruent languages are likely to be; the narrower the environment, the more incongruent languages are likely to be”. Form his perspective, equivalence is a 41 matter of degree rather than that of dichotomy, and so is the difference between free and literal translation. The concept of equivalence has been one of the key words in translation studies. In earlier work on translation equivalence, Catford (1965:20) defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. He distinguishes textual equivalence from formal correspondence. The former is “any TL text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL text or portion of text” and the latter is “any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible, the same place in the structure of the TL as the given SL category occupies in the SL”. Wilss (1982a: 134) states that “the concepts of TE (translation equivalence) has been an essential issue not only in translation theory over the last 2000 years, but also in modern translation studies” and that “there is hardly any other concept in translation theory which has produced as many contradictory statements and has set off as many attempts at an adequate, comprehensive definition as the concept of TE between SLT (source language text) and TLT (target language text)”. In his definition, “translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL, text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL text”(1982b : 3). I think his 42 phrase ‘optimally equivalent’ is reasonably appropriate, but in my view the problem is that he fails to present what makes the optimality. 1. The concepts of equivalence have been discussed in various dichotomous ways such as ‘formal vs. dynamic equivalence’ (Nida). ‘Semantic vs communicative translation’ (Newmark). ‘Semantic vs. functional equivalence’ (Bell), and so on. According to Nida and Taber (1969: 12), “translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. The ‘closest natural equivalent’ is explained by Nida (1962:166) as follows; equivalent, which points toward the source language message. 2. Natural, which points toward the receptor language 3. closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation. Nida cities his examples from bible translation, where the phrase ‘Lamb of God’ would be rendered into ‘Seal of God’ for the Eskimos because the lamb does not symbolize innocence in their culture. In this case, a literal translation (formal equivalence) does not mean anything in a different culture so the dynamic equivalence is necessary. Newmark (1981:38) states that “opinion swung between literal and free, faithful, and beautiful, exact and natural translation, depending on whether the bias was to be in favor of the author or the reader, the source or the target 43 language of the text.” He categorizes translation by a degree of depending on SL emphasis or TL emphasis as follows (1988: 45): SL emphasis – TL emphasis Word-for-word translation-Adaptation Literal translation-Free translation Faithful translation – Idiomatic translation According to Bell, “the translator has been the option of focusing on finding formal equivalents which preserve the context-free semantic sense of the text at the expense of its context-sensitive communicative value, or finding functional equivalents which preserve the context-sensitive communicative value of the text at the expense of its context-free semantic sense”(1991:7) Apart from the dichotomy of equivalence, Baker (1992) discusses various equivalence problems and their possible solutions at word, above word, grammatical, textual, and pragmatic levels. She takes a bottom-up approach for pedagogical reasons. Baker proceeds with her equivalence discussion from word to further upward levels. She claims “translators must not underestimate the cumulative effect of thematic choices on the way we interpret text” 2.3.4.6 Thematic Equivalence In the systemic functional model of the lexico grammar, language has three multifunction – ideational, interpersonal and textual. These three are 44 simultaneous strands of meaning, but “while translation should give equal weight to all three multifunctional contributions, there has been a strong tendency to give more weight to the ideational multifunction” (matthiessen 1999: 47). It is unfortunate that the traditional translation studies have paid little attention to the textual equivalence. The thematic analysis with functional grammar helps translator become aware of how the text guides readers as it unfolds. Halliday uses a clause as a unit for analysis and textually divides it into two parts; Theme and Rheme. He defines the Theme as “the point of departure of the message” and the Rheme as “the remainder of the message”, so “as a message structure, a clause consists of a theme accompanied by a Rheme” (1994: 37). Baker clearly points out two functions of the Theme (1992:121). 1. It acts as appoint of orientation by connecting back to previous stretches of discourse and thereby maintaining a coherent point of view. 2. It acts as a point of departure by connecting forward and contributing to the development of later stretches Baker’s discussion focus of the Theme-Rheme distinction related to translation is text-based rather than the structure of individual clauses. She explains that methods of organization and development in different types of text are reflected in the overall choice of themes. Having noted the significances of the thematic progression, we must still first shed light on individual clauses for the purpose of investigating how the theme is realized in the ST and the TT. 45 2.3.4.7 Method of Translation Translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) will be applied to analyze the procedures applied in translating each data and then analysis is made to know whether or not each application is appropriate. There are seven procedures as described below: a. Literal Translation Direct transfer of the SL text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate of the TL text. For example: mie goreng (I) - fried noodles (E). b. Borrowing Borrowing is considered the simplest of all the translation methods. In translating a term from the SL into TL, foreign terms may be used. They are usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts, for example: animation (E) – animasi (I). c. Calque A special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another and the form is translated literally in terms each of its elements. The calque is divided into two parts namely lexical calque and structural calque. Lexical calque happens at the syntactic level, while structural calque happens at the level of construction of language. For example: Jakarta Post (E) – Jakarta Post (I). 46 d. Transposition The translating process which involves replacing one word class with another without changing the massage, the transposition can also be applied in a language. For example: melanggar aturan (I) – committing a violation (E). e. Modulation Varying the form of language, obtained by a change in the point of view. For example: si perawan desa (I) – the single women in the village (E). f. Equivalence The same situation “which can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structure methods, for example: warna coklat susu (I) – cream colour (E). g. Adaptation The extreme limit of translation, which is used in case where the type of situation being transferred from SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such a case the translator has to create new situation that can be considered equivalence. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalent, a situational equivalent, for example: om swastyastu (B) – welcome (E). 47 2.3.4.8 The Basic Principles of Translation There are three basic principles of translation stated by Nida (1975:27). Those principles mean that no translation in a receptor language can be the exact equivalent of the model in source language. All types of translation involve: 1. Loss of information Loss of information can occur in all linguistic levels. For example, ‘she is a teacher’ becoming ‘Dia guru’ The meaning of dia partly lies in its opposition to she and it, in Indonesian dia is third person, singular system has no opposition at that level because dia covers her and him but does not cover it. This means that she has more meaning that the Indonesian dia because she contains the idea of female, which is, absent in Indonesian dia, thus loss of information occurs in translation 2. Addition of information Addition means adding anything that is needed, such as a word, a phrase, or even a clause, in order to make the translated text appear natural, either grammatically or semantically, in the target language. This is a strategy a translator frequently resorts to when following the original pattern of information flow results in a tension between syntactic and communicative functions in the TLT (Baker, 1992:167). 3. Skewing of information 48 The translation of items in the source language is not the exact equivalence in the target language. The principles of loss, addition, and skewing of information are related to this study. Since there are some possibilities of loss, addition, and skewing of information occur in translating the terms from SL into TL. 49 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Data Source The data of this study are taken from an English novel entitled Twilight written by Stephanie Mayer which is translated into Indonesian version Twilight by Lily Devita Sari and published by Gramedia Company. The reason for choosing this novel as the data source of this study is that Stephanie Mayer is considered one of the greatest authors nowadays and her novel has been translated in hundreds of different languages and has become one of the bestselling novels through years. Besides, the novel contains many data that are relevant with the problem discussed and analyzed in this paper. The other reason to choose this novel is that the novel is a translation product. It should be studied in order to get some advantages from other translator is ability, especially the function of time adverbials and their translation. This novel consists of 25 chapters and it has 420 pages in English version and 518 pages in Indonesian. Therefore, it is enough to obtain the data of time adverbials. 3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data The data of this study were collected by identifying and note-taking the English adverbials and their equivalents in Indonesian. The first step was a close reading of both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). Then 50 adverbials in the SL and their equivalents in the TL were identified. The collected data were then systematically classified according to the purpose of analysis. In the process of taking data, the sentences showing the occurrences of adverbials of time were not quoted wholly; they were partly quoted. 3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data The data classified were analyzed by comparing the English adverbials of time with their translations into Indonesian, in order to find their various translation equivalents. The analyses start from classifying the data according to their types followed by the analysis of the functions of adverbials and the last analysis was done based on their equivalents in Indonesia. Discussion, comment, and explanation were also added. In relation to the data analysis, the sentences carrying imperative sentences were underlined in such a way that they were easily identified. 3.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analyzed Data The analysis is presented informally. The analysis is grouped based on the types and functions of the adverbials found. The adverbials of time and their equivalents are underlined as showing in the following example: SL : I’m not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax, breathe. I love you. (page 18) TL : Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali. Tenang, tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (page 42) 51 Looking at the example above, we can say the underlined word is an adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. The noun phrase is identified by every five minutes in which its head or item is the noun minutes. This noun phrase states time modifying the verb am not going to check. It tells us that the subject I is not going to check her email for five minutes each. Again this belongs to adverbial stating time. But if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that that the noun phrase every five minutes is translated into setiap lima menit sekali. In this case we can see that the English adverbial stating time formed by the noun phrase is adequately translated into Indonesian. In Indonesian setiap lima menit sekali is also a noun phrase stating time. In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the source text every five minute is not formally reproduced in the target language. There is the word sekali in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain the same. The procedure applied by the translator in translating the time adverbial in the SL into TL is modulation translation procedure, because the translator varying the formed of language. Since there is addition in Indonesian translation by the word sekali. 52 CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS ADVERBIALS OF TIME AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN INDONESIAN This chapter is concerned with the analysis of the adverbials of time and their translations in Indonesian in the Novel as the main concern of the study. As mentioned in the previous chapter that the purposes of the study are to identify the types of English time adverbials in the novel and their Indonesian translations, to find out the procedures applied to translating them into the target language. After the data were observed, it was found that all adverbials stating time in the English novel are translated into the same forms in Indonesian. This means no significant shift was found. The adverbials stating time expressed by the noun phrase is translated into the noun phrase in the target language, the adverb phrase which states time is also translated into the adverb phrase in the target language, the prepositional phrase into the prepositional phrase and the clause stating time is also translated into a clause in the target language. Seen from the translation viewpoint, it is found that the meaning carried by the adverbial stating time is closely translated into the same meaning in the target language. The meaning of time duration is also translated into duration in the target language. The meaning of ‘when’ is also closely translated into Indonesian. The other meanings of time are also translated into the same meaning in the target language. For further analysis, let us see the following discussion. 53 In relation to translation equivalent, it is found that some data use formal equivalent and other data use dynamic equivalent. In formal equivalent the translator seems to apply formal equivalence translation, the translator intends to reproduce as closely and meaningfully as possible the form and the content of the source language. It seems that the translator reveals the form and content of the original message. In some data it is found that dynamic equivalence is applied. In this case, the translator is not so concerned with the matching of the receptor language message but with dynamic relationship. 4.1 Adverbial of Time Expressed by a Noun Phrase It is also found that there are many noun phrases expressing time in the data. The meaning carried by the noun phrase stating time also varies. They are also accurately translated into Indonesian. Let us see the following data. Data 1: SL : I did not sleep well that night, even after I was done crying. (Page. 5) TL :Tidurku gelisah malam itu, bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis (Page.23) In this data, we can see that in data above, there is a noun phrase that states time. The noun phrase in this data is formed by determiner that and the noun night. This noun phrase expresses time, namely point of time. “That night” means 54 in the evening. In this case the time mentioned expresses past time. So it is a point of time in the past. If we look at its translation in Indonesian, we can see that that night is translated into malam itu. Considering this translation we can also say that the noun phrase stating time is accurately translated into Indonesian by the translator because malam itu has the same meaning with ‘that night’. If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase that night as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase malam itu in the target language. The procedure of translation used in this translation is a literal translation since the SL text that night, even after I was done crying is directly translated or transferred into the appropriate grammatical and idiomatical form of the TL malam itu is the phrase bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis without changing the message. Data 2: SL : Every day I watched anxiously until the rest of the Cullen’s entered the cafeteria without him (Page.37) TL : Setiap hari, dengan was was aku memperhatikan sampai seluruh keluarga Cullen memasuki cafeteria tanpanya. (Page.49) 55 The same case happens in data 2. We can also see that there is a noun phrase stating time. The noun phrase is formed by quantifier every - and the noun day. Every day means each day Bella meets the Cullen’s minus Edward. Meanwhile in the Indonesian translation is setiap hari is an adverbial of time formed by an NP, because setiap hari in the TL means each day too. The adverbial of time above shows frequency since both the TL and SL text mean how many times the situation happens, that is, every day. From the equivalent viewpoint, this data applied the formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase everyday as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase setiap hari in the target language. The procedure of translation s used to translate the SL phrase into the TL text is the literal translation where there is a direct transfer of SL text into grammatical and idiomatically form of the TL text. Data 3: SL : I’m not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax, breathe. I love you. (Page.18) TL : Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali. Tenang, tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (Page.42) Looking at the data 3 above, we can say the underlined words is an adverbial stating time formed by a noun phrase. The noun phrase is identified by 56 the determiner every in which its head is the noun minutes. This noun phrase states time modifying the verb I am not going to check. It tells us that the subject I is not going to check her email for five minutes each. Again this is adverbial stating time showing frequency since the word every is used to indicate something happening at specified intervals. But if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that that the noun phrase every five minutes is translated into setiap lima menit sekali. In this case we can see that the English adverbial stating time formed by the noun phrase is adequately translated into Indonesian. In Indonesian setiap lima menit sekali is also a noun phrase stating time. In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the source text every five minute is not formally reproduced in the target language. There is the word sekali in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain the same. The procedure applied by the translator in translating the time adverbial in the SL into TL is modulation translation procedure, since the translator varying the formed of language. Data 4: SL : “When did that happen?” “Last september”. (Page.25) TL : kapan itu terjadi? September lalu. (Page.60) The underlined word “last September” can be categorized as adverbial stating time formed by Noun Phrase. The word Last functions to explain the point of time which shows that something happened in a particular period. The word 57 last is usually used to explain that something come after the others in time or most recent in time. The underlined words last September modifies the verb when that happened? The data above applied formal equivalent since the form and the meaning of the source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase last September as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase September lalu in the target language. If we see the Indonesian translation, the phrase September lalu is also an adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. The word lalu in Indonesian means the past, that is, has the same meaning in the English word. Here the translator uses the literal translation procedure in which the SL phrase is directly transferred into the TL phrase using the appropriate grammar. Data 5 SL : A few months of this and I’d forget how to use sarcasm. (Page 345) TL : Beberapa bulan saja ditempat ini, aku pasti sudah lupa bagaimana caranya bersikap sinis (Page 365) From the above data we can see that the underlined phrase a few months is an adverbial of time formed by a Noun Phrase. This Noun phrase modifies the verb, forget how to use sarcasm. It tells us that the subject I in going to forget how to use sarcasm in a few month. The adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase a 58 few month functions to explain the relationship in time between the past and the present situation. If we see the Indonesian translation the adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase a few months is translated into beberapa bulan saja. The Indonesian translation also shows that it is an adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the source text a few months is not formally reproduced in the target language. There is the word saja in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain the same. The method used in this translation is modulation translation procedure, because the translator varying the formed of language. Data 6 SL : I’m not going to Seattle that Saturday, I explained. (Page 38) TL : aku tak akan pergi ke Seattle sabtu nanti, aku menjelaskan (page 82) An adverbial like a noun phrase can express past time and future time. This quite depended upon the sentence itself. If the sentence is about past activity, the noun phrase using “that” is possible to be used like the one in data 1. If the sentence belongs to future activity the noun phrase using “that” is also possible to use. To express such kind of meaning, in Indonesian, for the future activity the word nanti is usually used like what is mentioned in data 6. 59 As we can see in data 6 above, the adverbial stating time formed by NP is also found in the SL text identified by the underlined words that Saturday. The word that is a pronoun in English and it is used to refer to a thing or person or thing seen or heard or already mentioned and known. The word that in the data above is used to express future time. This noun phrase states time modifying the sentence I’m not going to Seattle. It tells us that the subject I is not going to Seattle that Saturday, I explained. Again this is an adverbial stating time showing point of time since the word of that Saturday is used to indicate when it happens, that is, the day after Friday. But if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that that the noun phrase that Saturday is translated into sabtu nanti. Nanti in Indonesian means later (use the same day but may be later). In this case, we can see that the English adverbial stating time formed by the noun phrase is adequately translated into Indonesian. In Indonesian sabtu nanti also belongs to a noun phrase stating time. This data applied formal equivalent since the form and the meaning of the source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase That Saturday as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase sabtu nanti in the target language. Here we can see that the translator uses the literal translation method in which the SL text is directly transferred into the TL text using the appropriate grammatical form. 60 Data 7 SL : She called the first Tuesday of March to ask my permission to invite Mike to the girls choice spring dance in two weeks. (Page 37) TL : Ia menelfon hari selasa pertama di bulan maret untuk meminta izin mengajak Mike ke pesta dansa musim semi 2 minggu lagi. (Page 83) In the data above, there is a noun phrase that states time. The noun phrase in this example is formed by the determiner the and the noun first Tuesday. This noun phrase expresses time, namely point of time. The noun phrase The first Tuesday means the first Tuesday of March. If we look at its translation in Indonesian, we can see that the first Tuesday is translated into hari selasa pertama. From this translation we can also say that the noun phrase stating time is accurately translated into Indonesian by the translator. If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The noun phrase the first Tuesday as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase hari selasa pertama. in the target language. The procedure of translation used in this translation is literal translation since the SL text the first Tuesday is directly translated or transferred into the appropriate grammatical form in the TL hari selasa pertama without changing the message. 61 4.2 Adverb Phrases Stating time and their translations in Indonesian It is found that there are many adverb phrases stating time found in the source language novel. The meaning carried by the adverb phrases stating time is also vary. For further information, let’s see the following discussion. Data 1: SL : “I’ll figure it out eventually,” I warned him (Page. 49) TL : “Nanti juga aku tahu,” kataku mengingatkan (Page.104) If we look at the data number 1 above, we can see that there is an adverb phrase stating time in the source language. It is expressed by the adverb of time eventually. Eventually means “after a long time” or “in the end”. According to the theory of adverbial, namely adverbial stating time, this adverb expresses “time when”. And if we look at its Indonesian translation we can see that the English adverb “eventually” is translated into “nanti juga” in Indonesian. Nanti in Indonesian means later (use the same day but may be later). And the word juga in Indonesian means also, too, as well. We can see that the meaning of the source language has the same meaning in the target language. I can be add that “eventually” which belongs to a single adverb is translated into an adverb phrase in Indonesian. From the equivalent point of view this data used dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the source text “eventually” is not formally reproduced in 62 the target language. There is the word juga in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain the same. And in the data above we can see that there is a shift namely the structure shift. This structure shift occurred because it involves a change in grammatical structure between source text and target text, from an adverb into an adverb phrase. The methodology of translation used is the transposition, where the translator replaces one word class with another without changing the message. Data 2 SL : Eventually we made it into Charlie’s (Page.3) TL : Akhirnya kami tiba dirumah Charlie (Page.20) In data 2, we can also see the use of adverb eventually which states time ‘when’. But this is not translated into the same expression in Indonesian. We can see eventually here is translated into “akhirnya” in Indonesian. According to mizan dictionary akhirnya means in the end, finnaly, sooner or later, eventually, at last, in the long run. Even though it is translated differently, In Indonesian the word “akhirnya” and “nanti juga” have the same meaning in this context. From the analysis above, we can state that the adverb stating time in the two examples above is accurately translated into the target language by the translator. From the equivalent point of view, this data applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the source text “eventually” is not formally reproduced in the target language; there is the word akhirnya in the target language. 63 The method of translation use is the transposition, where the translator replaces one word class with another without changing the message. Data 3: SL : He’d already gotten me registered for high school and was going to help me get a car. (Page 413) TL : Ia sudah mendaftarkan aku ke SMA dan akan membantuku mendapatkan kendaraan pribadi (Page 433) From the third data above, we can see that the word already can be categorized into adverbial which is used in perfect tense. It used to emphasize that an action has been done. It is also used to express something as surprisingly soon or early as this. According to Longman dictionary already gives the meaning before now or by this or that time. In this case the word already explains the relationship in time. It tells us that the subject, in this case Charlie (He) had already registered Bella for school. The word already itself can be used in any kinds of situation, since it does not attach to the verb. For the translation analysis we can see the word already is translated into sudah. The word sudah in Indonesia according to mizan dictionary it means completed, over, finished, done, accomplished, achieves, realize. Sudah used to expressed before or action started in the past and continuous up to the present. The word sudah is often used to translate the word “already” in English. In this case the words sudah means that something has been done. In this data the translator 64 uses literal translation as the methodology of translations. The form of the source language is directly transferred into the TL without changing the meaning. If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The adverb phrase already as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a noun phrase “sudah” in the target language. Data 4: SL : I didn’t want to be too early to school, but I couldn’t stay in the house anymore. (Page. 5) adjective TL : Aku tidak mau terburu – buru ke sekolah, tapi aku tak bisa tinggal di rumah lebih lama lagi. (Page. 24) verb The data 4 above shows that the underlined words too early is an adverbial of time formed by an adverb phrase. The adverb early in English is used to express time meaning”at the beginning of a particular time, period or sequence.” Here the word early is an adverbial of time which functions to state time. Early in English according to oxford dictionary means “before usual time.” The sentence in the source language text means that the subject I did not want to go to school before the time arranged. In the Indonesian translation too early it is translated into the word terburu-buru. The word terburu-buru in Indonesian belongs to verb. And this verb does not express time. It expresses how the subject does the action. 65 So if we look at the Indonesian translation it can be said that there is a structure shift; from an adverb into a verb. Terburu-buru means in a hurry. Here the translator uses equivalence procedure that is translated by using two text with completely different stylistic and structure method. In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent of translation. The form of the source text too early is not formally reproduced in the target language. There is the word terburu – buru in the target language. This is to keep the meaning remain the same. Data 5 SL : “but now you’re unhappy” he pointed out (Page 26) TL : “tapi sekarang kau tidak bahagia” ujarnya (page 60) The data 6 above shows that the underlined word now is an adverbial of time formed by an adverb. The word now in English is an adverb that means at the present time. Here the adverb now functions as an adverbial that states time, namely point of time. In this case it is used to state that the subject you in the clause “but now you’re unhappy” is not happy at the present time. In the Indonesian translation now it is translated into the word sekarang which, as we know, has the same meaning with “at the present time” in Indonesia. The word sekarang means now, at present, at this time, today and nowadays that also belongs to an adverb in Indonesian. 66 If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text is closely reproduced into the target language. The adverb phrase now as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by an adverb phrase sekarang in the target language. Seeing the methodology used, we can see that the translator uses literal translation in the process of translating the source language text. The form of the source language text is grammatically transferred into the target language; the meaning of the source language text is the same with the meaning of the target language. Data 6 SL : Finally I closed my eyes and ignored him. He kept up a remorseful mumbling (Page 132) TL : Akhirnya kupejamkan mataku dan mengabaikannya. Ia terus menggumamkan penyesalan. (Page 173) Data 6 above shows that the underlined word finally is an adverbial of time formed by an adverb. The word finally in English is an adverb that means coming at the end of something or last. Here the adverb finally is an adverbial of time functions to state point of time. The adverbial finally modifies the whole sentence. It tells us that the subject I closed his eyes and ignored the object him. 67 In the Indonesian translation the word finally is translated into the word akhirnya which also means “last.” The translator uses the literal translation as the method of translating the source language text into the target language. We can see that the adverb finally is translated into an adverb in the target language. So in this case it is applied literal procedure. The translator uses the same form as the translation. From the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The adverb phrase finally as the adverbial denoting time, is replaced by an adverb phrase akhirnya in the target language. 4.3 Prepositional Phrases Stating Time and Their Translation into Indonesian Based on the theory, adverbial of time can be expressed by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrases may express point of time, duration, and others. The prepositions used in the prepositional phrase vary. And I can see that there are also many prepositional phrases that state time in the data. These can be seen in the following data. Data 1: SL : However, after a few second of silence , I decided that was the only answer I was going to get (p. 326) 68 TL : Bagaimanapun setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan, aku memutuskan bahwa hanya itulah jawaban yang akan aku terima (page. 386) As we can see that there is a prepositional phrase that states time in the data above. The prepositional phrase occurring in the data is formed by a preposition after and the noun phrase a few second of silence. According to oxford dictionary, the word after may mean following in time or later that. The prepositional phrase after a few second of silence may mean later that a few second of silence. In this case we can say that this prepositional phrase expresses time namely point of time. And if we look at its Indonesian translation, we can see that the prepositional phrase after a few silence of silence which states time, namely point of time, is translated into “setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan”. In Indonesian the expression “setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan” also belongs to prepositional phrase and it also expresses period of time. From the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The prepositional phrase after a few second of silence as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a prepositional phrase setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan in the target language. 69 So based on this, we can say that the prepositional phrase in the source language is adequately translated into Indonesian by using literal translation, in which the SL phrase is directly transferred into the TL phrase by using the appropriate grammar and idioms. Data 2 SL : Most people go there during the hunting seasons. (Page 112) TL : Kebanyakan orang pergi kesana pada musim berburu (page 124) From the data above it is found that during the hunting seasons is an adverbial of time formed by prepositional phrase during. Preposition “during” may mean “in the period of time” or it may mean “at some point in a period of time.” Based on the context “during the hunting seasons” may mean “at some point in the period of hunting seasons.” Based on this explanation we state that “during the hunting seasons” expresses duration of time. Since the prepositional phrase in the source language text carries the meaning of duration, so the translation of this prepositional phrase must also have the same meaning with the meaning of the source language text. If we look at its Indonesian translation, we can see that the prepositional phrase in the source language is translated into “pada musim berburu.” In this translation we can see that its meaning also carries the meaning of period of time. The time duration of the target language text is implicitly mention in the word “musim.” 70 Formal equivalent is also applied in this data since the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The prepositional phrase during the hunting seasons as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a prepositional phrase pada musim berburu in the target language. By looking at the meaning of both source language text and target language text we can say that the prepositional phrase stating time duration is adequately translated into the target language. And we can see here that the translator uses literal translation because he uses the same form for translating the prepositional phrase “during the hunting seasons.” We can see here that the translation of the English prepositional phrase is also in the form of prepositional phrase that is “pada musim berburu.” Data 3 SL : “well, no. I think it was new in the early sixties – or late fifties at earliest,” he admitted sheepishly. (Page. 2) TL : “Kurasa mobil itu keluaran awal ‘60’an atau setidaknya 50-an.” Dad mengaku malu – malu. (Page. 19) In the data above we can identify that the adverbial stating time is a prepositional phrase shown by preposition in and the noun phrase the early sixties. The prepositional phrase in the early sixties expresses the meaning of “time when.” If we look at the context of the sentence we can predict that the meaning 71 of “in the early sixties” is “in the beginning of the year nineteen sixties.” So by looking at the context, the meaning of the sentence will be “…. It was new at the point of time in the year sixties.” If we look at the Indonesian translation we can say that the prepositional phrase of the source language text is translated into prepositional phrase in Indonesian. “Awal 60-an” in Indonesia also belongs to adverbial of time formed by a noun phrase. And if we pay attention on the meaning of both the English prepositional phrase and the Indonesian prepositional phrase, we can see that both of them have the same meaning. “Awal 60-an” has the same meaning with “in the early sixties.” This data applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The prepositional phrase functioning as adverbial stating time is translated into a noun phrase in Indonesian. However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the meaning in the target language. For the translation procedure, the translator uses the equivalence procedure in the process of translating the text. In this case the translator translates it into the same situation which can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structure method. Data 4 SL : He seemed genuinely pleased that I was coming to live with him for the first time with any degree of permanence. (Page 1) 72 TL : Perasaan senangnya sepertinya tulus , ketika untuk pertama kali aku datang dan tinggal bersamanya entah selama beberapa lama (Page 26). In the data 5 above, we can see that the adverbial of time is shown by a prepositional phrase “for the first time.” The prepositional phrase “for the first time” also functions to explain when something happens. It modifies the sentence related to time. The specific meaning of for the first time is “an occasion when something happens.” Moreover, in the Indonesian translation the prepositional phrase “for the first time” is also translated into “untuk pertama kalinya.” In the TL. Looking at the Indonesian translation we can see that the form of its Indonesian translation is also a prepositional phrase identified by prepositional “untuk.” The word ketika in the target language may have the same meaning with “when” or “at the time”. If we look at the source language text, the preposition “for” may have the same meaning with the word ketika. It means that in this context the word ketika has the same meaning with “when” or “at the time”. This means that there is dynamic equivalent in this context because the form of the source language text is not totally reproduced into the target language. The methodology used in this translation is the literal translation in which the SL text is directly transferred to the TL using the proper grammar and idioms. 73 Data 5 SL : I should be avoiding him entirely after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday. (Page 28) TL : aku seharusnya menghindari cowok itu setelah omonganku yang tidak cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam (Page 67) In the data above we can identify that there is an adverbial stating time. The adverbial is formed by a prepositional phrase with prepositional after. Looking at the meaning, this adverbial expresses time ‘when’. It expresses when the subject I of the sentence should be avoiding the object him. So the prepositional phrase after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday explains the point in time. The explanation in the SL is in accordance with the translation in the TL. The prepositional phrase after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday is translated into setelah omonganku yang tidak cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam in Indonesia. As we can see, this translation also belongs to adverbial of time formed identified by preposition setelah. In Indonesian setelah means “when someone has done something”. We can see there is formal equivalent in this context. The form and the meaning of the source language text are totally reproduced in the target language. The prepositional phrase after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a prepositional phrase setelah 74 omonganku yang tidak cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam in the target language. For the translation procedure, the translator uses the equivalence procedure in which the translator translate it into the same situation which can be rendered by two texts using completely different style and structure method. Data 6 SL : It was five thirty in the morning (page 131) TL : sudah pukul 05.30 (page 144) From the data above we can see that in the SL text there is an adverbial identified by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase is formed by preposition in noun phrase the morning. Seen from the meaning, this prepositional phrase expresses time, namely point of time. In the morning means at the point of morning time. That is the early part of the day, from when the sun rises until 12 o’clock in the middle of the day. This prepositional phrase expresses the time five thirty. If we look the target language text, we can see that the there is no meaning of such kind like mentioned above. There is no meaning of “morning” explicitly mentioned in the target language. However, as we know if we talk about time in Indonesian, we don’t need to add the parts of the day. Five thirty must be in the morning, fourteen thirty must be in the afternoon, etc. So we can see that there is 75 no explicit translation for the prepositional phrase in the morning, its meaning of the morning as the part of the day is implicitly expressed by the time itself. If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied dynamic equivalent. The prepositional phrase in the morning as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by an adverbial sudah in the target language. Although they are different if form, but still they are they have the same meaning. If we compared both the English and Indonesian texts, we can state that both of them carry the same meaning although it is expressed by different forms. So we can say that the source language text is adequately translated into the target language. The methodology used in the translation above is modulation since there is a change in the point of view that is the English time is clearly stipulated in the morning while the Indonesian is not. 5.2. Clause Stating Time and Their Translation in Indonesian Clauses stating time found in the source data are formed by various conjunctions. They can be formed by conjunction after, before, when, etc. The meaning carried by the clauses also varies. To get clear information about this, let’s see the following data. 5.2.6 Clause Stating Time by “When” There are some data of clause stating time formed by subordinator when found in the novel. In relation to their translation, this clause of time is adequately 76 translated into the target language. Its Indonesian translation also conveys the same meaning. For the word ‘when’ itself, it is translated into ketika, and setelah. Data 1: SL : When I came here as a child, he would always remove the bullets as soon as soon he walked into the room (Page.35) TL : Waktu aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak, Dad selalu mengosongkan pelurunya begitu ia masuk kerumah. (Page.47) Looking at the data above, we can see that there is a clause that states time. The clause that expresses time in the data above is when I came as a child. As we can see that this clause is formed by a subordinate when. This clause may mean “at the time I came as a child”. Considering this meaning we can say that this clause states time, namely period of time. And if we look at its Indonesian translation we can say that waktu aku ke sini ketika masih kanak-anak is a clause that states time. Both the English clause and the Indonesian clause carry the same meaning. The subordinator when is translated into ketika, I came into aku , here into ke sini, and as a child is translated into masih kanak-kanak. For the equivalent viewpoint, we can see that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I came here as a child as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause waktu 77 aku kesini ketika masih kanak-anak in the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. Looking at its Indonesian translation, we can see that the source language text is literally translated into the Indonesian. This methodology of translation shows that the source language text is directly translated into the target language through appropriate grammar and meaning of the TL text. Data 2: SL : I would save that for bedtime, when I would have to think about the coming morning. (Page 268) TL : Aku akan menyimpannya sampai saat tidur nanti, ketika aku harus memikirkan esok pagi (Page 289) It is clear that the underlined words in the source language text above belong to a clause that states time. This clause gives information about the time when the subject I would save something for bedtime. This clause is formed, as we can see, by subordinator when. When in English states time as well. Considering the form and the meaning carried by the clause then we can say that the clause stated above does express time. In this case it states a boundary of time since it shows the process of time. If we look at the target language text, its Indonesian translation, we can see that the clause in the source language text is translated into a clause in the target 78 language. The clause ketika aku harus memikirkan esok pagi carries the same meaning with the one in the source language text. It also expresses boundary of time. From this explanation we can now state that the adverbial formed by a clause is adequately translated into Indonesian. In this context, we can see that for the equivalent view point it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I would have to think about the coming morning as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause ketika aku harus memikirkan esok pagi in the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. If we look at the procedure used, we can state that the translator uses is literal because the SL text is directly translated into the appropriate grammar of the TL text in this case. Data 3: SL : But I couldn’t fall asleep until after midnight, when the rain finally settled into a quieter drizzle. (Page.5) TL : Tapi lepas tengah malam barulah aku tertidur, ketika hujan berubah jadi gerimis (Page.23) The data above also has an adverbial clause that states time. The clause that states time is shown by a clause that has when as its subordinator. Seen from its context and the meaning of the subordinator when, we can also state that the 79 clause when the rain finally settled into a quieter drizzle really expresses time. In this case it states time of boundary of time. If we analyze the form and meaning of the translation of the English clause above, we can see that the Indonesian translation also belongs to a clause and its meaning is the same with the meaning of the source language text. Both the English clause and the Indonesian clause the same meaning, they both state a boundary of time. If we look at the equivalent viewpoint, it seems that in this data it is applied dynamic equivalent. The clause when the rain finnaly settled into a quieter drizzle as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by an adverbial time formed by clause ketika hujan berubah jadi gerimis in the target language. Although they are different if form, but still they are they have the same meaning. The methodology used in the translation above is modulation since the form of the SL text is changed in the point of view. Data 4: SL : When I opened my eyes in the morning, something was different; it was the light (Page.28) TL : Ketika paginya aku membuka mata ada sesuatu yang berbeda (Page.65) This data also shows the use of adverbial clause stating time, point of time. The clause is also formed by a clause with the subordinator when. When I opened 80 my eyes in the morning means at the point of time I got up in the morning. Considering the meaning of this clause we can say that this clause does have the meaning of point of time. Compared with the target language, we can also see that the meaning conveyed is also the point of time. Ketika paginya aku membuka mata illustrates the time, namely the point of time. In this case it is identified by the word ketika. Ketika in English means at the time. If we compared both the English and Indonesian texts, we can state that both of them carry the same meaning. So we can say that the source language text is adequately translated into the target language. For the equivalent view point this data applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I opened my eyes in the morning as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause Ketika paginya aku membuka mata in the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. The procedure of translation that is used in this translation is literal translation. We can see that the meaning of the form is translated into the same form and meaning. 81 Data 5 SL : When he finally spoke, he almost sounded mad (Page.40) TL : Ketika akhirnya dia berbicara, terdengar seperti marah (Page.87) The underlined words above belong to an adverbial clause that states time. The time conveyed by the clause is a point of time. Looking at its formed, the clause is formed by subordinator when. It is true that the word when in certain cases is used to state time. Looking at its context, the sentence above means that the subject he sounded mad at the time he spoke. Considering to this meaning we can then state that this clause states point of time. And in relation to its Indonesian translation, we can also see that this English clause is translated into a clause in Indonesian. The Indonesian clause is identified by the word ketika, in which in it also states point of time. If we look at the adverbial denoting time in the source language text and its translation in the target language, we can see that they really have the same form. So by this explanation we can say that for the equivalent viewpoint it is applied formal equivalent. The methodology that is used in the translation above is literal translation because the SL text is directly translated into the appropriate grammar of the TL text. 82 5.2.6 Clause Stating Time by “Before” Beside clause stating time by when, there are also some data of adverbial clause stated by before found in the data. The clause stating time by before more specifically states point of time. In Indonesia translation we can see that this kind of clause is translated into various forms in Indonesian. The following explanations will show us the uses of clause by before and its translation in Indonesian. Data 1 SL : We were finished before anyone else was close (Page. 24) TL : Kami selesai duluan. (Page. 58) Looking at the data above, especially the underlined words, we can see that before anyone else was close belong to a clause with the word before as the subordinator of the clause. Before in English means “previous”. Before anyone was close means “during the time preceding anyone else was close”. By this definition we can state that this clause states point of time. If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause in the source language text is translated into duluan in Indonesian. Duluan in Indonesian has the same meaning with “previous” or “the preceding time”. But seen from its form the word duluan does not belong to a clause. Duluan in Indonesian belongs to an adverb that states time. It means that the clause in the source English text is translated into an adverb in the target language. Although they are different in 83 form, both the source language text and the target language text state the same meaning. From this meaning then we can say that the source language text, especially the clause stating time by before is adequately translated into Indonesian used dynamic equivalent. And the method of translation used in this case is idiomatic translation because it is the meaning that is transferred into the target language. Data 2 SL : “I’ve done the lab before, tough, I added before he could get his feeling hurt” (Page 27) TL : “aku pernah melakukan percobaan, itu saja” lanjutku sebelum perasaannya terluka (Page 63) In the data number 2 above we can also see the adverbial stating time identified by the subordinator before. The clause occurring in the source language is before he could get his feeling. The meaning of this clause is “previous to the action of getting his feeling hurt.” Indeed the meaning of the adverbial stating time in the source language text is the same with its translation in the target language. But seen from its form, it is differently reproduced in the target language. Seeing this condition, we can say that it is applied formal equivalent in this context. 84 If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause in the source language text is translated into lanjutku sebelum perasaannya terluka in Indonesian. Lanjutku sebelum perasaannya terluka also belongs to a clause identified by a conjunction sebelum. Comparing the meaning of the clause of the source language text and the meaning of the target language text, we can see that they have the same meaning. Both of them carry the same meaning. They both state time, point of time. Based on the explanation above we can see that the adverbial clause in the source language text is translated into the same meaning with the clause in the target language text. This means that the source language text is adequately translated into the target language. And the procedure used in such kind of translation above is literal translation. The clause of the English text is translated into a clause in the target language. Data 3 SL : Charlie had left for work before I went down stairs (Page 28) TL : Charlie sudah berangkat sebelum aku turun (Page 63) The same case happens in the data above. The clause identified by the conjunction before which also expresses point of time is translated into a clause in the target language. We can see that the target language text is identified by a conjunction sebelum which also states point of time meaning previous. The word 85 turun means to go down. So we can see both of the clauses carry the same meaning. So by this condition we can predict that in this case it is applied the literal procedure. The meaning of one form is translated into the same form and meaning. This data also shows formal equivalent. It can be seen from the form and the meaning of both adverbials stating time in the source language text and in the target language. The form and meaning of the source language text are reproduced into the target language. Data 4 SL : Just before I had the shattering crunch of the van folding around the truck bed, something hit me, hard, but not from the direction I was expecting (Page 429) TL : Persis sebelum aku mendengar bunyi tabrakan keras van di badan truk, sesuatu menerjangku keras, tapi bukan dari arah yang semula kuduga. (Page 468) The clause in the source language text belongs to an adverbial clause that is preceded by the adverb phrase just before. It is true that this clause states time, namely point of time because we can see that the words just before means precisely previous to the time. 86 If we look at the target language text, we can see that the meaning of the source language text is transferred into a clause in the target language. The words persis sebelum aku mendengar bunyi tabrakan keras van di badan truk in the Indonesian translation belong to a clause conveying an adverbial clause that states time. This can be proved through the occurrence of the word sebelum which in English means before or previous to a time. The form of the adverbial stating time in the source language text is slightly different from it translation. But as a whole we can see that they are the same in meaning. Seeing this condition we can say that it is applied formal equivalent in this context. If we pay attention on the procedure used, we can see that the translator uses literal procedure in this case. Both the source language text and the target language text have the same form. The meaning of the source language text is grammatically and idiomatically transferred into the target language and it is appropriate to the target language. This data also applied the formal equivalent since the form and meaning of the source language text are reproduced into the target language. Data 5 SL : I wondered to myself why no one else had seen him standing so far away, before he was suddenly impossibly saving my life. (Page 236) 87 TL : Aku bertanya mengapa tak seorangpun melihatnya berdiri jauh dariku, sebelum ia tiba-tiba dengan tidak mungkinnya menyelamatkan hidupku. (Page 281) The adverbial stating time which is formed by a clause is also found in the data above. It is shown by the underlined words before he was suddenly impossibly saving my life. The subordinator of the clause is before. And the meaning of this subordinator, as mentioned previously, is “previous”. Before he was suddenly impossibly saving my life means “during the time preceding he was suddenly impossibly saving my life”. By this explanation we can state that this clause also states point of time. If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause in the source language text is translated into sebelum ia tiba-tiba dengan tidak mungkinnya menyelamatkan hidupku. Sebelum in Indonesian has the same meaning with “previous” or “the preceding time” and belongs to an adverb that states time. It means that the clause in the source English text is translated into a clause in the target language. This means both the source language text and the target language text state the same meaning and function. From this meaning then we can say that the source language text, especially the clause stating time identified by before is adequately translated into the target language. It can also be seen that the translator uses literal procedure in this case. The source language text is transferred into the same meaning through the same structure and this structure is appropriate in the target language text. 88 The form of the adverbial stating time in the source language text is slightly different from it translation. But as a whole we can see that they are the same in meaning. Seeing this condition we can say that it is applied formal equivalent in this context. 5.2.6 Clause Stating Time By “As” Like other clauses functioning as adverbial stating time, there are also some data of adverbial clause stating time using subordinator as found in the data. In Indonesia translation we can see the translation of this kind of clause is translated into various forms. The following explanations will show us the uses of clause by as and its translation in Indonesian. Data 1 SL : He commented as we shrugged into our raincoats. (Page 327) TL : Ia berkomentar ketika kami mengenakan jas hujan. (Page 363) In the data above, there is also a clause that states time. The clause is identified by the conjunction as. As in English means when or while. From this meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely, period of time since its happening at the same time as the others.. As we shrugged into our rain coats as a clause stating time means “when we shrugged into our rain coats”. This also proves that the clause above states period of time. If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian. 89 The translation of the clause is ketika kami mengenakan jas hujan. The word ketika in Indonesia means at a certain point in time or in other word at that moment. This translation also belongs to adverbial stating time in Indonesia, and it is formed by a clause. In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The clause functioning as adverbial stating time is translated into a clause in Indonesian. However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the meaning in the target language. The method that is used in the translation is the modulation procedure this is varying the form of language, obtained by a change of point of view. Data 2 SL : The rain was just a mist as I walked to the parking lot, but I was happier when I was in dry cab. (Page 427) TL : Hujan hanya rintik-rintik ketika aku berjalan ke lapangan arker, tapi aku merasa lebih bergembira berada di trukku yang kering. (Page 463) From the data above, there is also a clause that states time. The clause is initiated by the conjunction as. As in English means when or while. From this meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely, period of 90 time. As I walked to the parking lot mean “when I walked to the parking lot”. This also proves that the clause above states period of time. If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian. The translation of the clause is ketika aku berjalan ke lapangan arker. The word ketika in English means as mentioned previously. This also carries the meaning of point in time or in other word at that moment. This translation also belongs to adverbial stating time formed by a clause. This data applied formal equivalent since the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause as I walked to the parking lot as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause ketika aku berjalan kelapangan arker in the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. The methodology that is used in the translation is literal translation in which the SL is directly transferred into the TL using the appropriate grammar. Data 3 SL : I looked down at my book as soon as his eyes released me, trying to find my place. (Page 39) 91 TL : Aku menunduk kearah buku secepatnya ketika ia melihatku, mencoba mencari tempatku (page 87) In the data above, there is also a clause that states time. The clause is identified by the conjunction as. As in English means when or while. From this meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely, point of time. As soon as his eyes released me mean “when his eyes released me immediately”. This also proves that the clause above states period of time. If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian. The translation of the clause is secepatnya ketika ia melihatku. The word secepatnya in English means as soon as possible. This translation also belongs to adverbial stating time formed by a clause. In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The Clause as soon as his eyes released me as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause secepatnya ketika ia melihatku, in the target language. However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the meaning in the target language. The method that is used in the translation is modulation procedure in which there is a change in the point of view because of different cultural background of the language. 92 Data 4 SL : The shower didn’t last nearly as long as I hope it would though. (Page 132) TL : Acara mandinya tidak selama yang kuharapkan. (Page 145) There is also a clause that states time in the data above. The clause is identified by the conjunction as long as. The adverbial clause of the sentence in the source language text is as long as I hope. “As long as” can mean “to the extent time.” From this meaning we can also state that the clause above expresses time, namely duration of time. As long as I hope it would though mean “to the extent time that I hope”. If we look at the target language text, we can see that the clause that states point of time in the source language text is translated into a clause in Indonesian. The translation of the clause is selama yang kuharapkan. This translation really has the same meaning with the adverbial clause of the source language text. The words selama yang kuharapkan in English mean “as long as I hope”. For the equivalent viewpoint, we can see that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. 93 The methodology that is used in the translation is literal procedure because the translator transferred the form and the meaning of the source language through the same structure. 5.2. 4 Clause stating time expressed by “Since” Besides by other subordinators, an adverbial clause can also be expressed by “since”. “Since” in this case conveys the meaning of “from a particular time in the past until the present”. There are also some data of adverbial clause stated by since found in the data. In Indonesia translation we can see the translation of this kind of clause is translated into various forms. Its Indonesian translation also conveys the same meaning. For the word ‘since’ itself, it is translated into “sejak”, the following explanations will show us the uses of clause by since and its translation in Indonesian. SL : They had fascinated me since I was a child; they were one of the only things I ever looked forward to when I had to come to forks (Page 116) TL : aku sudah menyukainya sejak kecil, kolam-kolam inilah yang kunanti nantikan setiap kali aku dating ke forks (Page 128) “Since I was a child” in the source language text above is an adverbial clause with the word “since” as the subordinator. This clause may mean “from the time when I was a child”. 94 In this data it is applied dynamic equivalent because the form of the source language text is not totally reproduced in the target language. The Clause since I was a child as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause sejak kecil, in the target language. However, the meaning of the SL remains the same with the meaning in the target language. Then if we look at the Indonesian translation, we can see that the English clause stating time is translated into “sejak kecil”. This indeed conveys the same meaning with “since I was a child” but seen from its form it is considered that it is an adjective phrase. This is also an adequate translation but in this case the translator uses idiomatic procedure in translating the text. It is the meaning that is transferred into the target language by using the appropriate form of the target language. 5.2.6 Clause Stating Time by “Until” Besides by “since” an adverbial clause stating time can also be expressed by “until”. “Until” in this case conveys the meaning of “up to the time or event mentioned”. Next are the data that is found on the novel. SL : I listened to the cd again and again, until I was singing along with all the songs until finally I fell asleep. (Page 130) TL :Cd’nya kuputar berulang–ulang sampai aku ikut menyanyikannya, hingga akhirnya aku tertidur. (Page 143) 95 There is a clause as adverbial clause that states time in the data above. The adverbial clause is “until finally I felt asleep”. The two clauses carry the meaning that states time, namely point of time. “Until ………” means “up to a particular time”. “Until finally I felt asleep” may mean “up to the time I felt asleep”. This clause expresses point of time. For the equivalent viewpoint, we can see that in this data it is applied formal equivalent. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause until finally I fell asleep as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause hingga akhirnya aku tertidur in the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. If we look at the Indonesian translation, we can see that “until finally I felt asleep” is translated into “hingga akhirnya aku tertidur”. This Indonesian translation indeed has the same meaning with the adverbial clause in the source language text. Both of them convey the meaning of point of time. The Indonesian translation also belongs to an adverbial clause of time preceded by subordinator “hingga”. So by this explanation we can say that the translator here uses literal procedure in translating the English adverbial clause in Indonesian. 5.2.6 Clause Stating Time by “after” It is also found that an adverbial clause stating time proceed by subordinator “after”. The subordinator after in this case conveys the meaning of “when a particular time or event has happened”. In the target language text we can 96 see that Indonesia translation conveys the same meaning with the one in the source language text. For the word ‘after’ itself, it is translated into “setelah”. The following explanation will show us the use of the clause using subordinator ‘after”. Data SL : A few minute after Angela left with the hikers, Jacob sauntered over to take her place by my side. (Page 119) TL : Beberapa menit setelah Angela pergi bersama para pendaki, Jacob pindah duduk disebelahku menggantikan Angela (Page 131) Looking at the data above, we can see that there is an adverbial clause stating time identified by subordinator “after”. The clause written in the source language text is “after Angela left with the hikers”. This clause states time, namely point of time. “After Angela left with the hikers” means “later than Angela left with the hikers”. Formal equivalent is also applied in this data. This is because the form and the meaning of the source language text are closely reproduced into the target language. The Clause When I came here as a child as the adverbial denoting time is replaced by a clause setelah Angela pergi bersama para pendaki in the target language. The meaning of the source language and the meaning of the target language remain the same. 97 If we look at the target language text, we can see that the adverbial clause stating time in the source language text is translated into “setelah Angela pergi bersama para pendaki”. This Indonesian translation really has the same meaning with its source language text. Looking at its form it is also in the form of a clause. So considering this explanation we can state that the procedure used by the translator is literal procedure. The form and the meaning of the source language text are directly transferred into the target language. 98 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion Based on the analysis provided in this thesis, some conclusions can be drawn as follows: The formed of adverbials time found in the novel entitled Twilight are: 1) Adverbials of time formed by Noun Phrase, 2) Adverbials of time formed by Adverb Phrase, 3) Adverbials of time formed by Prepositional Phrase and 4) Adverbials of time formed by Clause. The meanings of the Adverbials of time found in the novel entitled Twilight: 1) Adverbials of time function to state point of time, 2) Adverbials of time function to state frequency, 3) Adverbials of time function to state duration, 4) Adverbials of time function to state relationship in time In terms of the translation, to translate the English adverbials of time into Indonesian, mostly the translator uses the literal, modulation, transposition, and equivalence procedures. From the equivalent point of view there are found both of formal and dynamic equivalent that is used in the translation. 99 5.2 Suggestion English Adverbials of time have various formed and functions therefore they have several of meanings. From the translation point of view, it is interesting to see the various equivalences of adverbials of time from English to Indonesian. By studying these various formed and functions and their equivalences one can get better understanding about the English adverbials of time. Since adverbials has its own formed and function in English grammar, it would be better if there is a special study for adverbials of time especially for the practical aspects. By giving exercise, it will explicitly bring the learners’ attention to the application of adverbials is used; similarities and differences between each formed and function carried by the adverbials itself. In order to be able to translate adverbials of time from English into Indonesian, one must first be able to grasp the meaning of the full sentence. The knowledge of adverbial of time is just one of much basic knowledge which is needed in learning English. There are still more to learn. 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY Alwi , Hasan. Dkk. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indoneisa – Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka Baker, Mona. 1992. In other words: a coursebook on translation. London and New York: Routledge. Bell, R.T. 1991. Translation and Translating Theory and Practice. New York: Longman Inc. Catford A.J. A Linguistic Theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. Oxford University Press. Curms O George . 1966. English Grammar. New York: Barnes and Nobles Inc Halliday M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar : University of Sydney Hornb, A.S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. Krohn Robert. 2001. English Sentence Structure. America : University press of Michigan Larson, Mildred. 1998. Meaning Based Translation. Maryland: University Press of America. Inc. Larson Mildred L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation. America : University Press of America 101 Leech, G. 1992. English Grammar. London: Penguin English Margono. 2006. Adverbia dan Adverbial Bahasa Inggris. Faculty of Letter Udayana University Newmark, Peter. 1998. A Text Book of Translation. London: Prentice-Hall. Nida, Eugane A, and Charles R. Taber. 1974. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden, Netherlands: The United Bible Societies. Quirk, R S Greenbaum. 1973. University Grammar of English. London: University of London Swan, M. 1980. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press Thomson, A.J. and A.V Martinet.1986. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press Vinay and Darbalnet, 1958. Methodology of Translation in Venuty, Lawrence, 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London Routledge. Venuty Lawrance (ed). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York. Routledge. 102 APPENDIX No SL TL Form Meaning Page 1 I did not sleep well that night, even after I was done crying (Page 5) Tidurku gelisah malam itu, bahkan setelah aku selesai menangis (page 23) NP Point of time 54 2 Every day I watched anxiously until the rest of the Cullen’s entered the cafeteria without him (Page.37) Setiap hari, dengan was was aku memperhatikan sampai seluruh keluarga Cullen memasuki cafeteria tanpanya. (Page.49) NP Frequency of Time 55 3 I’m not going to check my email every five minutes. Relax, breathe. I love you. (Page.18) Tapi aku takkan mengecek emailku setiap lima menit sekali. Tenang, tarik nafas. Aku sayang mom. (Page.42) NP Frequency of Time 56 4 “When did that happen?” “Last september”. (Page.25) kapan itu terjadi? September lalu. (Page.60) NP Point of time 58 5 A few months of this and I’d forget how to use sarcasm. (Page 345) Beberapa bulan saja ditempat ini, aku pasti sudah lupa bagaimana caranya bersikap sinis (Page 365) NP Time relation 59 7 : I’m not going to Seattle that Saturday, I explained. (Page 38) aku tak akan pergi ke Seattle sabtu nanti, aku menjelaskan (page 82) NP Point of time 60 8 She called the first Tuesday of March to ask my permission to invite Mike to the girls choice spring dance in two weeks. (Page 37) Ia menelfon hari selasa pertama di bulan maret untuk meminta izin mengajak Mike ke pesta dansa musim semi 2 minggu lagi. (Page 83) NP Point of time 61 9 “I’ll figure it out eventually,” I warned him (Page. 49) “Nanti juga aku tahu,” kataku mengingatkan (Page.104) AP Point of time 62 10 Eventually we made it into Charlie’s (Page.3) Akhirnya kami tiba dirumah Charlie (Page.20) AP Point of time 63 103 11 He’d already gotten me registered for high school and was going to help me get a car. (Page 413) Ia sudah mendaftarkan aku ke SMA dan akan membantuku mendapatkan kendaraan pribadi(Page 433) AP Time relation 64 12 I didn’t want to be too early to school, but I couldn’t stay in the house anymore. (Page. 5) Aku tidak mau terburu – buru ke sekolah, tapi aku tak bisa tinggal di rumah lebih lama lagi. (Page. 24) AP Period of time 65 13 “but now you’re unhappy” he pointed out (Page 26) “tapi sekarang kau tidak bahagia” ujarnya (page 60) AP Point of time 66 14 Finally I closed my eyes and ignored him. He kept up a remorseful mumbling (Page 132) Akhirnya kupejamkan mataku dan mengabaikannya. Ia terus menggumamkan penyesalan. (Page 173) AP Point of time 67 15 However, after a few second of silence (NP), I decided that was the only answer I was going to get (p. 326) Bagaimanapun setelah beberapa saat dalam keheningan (prep phrase), aku memutuskan bahwa hanya itulah jawaban yang akan aku terima (page. 386) PP Period of time 69 16 Most people go there during the hunting seasons. (Page 112) Kebanyakan orang pergi kesana pada musim berburu (page 124) PP Period of time 70 17 “well, no. I think it was new in the early sixties – or late fifties at earliest,” he admitted sheepishly. (Page. 2) “Kurasa mobil itu keluaran awal ‘60’an atau setidaknya 50-an.” Dad mengaku malu – malu. (Page. 19) PP Point of time 71 18 He seemed genuinely pleased that I was coming to live with him for the first time with any degree of permanence. (Page 1) Perasaan senangnya sepertinya tulus , ketika untuk pertama kali aku datang dan tinggal bersamanya entah selama beberapa lama (Page 26). PP Time relation 72 104 19 I should be avoiding him entirely after my brainless and embarrassing babbling yesterday. (Page 28) aku seharusnya menghindari cowok itu setelah omonganku yang tidak cerdas dan memalukan kemarin malam (Page 67) PP Point of time 73 20 It was five thirty in the morning (page 131) sudah pukul 05.30 (page 144) PP Point of time 74 21 When I came here as a child, he would always remove the bullets as soon as soon he walked into the room (Page.35) Waktu aku datang kesini ketika masih kanak-anak, Dad selalu mengosongkan pelurunya begitu ia masuk kerumah. (Page.47) Clause Period of time 77 22 I would save that for bedtime, when I would have to think about the coming morning. (Page 268) Aku akan menyimpannya sampai saat tidur nanti, ketika aku harus memikirkan esok pagi (Page 289) Clause Time relation 78 23 But I couldn’t fall asleep until after midnight, when the rain finally settled into a quieter drizzle. (Page.5) Tapi lepas tengah malam barulah aku tertidur, ketika hujan berubah jadi gerimis (Page.23) Clause Time relation 79 24 When I opened my eyes in the morning, something was different; it was the light (Page.28) Ketika paginya aku membuka mata ada sesuatu yang berbeda (Page.65) Clause Period of time 80 25 When he finally spoke, he almost sounded mad (Page.40) Ketika akhirnya dia berbicara, terdengar seperti marah (Page.87) Clause Period of time 81 26 We were finished before anyone else was close (Page. 24) Kami selesai duluan. (Page. 58) Clause Point of time 83 27 “I’ve done the lab before, tough, I added before he could get his feeling hurt” (Page 27) “aku pernah melakukan percobaan, itu saja” lanjutku sebelum perasaannya terluka (Page 63) Clause Period of time 84 105 28 Charlie had left for work before I went down stairs (Page 28) Charlie sudah berangkat sebelum aku turun (Page 63) Clause Period of time 85 29 Just before I had the shattering crunch of the van folding around the truck bed, something hit me, hard, but not from the direction I was expecting (Page 429) Persis sebelum aku mendengar bunyi tabrakan keras van di badan truk, sesuatu menerjangku keras, tapi bukan dari arah yang semula kuduga. (Page 468) Clause Period of time 86 30 I wondered to myself why no one else had seen him standing so far away, before he was suddenly impossibly saving my life. (Page 236) Aku bertanya mengapa tak seorangpun melihatnya berdiri jauh dariku, sebelum ia tiba-tiba dengan tidak mungkinnya menyelamatkan hidupku. (Page 281) Clause Period of time 87 31 He commented as we shrugged into our raincoats. (Page 327) Ia berkomentar ketika kami mengenakan jas hujan. (Page 363) Clause Period of time 89 32 The rain was just a mist as I walked to the parking lot, but I was happier when I was in dry cab. (Page 427) Hujan hanya rintik-rintik ketika aku berjalan ke lapangan parkir, tapi aku merasa lebih bergembira berada di trukku yang kering. (Page 463) Clause Period of time 90 33 I looked down at my book as soon as his eyes released me, trying to find my place. (Page 39) Aku menunduk kearah buku secepatnya ketika ia melihatku, mencoba mencari tempatku (page 87) Clause Point of time 91 34 The shower didn’t last nearly as long as I hope it would though. (Page 132) acara mandinya tidak selama yang kuharapkan. (Page 145) Clause Duration of Time 92 106 35 They had fascinated me since I was a child; they were one of the only things I ever looked forward to when I had to come to forks (Page 116) aku sudah menyukainya sejak kecil, kolam-kolam inilah yang kunanti nantikan setiap kali aku dating ke forks (Page 128) Clause Point of time 94 36 I listened to the cd again and again, until I was singing along with all the songs until finally I fell asleep. (Page 130) Cd’nya kuputar berulang– ulang sampai aku ikut menyanyikannya, hingga akhirnya aku tertidur. (Page 143) Clause Point of time 95 37 A few minute after Angela left with the hikers, Jacob sauntered over to take her place by my side. (Page 119) Beberapa menit setelah Angela pergi bersama para pendaki, Jacob pindah duduk disebelahku menggantikan Angela (Page 131) Clause Point of time 97 107